1
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Hu Y, Hou Y, Zhang J. Gold film effect on temperature compensation of a POF sensor with different structures. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:4474-4481. [PMID: 37707139 DOI: 10.1364/ao.489521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, temperature compensation of plastic optical fiber (POF) is studied and gold absorbability is utilized. Gold film is modified on the surface of POF by magnetron sputtering. The temperature output characteristics of different structures such as ordinary (POF-N), side-polished (POF-SP), U-shaped (POF-U), and narrow groove structure (POF-NGS) are tested, and the effects of gold film thickness, polishing area, and sputtering sequence on the temperature output characteristics are also investigated. The power change of the sensor at different temperatures is recorded. The experimental results show that when the temperature is between 25°C and 50°C and the sputtering gold film thickness is 50 nm, the temperature stabilities of POF-N, POF-U, POF-SP, and POF-NGS are 1.02 µW/°C, 0.77 µW/°C, 0.18 µW/°C, and 0.35 µW/°C, respectively. The compensation effect is enhanced as the gold film thickness increases. When the thickness is 100 nm, the temperature stability of POF-NGS is 0.06 µW/°C. The proposed temperature compensation method is competitive and straightforward.
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2
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Truc Phuong NT, Dang VQ, Van Hieu L, Bach TN, Khuyen BX, Thi Ta HK, Ju H, Phan BT, Thi Tran NH. Functionalized silver nanoparticles for SERS amplification with enhanced reproducibility and for ultrasensitive optical fiber sensing in environmental and biochemical assays. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31352-31362. [PMID: 36348993 PMCID: PMC9624182 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic sensors have broad application potential in many fields and are promising to replace most bulky sensors in the future. There are various method-based chemical reduction processes for silver nanoparticle production with flexible structural shapes due to their simplicity and rapidity in nanoparticle fabrication. In this study, self-assembled silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with a plasmon peak at 424 nm were successfully coated onto -NH2-functionalized glass and optical fiber sensors. These coatings were rapidly produced via two denaturation reactions in plasma oxygen, respectively, and an APTES ((3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane) solution was shown to have high strength and uniformity. With the use of Ag NPs for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), excellent results and good stability with the detection limit up to 10-10 M for rhodamine B and 10-8 M for methylene blue, and a signal degradation of only ∼20% after storing for 30 days were achieved. In addition, the optical fiber sensor with Ag NP coatings exhibited a higher sensitivity value of 250 times than without coatings to the glycerol solution. Therefore, significant enhancement of these ultrasensitive sensors demonstrates promising alternatives to cumbersome tests of dye chemicals and biomolecules without any complicated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tran Truc Phuong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Vinh Quang Dang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Le Van Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Ta Ngoc Bach
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Bui Xuan Khuyen
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Hanh Kieu Thi Ta
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Heongkyu Ju
- Department of Physics, Gachon University Seongnam Gyeonggi-do 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Bach Thang Phan
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Center for Innovative Materials and Architectures (INOMAR) HoChiMinh City Viet Nam
| | - Nhu Hoa Thi Tran
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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3
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Abstract
Temperature measurements are of great importance in many fields of human activities, including industry, technology, and science. For example, obtaining a certain temperature value or a sudden change in it can be the primary control marker of a chemical process. Fiber optic sensors have remarkable properties giving a broad range of applications. They enable continuous real-time temperature control in difficult-to-reach areas, in hazardous working environments (air pollution, chemical or ionizing contamination), and in the presence of electromagnetic disturbances. The use of fiber optic temperature sensors in polymer technology can significantly reduce the cost of their production. Moreover, the installation process and usage would be simplified. As a result, these types of sensors would become increasingly popular in industrial solutions. This review provides a critical overview of the latest development of fiber optic temperature sensors based on Fabry–Pérot interferometer made with polymer technology.
