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Arcadio F, Seggio M, Zeni L, Bossi AM, Cennamo N. Estradiol Detection for Aquaculture Exploiting Plasmonic Spoon-Shaped Biosensors. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:bios13040432. [PMID: 37185507 PMCID: PMC10136336 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on a spoon-shaped waveguide combined with an estrogen receptor (ERα) was developed and characterized for the detection and the quantification of estradiol in real water samples. The fabrication process for realizing the SPR platform required a single step consisting of metal deposition on the surface of a polystyrene spoon-shaped waveguide featuring a built-in measuring cell. The biosensor was achieved by functionalizing the bowl sensitive surface with a specific estrogen receptor (ERα) that was able to bind the estradiol. In a first phase, the biosensor tests were performed in a phosphate buffer solution obtaining a limit of detection (LOD) equal to 0.1 pM. Then, in order to evaluate the biosensor's response in different real matrices related to aquaculture, its performances were examined in seawater and freshwater. The experimental results support the possibility of using the ERα-based biosensor for the screening of estradiol in both matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Arcadio
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Mimimorena Seggio
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Zeni
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Bossi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Nunzio Cennamo
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
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Alonso Romero A, Amouzou KN, Sengupta D, Zimmermann CA, Richard-Denis A, Mac-Thiong JM, Petit Y, Lina JM, Ung B. Optoelectronic Pressure Sensor Based on the Bending Loss of Plastic Optical Fibers Embedded in Stretchable Polydimethylsiloxane. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3322. [PMID: 36992033 PMCID: PMC10053520 DOI: 10.3390/s23063322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and testing of a sensor pad based on optical and flexible materials for the development of pressure monitoring devices. This project aims to create a flexible and low-cost pressure sensor based on a two-dimensional grid of plastic optical fibers embedded in a pad of flexible and stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The opposite ends of each fiber are connected to an LED and a photodiode, respectively, to excite and measure light intensity changes due to the local bending of the pressure points on the PDMS pad. Tests were performed in order to study the sensitivity and repeatability of the designed flexible pressure sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Alonso Romero
- Electrical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Koffi Novignon Amouzou
- Electrical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Dipankar Sengupta
- Electrical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Camila Aparecida Zimmermann
- Electrical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong
- Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Boul. West, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Yvan Petit
- Mechanical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Lina
- Electrical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Bora Ung
- Electrical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
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Safarloo S, Núñez-Cascajero A, Sanchez-Gomez R, Vázquez C. Polymer Optical Fiber Plantar Pressure Sensors: Design and Validation. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22103883. [PMID: 35632292 PMCID: PMC9144141 DOI: 10.3390/s22103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The proper measurement of plantar pressure during gait is critical for the clinical diagnosis of foot problems. Force platforms and wearable devices have been developed to study gait patterns during walking or running. However, these devices are often expensive, cumbersome, or have boundary constraints that limit the participant’s motions. Recent advancements in the quality of plastic optical fiber (POF) have made it possible to manufacture a low-cost bend sensor with a novel design for use in plantar pressure monitoring. An intensity-based POF bend sensor is not only lightweight, non-invasive, and easy to construct, but it also produces a signal that requires almost no processing. In this work, we have designed, fabricated, and characterized a novel intensity POF sensor to detect the force applied by the human foot and measure the gait pattern. The sensors were put through a series of dynamic and static tests to determine their measurement range, sensitivity, and linearity, and their response was compared to that of two different commercial force sensors, including piezo resistive sensors and a clinical force platform. The results suggest that this novel POF bend sensor can be used in a wide range of applications, given its low cost and non-invasive nature. Feedback walking monitoring for ulcer prevention or sports performance could be just one of those applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Safarloo
- Electronics Technology Department, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (S.S.); (A.N.-C.)
| | - Arántzazu Núñez-Cascajero
- Electronics Technology Department, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (S.S.); (A.N.-C.)
| | - Ruben Sanchez-Gomez
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Electronics Technology Department, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (S.S.); (A.N.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu L, Deng S, Zheng J, Yuan L, Deng H, Teng C. An Enhanced Plastic Optical Fiber-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with a Double-Sided Polished Structure. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21041516. [PMID: 33671630 PMCID: PMC7926450 DOI: 10.3390/s21041516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An enhanced plastic optical fiber (POF)-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed by employing a double-sided polished structure. The sensor is fabricated by polishing two sides of the POF symmetrically along with the fiber axis, and a layer of Au film is deposited on each side of the polished region. The SPR can be excited on both polished surfaces with Au film coating, and the number of light reflections will be increased by using this structure. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed sensor has an enhanced SPR effect. The visibility and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of spectrum can be improved for the high measured refractive index (RI). A sensitivity of 4284.8 nm/RIU is obtained for the double-sided POF-based SPR sensor when the measured liquid RI is 1.42. The proposed SPR sensor is easy fabrication and low cost, which can provide a larger measurement range and action area to the measured samples, and it has potential application prospects in the oil industry and biochemical sensing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.L.); (S.D.); (L.Y.); (H.D.)
| | - Shijie Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.L.); (S.D.); (L.Y.); (H.D.)
