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Sajid S, de Dios VR, Zveushe OK, Nabi F, Shen S, Kang Q, Zhou L, Ma L, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Han Y, Dong F. Newly isolated halotolerant Aspergillus sp. showed high diesel degradation efficiency under high salinity environment aided with hematite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130324. [PMID: 36444053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of saline soil with hazardous petroleum hydrocarbons is a common problem across coastal areas globally. Bioaugmentation combined with chemical treatment is an emerging remediation technique, but it currently shows low efficiency under high saline environments. In this study, we screened and used a novel halotolerant lipolytic fungal consortium (HLFC) combined with hematite (Fe2O3) for the bioremediation of diesel contaminated saline soils. The changes in total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity were compared among different treatments (HLFC, hematite, hematite-HLFC, and control). The results showed that TPH degradation was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced in hematite-HLFC (47.59-88.01%) and HLFC (24.26-72.04%) amended microcosms across all salinity levels, compared to the treatments of hematite (23.71-66.26%) and control (6.39-55.20%). TPH degradation was positively correlated with lipase and laccase enzyme activities, electrical conductivity, and the water holding capacity of the soil. Analyses of the microbial community structure showed that microbial richness decreased, while evenness increased in HLFC and hematite-HLFC treatments. The relative abundances of Alicyclobacillus, Sediminibacillus, Alcanivorax, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Candida genera were significantly high in hematite-HLFC and HLFC amended microcosms. Our findings provide a promising new microbial-based technique, which can degrade TPH efficiently in saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbal Sajid
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lérida, Spain
| | - Obey Kudakwashe Zveushe
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Farhan Nabi
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Songrong Shen
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Qianlin Kang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China; Center of Analysis and Testing, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Yulian Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Ying Han
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Faqin Dong
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China; Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China.
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Mahdi IF, Azzawi MM, Mohammed FS. Development of NDIR CO2 Gas Sensing System Based on U-Shaped Optical Cavity. AL-MUSTANSIRIYAH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.23851/mjs.v33i4.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a proposed carbon dioxide Gas Sensing System of high precision, rapid reaction, compact size and low power consumption rate is presented based on the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) measurement. This system used to determine CO2 gas concentration in air; it consists of the single broadband light source, U-shape tube optical path cavity as gas cell, thermopile detector, and microcontroller circuit. This study investigates the efficiency of the U-tube optical path cavity at CO2 gas concentrations ranging from (0-5000) ppm. The obtained results show that it has the better thermal response compare to the linear tube and exhibits high sensitivity by change the transmitted light intensity into analog voltage. The proposed system design can be used as an environmental monitoring sensor.
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Ganiyu SA, Olurin OT, Morakinyo DO, Olobadola MO, Rabiu JA. Physico-chemical and thermal characteristics of sandy loam soils contaminated by single and mixed pollutants (mineral and vegetable oils). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:454. [PMID: 35610330 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Samples of contaminated top soil (0-30 cm) and uncontaminated soil (control) from two locations in Precambrian basement complex area were analyzed to assess the effects of single and mixed oil contaminants on the physico-chemical and thermal properties of soils. Pearson's correlation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to study the interrelationships of the studied parameters as well as variation of studied soil characteristics under the different oil contaminants, respectively. Results showed insignificant impact of pollutant(s) on the textural class of contaminated soils. The highest and lowest mean soil resistivity (SR) values were found in petrol-contaminated and mixed surfactants (shampoo + conditioner) -contaminated soils, respectively. The least values of mean specific heat capacity (SHC), heat capacity (HC), and soil water diffusivity (SWD) were found in soils contaminated by mixed surfactants-contaminants. However, mixed mineral oils (petrol + diesel + engine oil) and mixed vegetable oils (palm oil + groundnut oil) had mean SHC values lower than those of control soils at the two sampling locations. The mixed surfactants-polluted soil is characterized by lowest mean bulk density (BD) and highest mean gravimetric water content (GWC) while lowest mean GWC and highest mean SWD characterized engine oil-contaminated soils. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) result revealed significant variation in % sand at 5% level (p < 0.05) for petroleum-derived contaminants but no significant differences in mean values of all analyzed soil properties under vegetable oil contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ganiyu
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - O T Olurin
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - D O Morakinyo
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - M O Olobadola
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - J A Rabiu
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria