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4
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Ratiometric Upconversion Temperature Sensor Based on Cellulose Fibers Modified with Yttrium Fluoride Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111926. [PMID: 35683781 PMCID: PMC9182498 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an optical thermometer based on regenerated cellulose fibers modified with YF3: 20% Yb3+, 2% Er3+ nanoparticles was developed. The presented sensor was fabricated by introducing YF3 nanoparticles into cellulose fibers during their formation by the so-called Lyocell process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide as a direct solvent of cellulose. Under near-infrared excitation, the applied nanoparticles exhibited thermosensitive upconversion emission, which originated from the thermally coupled levels of Er3+ ions. The combination of cellulose fibers with upconversion nanoparticles resulted in a flexible thermometer that is resistant to environmental and electromagnetic interferences and allows precise and repeatable temperature measurements in the range of 298–362 K. The obtained fibers were used to produce a fabric that was successfully applied to determine human skin temperature, demonstrating its application potential in the field of wearable health monitoring devices and providing a promising alternative to thermometers based on conductive materials that are sensitive to electromagnetic fields.
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5
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Safarloo S, Núñez-Cascajero A, Sanchez-Gomez R, Vázquez C. Polymer Optical Fiber Plantar Pressure Sensors: Design and Validation. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103883. [PMID: 35632292 PMCID: PMC9144141 DOI: 10.3390/s22103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The proper measurement of plantar pressure during gait is critical for the clinical diagnosis of foot problems. Force platforms and wearable devices have been developed to study gait patterns during walking or running. However, these devices are often expensive, cumbersome, or have boundary constraints that limit the participant’s motions. Recent advancements in the quality of plastic optical fiber (POF) have made it possible to manufacture a low-cost bend sensor with a novel design for use in plantar pressure monitoring. An intensity-based POF bend sensor is not only lightweight, non-invasive, and easy to construct, but it also produces a signal that requires almost no processing. In this work, we have designed, fabricated, and characterized a novel intensity POF sensor to detect the force applied by the human foot and measure the gait pattern. The sensors were put through a series of dynamic and static tests to determine their measurement range, sensitivity, and linearity, and their response was compared to that of two different commercial force sensors, including piezo resistive sensors and a clinical force platform. The results suggest that this novel POF bend sensor can be used in a wide range of applications, given its low cost and non-invasive nature. Feedback walking monitoring for ulcer prevention or sports performance could be just one of those applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Safarloo
- Electronics Technology Department, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (S.S.); (A.N.-C.)
| | - Arántzazu Núñez-Cascajero
- Electronics Technology Department, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (S.S.); (A.N.-C.)
| | - Ruben Sanchez-Gomez
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Electronics Technology Department, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (S.S.); (A.N.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Reimer M, Van Opdenbosch D, Zollfrank C. Fabrication of Cellulose-Based Biopolymer Optical Fibers and Their Theoretical Attenuation Limit. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3297-3312. [PMID: 34270888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Currently, almost all polymer optical materials are derived from fossil resources with known consequences for the environment. In this work, a processing route to obtain cellulose-based biopolymer optical fibers is presented. For this purpose, the optical properties such as the transmission and the refractive index dispersion of regenerated cellulose, cellulose diacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, and cellulose acetate butyrate were determined from planar films. Cellulose fibers were produced using a simple wet-spinning setup. They were examined pure and also coated with the cellulose derivatives to obtain core-cladding-structured optical fibers. The cellulose-based optical fibers exhibit minimum attenuations between 56 and 82 dB m-1 at around 860 nm. The ultimate transmission loss limit of the cellulose-based optical fibers was simulated to characterize the attenuation progression. By reducing extrinsic losses, cellulose-based biopolymer optical fibers could attain theoretical attenuation minima of 84.6 × 10-3 dB m-1 (507 nm), 320 × 10-3 dB m-1 (674 nm), and 745.2 × 10-3 dB m-1 (837 nm) and might substitute fossil-based polymer optical fibers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reimer
- Chair for Biogenic Polymers, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technische Universität München, Schulgasse 16, Straubing 94315, Germany
| | - Daniel Van Opdenbosch