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Libo Yuan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.L.); (S.D.); (L.Y.); (H.D.)
| | - Hongchang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.L.); (S.D.); (L.Y.); (H.D.)
| | - Chuanxin Teng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.L.); (S.D.); (L.Y.); (H.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0773-2290-083
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Sartiano D, Geernaert T, Torres Roca E, Sales S. Bend-Direction and Rotation Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E5405. [PMID: 32967211 DOI: 10.3390/s20185405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A plastic filament of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was fabricated by extrusion. The mode confinement was simulated using numerical software. The idea is to study how the light intensity changes inside the plastic optical fiber (POF) when a bending in multiple directions is applied. The results obtained from the simulation were compared to the experimental observations. The non-circular shape of the POF allows sensing a rotation applied as well. The angle of rotation was obtained processing two images of the end facet of the fiber (one with the fiber in a reference position and one with the rotated fiber), using an intensity-based automatic image registration. The accuracy in the rotation calculation was of 0.01°.
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Wang S, Zhang D, Xu Y, Sun S, Sun X. Refractive Index Sensor Based on Double Side-Polished U-Shaped Plastic Optical Fiber. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E5253. [PMID: 32937972 DOI: 10.3390/s20185253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A U-shaped double-side polished plastic optical fiber (POF) is demonstrated as a liquid refractive index (RI) sensor. The refractive index of glycerinum solutions is identified by the intensity detection on the bending and evanescent wave loss change. Heat treatment and mechanical polishing are adopted to form the symmetrical side-polished POF probe. The processing parameters are experimentally optimized on the power transmittance. The sensitivity of 1541%/RIU (Refractive Index Unit) can be obtained with a resolution of 5.35 × 10−4 in the scope of 1.33–1.39. The favorable temperature characteristic is proved to offer stable RI sensing from 20 to 50 °C. This simple POF sensor has potentials in low-cost visible light intensity RI detection.
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Haseda Y, Bonefacino J, Tam HY, Chino S, Koyama S, Ishizawa H. Measurement of Pulse Wave Signals and Blood Pressure by a Plastic Optical Fiber FBG Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19235088. [PMID: 31766391 PMCID: PMC6928766 DOI: 10.3390/s19235088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors fabricated in silica optical fiber (Silica-FBG) have been used to measure the strain of human arteries as pulse wave signals. A variety of vital signs including blood pressure can be derived from these signals. However, silica optical fiber presents a safety risk because it is easily fractured. In this research, an FBG sensor fabricated in plastic optical fiber (POF-FBG) was employed to resolve this problem. Pulse wave signals were measured by POF-FBG and silica-FBG sensors for four subjects. After signal processing, a calibration curve was constructed by partial least squares regression, then blood pressure was calculated from the calibration curve. As a result, the POF-FBG sensor could measure the pulse wave signals with an signal to noise (SN) ratio at least eight times higher than the silica-FBG sensor. Further, the measured signals were substantially similar to those of an acceleration plethysmograph (APG). Blood pressure is measured with low error, but the POF-FBG APG correlation is distributed from 0.54 to 0.72, which is not as high as desired. Based on these results, pulse wave signals should be measured under a wide range of reference blood pressures to confirm the reliability of blood pressure measurement uses POF-FBG sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Haseda
- Gratuate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
| | - Julien Bonefacino
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Photonics Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Hwa-Yaw Tam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Photonics Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Shun Chino
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
| | - Shouhei Koyama
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-268-21-5603
| | - Hiroaki Ishizawa
- Institute for Fiber Engineering, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
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Teng C, Liu H, Deng H, Deng S, Yang H, Xu R, Chen M, Yuan L, Zheng J. Liquid Level Sensor Based on a V-Groove Structure Plastic Optical Fiber. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E3111. [PMID: 30223540 DOI: 10.3390/s18093111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A high sensitivity and easily fabricated liquid level sensor based on the V-groove structure plastic optical fiber (POF) was described. In the design, the V-groove structure on the POF is produced by using a die-press-print method, which effectively reduces the complexity of the fabrication process and makes it easier for mass production of liquid level sensors. This greatly enhances the usefulness of the proposed sensor in cost effective liquid level sensing applications. The transmission characteristic of the POF could be changed when the V-groove structure was immerged or emerged by the rising or falling liquid. The liquid level sensing performances for the sensor probes with different structural parameters were investigated, and the sensor performances for the liquids with different refractive indices and the sensor dynamic response were also tested. Experimental results show that the sensor's sensitivity can reach 0.0698 mm-1, with a resolution of 2.5 mm. Results also show that the sensor has a fast response time of 920 ms.
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Arcas ADS, Dutra FDS, Allil RCSB, Werneck MM. Surface Plasmon Resonance and Bending Loss-Based U-Shaped Plastic Optical Fiber Biosensors. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18020648. [PMID: 29470426 PMCID: PMC5856140 DOI: 10.3390/s18020648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a large and diverse bacteria group that inhabits the intestinal tract of many mammals. Most E. coli strains are harmless, however some of them are pathogenic, meaning they can make one sick if ingested. By being in the feces of animals and humans, its presence in water and food is used as indicator of fecal contamination. The main method for this microorganism detection is the bacterial culture medium that is time-consuming and requires a laboratory with specialized personnel. Other sophisticated methods are still not fast enough because they require sending samples to a laboratory and with a high cost of analysis. In this paper, a gold-coated U-shaped plastic optical fiber (POF) biosensor for E. coli bacteria detection is presented. The biosensor works by intensity modulation principle excited by monochromatic light where the power absorption is imposed by predominant effect of either bending loss or surface plasmon resonance (SPR), depending on the gold thickness. Bacterial selectivity is obtained by antibody immobilization on the fiber surface. The biosensor showed a detection limit of 1.5 × 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, demonstrating that the technology can be a portable, fast response and low-cost alternative to conventional methodologies for quality analysis of water and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadny da S Arcas
- Nanotechnology Engineering Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Fábio da S Dutra
- Nanotechnology Engineering Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
- Petrobras' Research and Development Center, CENPES, Rio de Janeiro 21941-915, Brazil.
| | - Regina C S B Allil
- Electrical Engineering Program, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo M Werneck
- Nanotechnology Engineering Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
- Electrical Engineering Program, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
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Saracoglu OG, Hayber SE. Bent Fiber Sensor for Preservative Detection in Milk. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E2094. [PMID: 27941703 DOI: 10.3390/s16122094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A fiber optic sensor sensitive to refractive index changes of the outer region of the fiber cladding is presented. The sensor uses bent plastic optical fibers in different bending lengths to increase sensitivity. Measurements were made for low-fat milk, the refractive index of which is altered by some preservatives such as formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium carbonate. Concentrations of the preservatives in the milk were changed between 0% and 14.3% while the refractive indices occurred between 1.34550 and 1.35093 for the minimum (0%) and maximum (14.286%) concentrations of sodium carbonate, respectively. Due to bending-induced sensitivity, the sensor is able to detect refractive index changes less of than 0.4%. The results show that there is excellent linearity between the concentration and normalized response of the sensor.
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Cennamo N, Chiavaioli F, Trono C, Tombelli S, Giannetti A, Baldini F, Zeni L. A Complete Optical Sensor System Based on a POF-SPR Platform and a Thermo-Stabilized Flow Cell for Biochemical Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:196. [PMID: 26861328 PMCID: PMC4801573 DOI: 10.3390/s16020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An optical sensor platform based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in a plastic optical fiber (POF) integrated into a thermo-stabilized flow cell for biochemical sensing applications is proposed. This device has been realized and experimentally tested by using a classic receptor-analyte assay. For this purpose, the gold surface of the POF was chemically modified through the formation of a self-assembling monolayer. The surface robustness of the POF-SPR platform has been tested for the first time thanks to the flow cell. The experimental results show that the proposed device can be successfully used for label-free biochemical sensing. The final goal of this work is to achieve a complete, small-size, simple to use and low cost optical sensor system. The whole system with the flow cell and the optical sensor are extensively described, together with the experimental results obtained with an immunoglobulin G (IgG)/anti-IgG assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cennamo
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Second University of Naples, Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy.
| | - Francesco Chiavaioli
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.
| | - Cosimo Trono
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.
| | - Sara Tombelli
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.
| | - Ambra Giannetti
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.
| | - Luigi Zeni
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Second University of Naples, Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy.