- Chair for Biogenic Polymers, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technische Universität München, Schulgasse 16, Straubing 94315, Germany
| | - Cordt Zollfrank
- Chair for Biogenic Polymers, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technische Universität München, Schulgasse 16, Straubing 94315, Germany
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Thi Huong V, Thi Ta HK, Mai NXD, Van Tran TT, Khuyen BX, Trinh KTL, Lee NY, Phan BT, Tran NHT. Development of a highly sensitive sensor chip using optical diagnostic based on functionalized plasmonically active AuNPs. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:335505. [PMID: 33979787 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Measuring solution concentration plays an important role in chemical, biochemical, clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and biological analyses. In this work, we develop a transmission-mode localized surface plasmon resonance sensor chip system and convenient method which is highly efficient, highly sensitive for detection sensing using multimode fiber. The plasmonically active sensor's surface AuNPs with high-density NPs were decorated onto 1 cm sensing length of various clad-free fiber in the form of homogeneous monolayer utilizing a self-assembly process for immobilization of the target molecule. The carboxyl bond is formed through a functional reaction on the sensor head. Using the significance in the refractive index difference and numerical aperture, which is caused by a variation in the concentration of measuring bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein which can be accurately measured by the output signal. The refractive index variation of the medium analyte layer can be converted to signal output power change at the He-Ne wavelength of 632.8 nm. The sensor detection limit was estimated to be 0.075 ng ml-1for BSA protein which shows high sensitivity compared to other types of label-free optical biosensors. This also leads to a possibility of finding the improvement in the sensitivity label-free biosensors. The conventional method should allow multimode fiber biosensors to become a possible replacement for conventional biosensing techniques based on fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Huong
- Faculty Department of Information Communication, Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanh Kieu Thi Ta
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
- Center for Innovative Materials and Architectures (INOMAR), HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai
- Vietnam National University, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
- Center for Innovative Materials and Architectures (INOMAR), HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Van Tran
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
| | - Bui Xuan Khuyen
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kieu The Loan Trinh
- Department of Industrial Environmental Engineering, College of Industrial Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Bach Thang Phan
- Vietnam National University, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
- Center for Innovative Materials and Architectures (INOMAR), HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, University of Science, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhu Hoa Thi Tran
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
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Lallana PC, Aldabaldetreku G, López A, Montero DS, Durana G, Mateo J, Losada MÁ, Zubia J, Vázquez C. Sensing Applications in Aircrafts Using Polymer Optical Fibres. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21113605. [PMID: 34064285 PMCID: PMC8196816 DOI: 10.3390/s21113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on recent advances in the use of inexpensive polymer optical fibres (POFs) for sensing applications in avionics. The sensors analysed in this manuscript take advantage of the unique properties of polymers, such as high flexibility, elasticity, and sensitivity, and they range from strain, elongation, and vibration interrogators to level and temperature meters, leading to cost-effective techniques for structural health monitoring in aircraft structures. We also highlight recent power-supply methods using Power-over-POF in order to feed sensors remotely, and we discuss the constraints imposed by connectors on the performance of POF networks in aircrafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C. Lallana
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911 Leganés, Spain;
- Correspondence: (P.C.L.); (C.V.)
| | - Gotzon Aldabaldetreku
- Communications Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; (G.A.); (G.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Alicia López
- GTF, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.); (M.Á.L.)
| | - David S. Montero
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911 Leganés, Spain;
| | - Gaizka Durana
- Communications Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; (G.A.); (G.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Javier Mateo
- GTF, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.); (M.Á.L.)
| | - M. Ángeles Losada
- GTF, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.); (M.Á.L.)
| | - Joseba Zubia
- Communications Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; (G.A.); (G.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911 Leganés, Spain;
- Correspondence: (P.C.L.); (C.V.)