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Yoo WJ, Shin SH, Lee DE, Jang KW, Cho S, Lee B. Development of a Small-Sized, Flexible, and Insertable Fiber-Optic Radiation Sensor for Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:21265-79. [PMID: 26343667 PMCID: PMC4610502 DOI: 10.3390/s150921265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We fabricated a small-sized, flexible, and insertable fiber-optic radiation sensor (FORS) that is composed of a sensing probe, a plastic optical fiber (POF), a photomultiplier tube (PMT)-amplifier system, and a multichannel analyzer (MCA) to obtain the energy spectra of radioactive isotopes. As an inorganic scintillator for gamma-ray spectroscopy, a cerium-doped lutetium yttrium orthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) crystal was used and two solid-disc type radioactive isotopes with the same dimensions, cesium-137 (Cs-137) and cobalt-60 (Co-60), were used as gamma-ray emitters. We first determined the length of the LYSO:Ce crystal considering the absorption of charged particle energy and measured the gamma-ray energy spectra using the FORS. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed FORS can be used to discriminate species of radioactive isotopes by measuring their inherent energy spectra, even when gamma-ray emitters are mixed. The relationship between the measured photon counts of the FORS and the radioactivity of Cs-137 was subsequently obtained. The amount of scintillating light generated from the FORS increased by increasing the radioactivity of Cs-137. Finally, the performance of the fabricated FORS according to the length and diameter of the POF was also evaluated. Based on the results of this study, it is anticipated that a novel FORS can be developed to accurately measure the gamma-ray energy spectrum in inaccessible locations such as narrow areas and holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Jae Yoo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, BK21 Plus Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 380-701, Korea.
| | - Sang Hun Shin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, BK21 Plus Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 380-701, Korea.
| | - Dong Eun Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, BK21 Plus Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 380-701, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Won Jang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, BK21 Plus Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 380-701, Korea.
| | - Seunghyun Cho
- Department of Organic Materials & Fiber Engineering, College of Engineering, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul-si 156-743, Korea.
| | - Bongsoo Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, BK21 Plus Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 380-701, Korea.
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13
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Cennamo N, Alberti G, Pesavento M, D'Agostino G, Quattrini F, Biesuz R, Zeni L. A simple small size and low cost sensor based on surface plasmon resonance for selective detection of Fe(III). Sensors (Basel) 2014; 14:4657-71. [PMID: 24608007 PMCID: PMC4003962 DOI: 10.3390/s140304657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple, small size, and low cost sensor based on a Deferoxamine Self Assembled Monolayer (DFO-SAM) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) transduction, in connection with a Plastic Optical Fiber (POF), has been developed for the selective detection of Fe(III). DFO-SAM sensors based on appropriate electrochemical techniques can be frequently found in the scientific literature. In this work, we present the first example of a DFO-SAM sensor based on SPR in an optical fiber. The SPR sensing platform was realized by removing the cladding of a plastic optical fiber along half the circumference, spin coating a buffer of Microposit S1813 photoresist on the exposed core, and finally sputtering a thin gold film. The hydroxamate siderophore deferoxamine (DFO), having high binding affinity for Fe(III), is then used in its immobilized form, as self-assembled monolayer on the gold layer surface of the POF sensor. The results showed that the DFO-SAM-POF-sensor was able to sense the formation of the Fe(III)/DFO complex in the range of concentrations between 1 μm and 50 μm with a linearity range from 0 to 30 μm of Fe(III). The selectivity of the sensor was also proved by interference tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cennamo
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Second University of Naples, Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy.
| | - Giancarla Alberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Maria Pesavento
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Girolamo D'Agostino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Federico Quattrini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Raffaela Biesuz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Luigi Zeni
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Second University of Naples, Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy.
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Binda M, Natali D, Iacchetti A, Sampietro M. Integration of an organic photodetector onto a plastic optical fiber by means of spray coating technique. Adv Mater 2013; 25:4335-4339. [PMID: 23765735 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A working prototype of integrated fiber/receiver system for optical data transmission is realized. The prototype is made by directly depositing an organic photodetector onto a plastic optical fiber. For the deposition of the organic layers, spray coating is successfully exploited. Operation over four orders of magnitude range of light intensities as well as photoresponse to pulsed stimulation are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Binda
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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15
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Lu WH, Chen LW, Xie WF, Chen YC. A sensing element based on a bent and elongated grooved polymer optical fiber. Sensors (Basel) 2012; 12:7485-95. [PMID: 22969356 PMCID: PMC3435985 DOI: 10.3390/s120607485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An experimental and numerical investigation is performed into the power loss induced in grooved polymer optical fibers (POFs) subjected to combined bending and elongation deformations. The power loss is examined as a function of both the groove depth and the bend radius. An elastic-plastic three-dimensional finite element model is constructed to simulate the deformation in the grooved region of the deformed specimens. The results indicate that the power loss increases significantly with an increasing bending displacement or groove depth. Specifically, the power loss increases to as much as 12% given a groove depth of 1.1 mm and a bending displacement of 10 mm. Based on the experimental results, an empirical expression is formulated to relate the power loss with the bending displacement for a given groove depth. It is shown that the difference between the estimated power loss and the actual power loss is less than 2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Lu
- Department of Material Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Li-Wen Chen
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-W.C.); (W.-F.X.)