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9
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Sulaiman NI, Ngajikin NH, Che Abd Rashid N, Yaacob A, Yaacob M, Ibrahim MH, Cholan NA. Temperature sensing utilizing unclad plastic optical fiber with a balloon-like bent structure. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3895-3900. [PMID: 33983327 DOI: 10.1364/ao.419801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A plastic optical fiber (POF) temperature sensor with high sensitivity is experimentally demonstrated in this work. The temperature sensor is realized by a combination of macrobending and an unclad region in the fabrication of its sensor head. The POF sensor is bent into a balloon-like structure in order to introduce the effect of macrobending. For the optimization of the sensor performance, the bending radius of the balloon-like structure is varied. Experimental results suggest that the performance is optimized when the bending radius is fixed at 55 mm. With this amount of bending radius, temperature sensitivity of up to ${22.2} \times {{1}}{{{0}}^{- 3}}^\circ {{\rm{C}}^{- 1}}$ can be achieved in the range from 40°C to 80°C, with linearity of 0.99 and resolution of 0.45°C. This technique is found to improve the POF temperature sensitivity in comparison to previous developments.
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10
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Cleaving of PMMA Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibers with 3- and 4-Ring Hexagonal Cladding Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091366. [PMID: 33922021 PMCID: PMC8122345 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleaving of a novel microstructured polymer optical fiber (mPOF) to obtain an acceptable connectorized fiber end-face is studied. The effect of the blade temperature and the speed of the cutting blade on the end-face is qualitatively assessed. Recently manufactured mPOFs with air-structured 3- and 4-ring hexagonal-like hole cladding structures with outer fiber diameters of around 250 μm are employed. Good quality end-faces can be obtained by cleaving mPOF fibers at room temperature for blade temperatures within the range 60–80 °C and at a low blade speed at 0.5 mm/s. The importance of the blade surface quality is also addressed, being a critical condition for obtaining satisfactory mPOF end-faces after cleaving. From our experiments, up to four fiber cuts with the same razor blade and blade surface can be carried out with acceptable and similar fiber end-face results.
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11
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Núñez-Cascajero A, Tapetado A, Vargas S, Vázquez C. Optical Fiber Pyrometer Designs for Temperature Measurements Depending on Object Size. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:646. [PMID: 33477747 PMCID: PMC7832392 DOI: 10.3390/s21020646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The modelling of temperature measurements using optical fiber pyrometers for different hot object sizes with new generalized integration limits is presented. The closed equations for the calculus of the radiated power that is coupled to the optical fiber for two specific scenarios are proposed. Accurate predictions of critical distance for avoiding errors in the optical fiber end location depending on fiber types and object sizes for guiding good designs are reported. A detailed model for estimating errors depending on target size and distance is provided. Two-color fiber pyrometers as a general solution are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arántzazu Núñez-Cascajero
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.N.-C.); (A.T.)
| | - Alberto Tapetado
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.N.-C.); (A.T.)
| | - Salvador Vargas
- Electrical Engineering Faculty, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Ave. Universidad Tecnológica, El Dorado, 0819-07289 Panamá, Panama
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.N.-C.); (A.T.)
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12
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Upconversion Nanocrystal Doped Polymer Fiber Thermometer. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216048. [PMID: 33114281 PMCID: PMC7660634 DOI: 10.3390/s20216048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, lanthanide-doped nanothermometers have been mainly used in thin films or dispersed in organic solvents. However, both approaches have disadvantages such as the short interaction lengths of the active material with the pump beam or complicated handling, which can directly affect the achievable temperature resolution. We investigated the usability of a polymer fiber doped with upconversion nanocrystals as a thermometer. The fiber was excited with a wavelength stabilized diode laser at a wavelength of 976 nm. Emission spectra were recorded in a temperature range from 10 to 35 ∘C and the thermal emission changes were measured. Additionally, the pump power was varied to study the effect of self-induced heating on the thermometer specifications. Our fiber sensor shows a maximal thermal sensitivity of 1.45%/K and the minimal thermal resolution is below 20 mK. These results demonstrate that polymer fibers doped with nanocrystals constitute an attractive alternative to conventional fluorescence thermometers, as they add a long pump interaction length while also being insensitive to strong electrical fields or inert to bio-chemical environments.
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13
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Root W, Bechtold T, Pham T. Textile-Integrated Thermocouples for Temperature Measurement. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030626. [PMID: 32023832 PMCID: PMC7040602 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The integration of conductive materials in textiles is key for detecting temperature in the wearer´s environment. When integrating sensors into textiles, properties such as their flexibility, handle, and stretch must stay unaffected by the functionalization. Conductive materials are difficult to integrate into textiles, since wires are stiff, and coatings show low adhesion. This work shows that various substrates such as cotton, cellulose, polymeric, carbon, and optical fiber-based textiles are used as support materials for temperature sensors. Suitable measurement principles for use in textiles are based on resistance changes, optical interferences (fiber Bragg grating), or thermoelectric effects. This review deals with developments in the construction of temperature sensors and the production of thermocouples for use in textiles. The operating principle of thermocouples is based on temperature gradients building up between a heated and a cold junction of two conductors, which is converted to a voltage output signal. This work also summarizes integration methods for thermocouples and other temperature-sensing techniques as well as the manufacture of conductive materials in textiles. In addition, textile thermocouples are emphasized as suitable and indispensable elements in sensor concepts for smart textiles.
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Ren C, Sui Z, Li J. A High Sensitivity Temperature Sensing Probe Based on Microfiber Fabry-Perot Interference. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19081819. [PMID: 30995782 PMCID: PMC6515082 DOI: 10.3390/s19081819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a miniature Fabry-Perot temperature probe was designed by using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to encapsulate a microfiber in one cut of hollow core fiber (HCF). The microfiber tip and a common single mode fiber (SMF) end were used as the two reflectors of the Fabry-Perot interferometer. The temperature sensing performance was experimentally demonstrated with a sensitivity of 11.86 nm/°C and an excellent linear fitting in the range of 43-50 °C. This high sensitivity depends on the large thermal-expansion coefficient of PDMS. This temperature sensor can operate no higher than 200 °C limiting by the physicochemical properties of PDMS. The low cost, fast fabrication process, compact structure and outstanding resolution of less than 10-4 °C enable it being as a promising candidate for exploring the temperature monitor or controller with ultra-high sensitivity and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoubing Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Chunqiao Ren
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Zhengqi Sui
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Jin Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
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15
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Torres JC, García-Cámara B, Pérez I, Urruchi V, Sánchez-Pena JM. Wireless Temperature Sensor Based on a Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell as Variable Capacitance. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3436. [PMID: 30322107 PMCID: PMC6210941 DOI: 10.3390/s18103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless communication is growing quickly and now allows technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT). It is included in many smart sensors helping to reduce the installation and system costs. These sensors increase flexibility, simplify deployment and address a new set of applications that was previously impossible with a wired approach. In this work, a wireless temperature sensor based on a nematic liquid crystal as variable capacitance is proposed as a proof of concept for potential wearable applications. Performance analysis of the wireless temperature sensor has been carried out and a simple equivalent circuit has been proposed. Sensor prototype has been successfully fabricated and demonstrated as the beginning of new biomedical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Torres
- Displays and Photonic Applications Group (GDAF-UC3M), Electronic Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Av de la Universidad 30, E28911 Leganés, Spain.
| | - Braulio García-Cámara
- Displays and Photonic Applications Group (GDAF-UC3M), Electronic Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Av de la Universidad 30, E28911 Leganés, Spain.
| | - Isabel Pérez
- Displays and Photonic Applications Group (GDAF-UC3M), Electronic Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Av de la Universidad 30, E28911 Leganés, Spain.
| | - Virginia Urruchi
- Displays and Photonic Applications Group (GDAF-UC3M), Electronic Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Av de la Universidad 30, E28911 Leganés, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Pena
- Displays and Photonic Applications Group (GDAF-UC3M), Electronic Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Av de la Universidad 30, E28911 Leganés, Spain.