| | - Wen-Fu Xie
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-W.C.); (W.-F.X.)
| | - Yung-Chuan Chen
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-W.C.); (W.-F.X.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-8-7703-202; Fax: +886-8-7740-398
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16
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Chen YC, Chen LW, Lu WH. Power loss characteristics of a sensing element based on a polymer optical fiber under cyclic tensile elongation. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:8741-50. [PMID: 22164103 DOI: 10.3390/s110908741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, power losses in polymer optical fiber (POF) subjected to cyclic tensile loadings are studied experimentally. The parameters discussed are the cyclic load level and the number of cycles. The results indicate that the power loss in POF specimens increases with increasing load level or number of cycles. The power loss can reach as high as 18.3% after 100 cyclic loadings. Based on the experimental results, a linear equation is proposed to estimate the relationship between the power loss and the number of cycles. The difference between the estimated results and the experimental results is found to be less than 3%.
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17
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Cao-Paz AM, Marcos-Acevedo J, del Río-Vázquez A, Martínez-Peñalver C, Lago-Ferreiro A, Nogueiras-Meléndez AA, Doval-Gandoy J. A multi-point sensor based on optical fiber for the measurement of electrolyte density in lead-acid batteries. Sensors (Basel) 2010; 10:2587-608. [PMID: 22319262 PMCID: PMC3274176 DOI: 10.3390/s100402587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a multi-point optical fiber-based sensor for the measurement of electrolyte density in lead-acid batteries. It is known that the battery charging process creates stratification, due to the different densities of sulphuric acid and water. In order to study this process, density measurements should be obtained at different depths. The sensor we describe in this paper, unlike traditional sensors, consists of several measurement points, allowing density measurements at different depths inside the battery. The obtained set of measurements helps in determining the charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH) of the battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Cao-Paz
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.M.C.P.); (J.M.A.); Tel.: +34-986-812-095; Fax: +34-986-811-987
| | - Jorge Marcos-Acevedo
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.M.C.P.); (J.M.A.); Tel.: +34-986-812-095; Fax: +34-986-811-987
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Kuang JH, Chen PC, Chen YC. Plastic optical fiber displacement sensor based on dual cycling bending. Sensors (Basel) 2010; 10:10198-210. [PMID: 22163465 DOI: 10.3390/s101110198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a high sensitivity and easy fabricated plastic optical fiber (POF) displacement sensor is proposed. A POF specimen subjected to dual cyclic bending is used to improve the sensitivity of the POF displacement sensor. The effects of interval between rollers, relative displacement and number of rollers on the sensitivity of the displacement sensor are analyzed both experimentally and numerically. A good agreement between the experimental measurements and numerical calculations is obtained. The results show that the interval between rollers affects sensitivity most significantly than the other design parameters. Based on the experimental data, a linear equation is derived to estimate the relationship between the power loss and the relative displacement. The difference between the estimated results and the experimental results is found to be less than 8%. The results also show that the proposed POF displacement sensor based on dual cyclic bending can be used to detect displacement accurately.
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Gravina R, Testa G, Bernini R. Perfluorinated plastic optical fiber tapers for evanescent wave sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2009; 9:10423-33. [PMID: 22303182 DOI: 10.3390/s91210423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work we describe the fabrication and the characterization of perfluorinated plastic-cladded optical fiber tapers. The heat-and-pull procedure has been used to fabricate symmetric tapers. Devices with different taper ratio have been produced and the repeatability of the process has been verified. The very low refractive indexes of the core-cladding perfluorinated polymers (n = 1.35−1.34) permit a strong enhancement of the evanescent wave power fraction in aqueous environments (n = 1.33), making them very attractive for evanescent wave sensing. The tapers have been characterized carrying out evanescent field absorbance measurements with different concentrations of methylene blue in water and fluorescence collection measurements in an aqueous solution containing Cy5 dye. A good sensitivity, tightly related to the low refractive index of the core-cladding materials and the geometrical profile, has been shown.
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