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A Polymer Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Material Features. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010301. [PMID: 29351258 PMCID: PMC5795855 DOI: 10.3390/s18010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a polymer optical fiber (POF)-based temperature sensor. The operation principle of the sensor is the variation in the POF mechanical properties with the temperature variation. Such mechanical property variation leads to a variation in the POF output power when a constant stress is applied to the fiber due to the stress-optical effect. The fiber mechanical properties are characterized through a dynamic mechanical analysis, and the output power variation with different temperatures is measured. The stress is applied to the fiber by means of a 180° curvature, and supports are positioned on the fiber to inhibit the variation in its curvature with the temperature variation. Results show that the sensor proposed has a sensitivity of 1.04 × 10−3 °C−1, a linearity of 0.994, and a root mean squared error of 1.48 °C, which indicates a relative error of below 2%, which is lower than the ones obtained for intensity-variation-based temperature sensors. Furthermore, the sensor is able to operate at temperatures up to 110 °C, which is higher than the ones obtained for similar POF sensors in the literature.
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Characterization of Chromatic Dispersion and Refractive Index of Polymer Optical Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9120730. [PMID: 30966030 PMCID: PMC6418912 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatic dispersion and the refractive index of poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer optical fibers (POFs) have been characterized in this work by using a tunable femtosecond laser and a Streak Camera. The characterization technique is based on the measurement of the time delays of light pulses propagating along POFs at different wavelengths. Polymer fibers of three different lengths made by two manufacturers have been employed for that purpose, and discrepancies lower than 3% have been obtained in all cases.
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Sartiano D, Sales S. Low Cost Plastic Optical Fiber Pressure Sensor Embedded in Mattress for Vital Signal Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2900. [PMID: 29236082 PMCID: PMC5751657 DOI: 10.3390/s17122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to report the design of a low-cost plastic optical fiber (POF) pressure sensor, embedded in a mattress. We report the design of a multipoint sensor, a cheap alternative to the most common fiber sensors. The sensor is implemented using Arduino board, standard LEDs for optical communication in POF (λ = 645 nm) and a silicon light sensor. The Super ESKA® plastic fibers were used to implement the fiber intensity sensor, arranged in a 4 × 4 matrix. During the breathing cycles, the force transmitted from the lungs to the thorax is in the order of tens of Newtons, and the respiration rate is of one breath every 2-5 s (0.2-0.5 Hz). The sensor has a resolution of force applied on a single point of 2.2-4.5%/N on the normalized voltage output, and a bandwidth of 10 Hz, it is then suitable to monitor the respiration movements. Another issue to be addressed is the presence of hysteresis over load cycles. The sensor was loaded cyclically to estimate the drift of the system, and the hysteresis was found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Sartiano
- Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Salvador Sales
- Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Quandt BM, Scherer LJ, Boesel LF, Wolf M, Bona GL, Rossi RM. Body-monitoring and health supervision by means of optical fiber-based sensing systems in medical textiles. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:330-55. [PMID: 25358557 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-term monitoring with optical fibers has moved into the focus of attention due to the applicability for medical measurements. Within this Review, setups of flexible, unobtrusive body-monitoring systems based on optical fibers and the respective measured vital parameters are in focus. Optical principles are discussed as well as the interaction of light with tissue. Optical fiber-based sensors that are already used in first trials are primarily selected for the section on possible applications. These medical textiles include the supervision of respiration, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood flow and its saturation with hemoglobin as well as oxygen, pressure, shear stress, mobility, gait, temperature, and electrolyte balance. The implementation of these sensor concepts prompts the development of wearable smart textiles. Thus, current sensing techniques and possibilities within photonic textiles are reviewed leading to multiparameter designs. Evaluation of these designs should show the great potential of optical fibers for the introduction into textiles especially due to the benefit of immunity to electromagnetic radiation. Still, further improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio is often necessary to develop a commercial monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit M. Quandt
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Laboratory for Protection and Physiology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9016 St. Gallen Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Luciano F. Boesel
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Laboratory for Protection and Physiology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9016 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- Division of Neonatology; University Hospital Zurich; Frauenklinikstrasse 10 8091 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Gian-Luca Bona
- ETH Zurich, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - René M. Rossi
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Laboratory for Protection and Physiology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9016 St. Gallen Switzerland
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