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Dotoli M, Rocca R, Giuliano M, Nicol G, Parussa F, Baricco M, Ferrari AM, Nervi C, Sgroi MF. A Review of Mechanical and Chemical Sensors for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1763. [PMID: 35270909 PMCID: PMC8914865 DOI: 10.3390/s22051763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The electrification of passenger cars is one of the most effective approaches to reduce noxious emissions in urban areas and, if the electricity is produced using renewable sources, to mitigate the global warming. This profound change of paradigm in the transport sector requires the use of Li-ion battery packages as energy storage systems to substitute conventional fossil fuels. An automotive battery package is a complex system that has to respect several constraints: high energy and power densities, long calendar and cycle lives, electrical and thermal safety, crash-worthiness, and recyclability. To comply with all these requirements, battery systems integrate a battery management system (BMS) connected to an complex network of electric and thermal sensors. On the other hand, since Li-ion cells can suffer from degradation phenomena with consequent generation of gaseous emissions or determine dimensional changes of the cell packaging, chemical and mechanical sensors should be integrated in modern automotive battery packages to guarantee the safe operation of the system. Mechanical and chemical sensors for automotive batteries require further developments to reach the requested robustness and reliability; in this review, an overview of the current state of art on such sensors will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dotoli
- Centro Ricerche FIAT S.C.p.A., 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.G.); (G.N.); (F.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and NIS—INSTM, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Riccardo Rocca
- Centro Ricerche FIAT S.C.p.A., 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.G.); (G.N.); (F.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and NIS—INSTM, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Mattia Giuliano
- Centro Ricerche FIAT S.C.p.A., 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.G.); (G.N.); (F.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Giovanna Nicol
- Centro Ricerche FIAT S.C.p.A., 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.G.); (G.N.); (F.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Flavio Parussa
- Centro Ricerche FIAT S.C.p.A., 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.G.); (G.N.); (F.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Marcello Baricco
- Department of Chemistry and NIS—INSTM, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Anna Maria Ferrari
- Department of Chemistry and NIS—INSTM, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Carlo Nervi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS—INSTM, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Mauro Francesco Sgroi
- Centro Ricerche FIAT S.C.p.A., 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.G.); (G.N.); (F.P.); (M.F.S.)
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Abstract
The continuously rising interest in chemical sensors’ applications in environmental monitoring, for soil analysis in particular, is owed to the sufficient sensitivity and selectivity of these analytical devices, their low costs, their simple measurement setups, and the possibility to perform online and in-field analyses with them. In this review the recent advances in chemical sensors for soil analysis are summarized. The working principles of chemical sensors involved in soil analysis; their benefits and drawbacks; and select applications of both the single selective sensors and multisensor systems for assessments of main plant nutrition components, pollutants, and other important soil parameters (pH, moisture content, salinity, exhaled gases, etc.) of the past two decades with a focus on the last 5 years (from 2017 to 2021) are overviewed.
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Chaudhary DK, Bajagain R, Jeong SW, Kim J. Insights into the biodegradation of diesel oil and changes in bacterial communities in diesel-contaminated soil as a consequence of various soil amendments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131416. [PMID: 34242986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil amendment is a promising strategy to enhance biodegradation capacity of indigenous bacteria. To assess the consequences of various soil amendments before large-scale implementation, a microcosm study was employed to investigate the effects of nutrients (TN), surfactants (TS), oxidants (TO), biochar (TB), and zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI; TNP) on diesel degradation, bacterial communities, and community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) of legacy field contaminated soil. The results showed that the TN, TB, TNP, TS, and TO, reduced 75.8%, 63.9%, 62.8%, 49.3%, and 40.1% of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), respectively, within 120 days, while control (TW) reduced only 33.8%. In all soil amendments, TPH reduction was positively correlated with oxidation-reduction potential and heterotrophic and TPH-degrading bacteria, while negatively correlated with total nitrogen and available phosphate. Furthermore, in TW, TB, and TNP microcosms, TPH reduction showed positive association with pH, whereas in TN, TS, and TO, TPH reduction was negatively associated with pH. The bacterial diversity was reduced in all treatments as a function of the soil amendment and remediation time: the enriched potential TPH-degrading bacteria were Dyella, Paraburkholderia, Clavibacter, Arthrobacter, Rhodanobacter, Methylobacterium, and Pandoraea. The average well colour development (AWCD) values in CLPPs were higher in TB, sustained and improved in TN, and markedly lower in TNP, TS, and TO microcosms. Overall, these data demonstrate that nutrients and biochar amendments may be helpful in boosting biodegradation, increasing diesel-degrading bacteria, and improving soil physiological functions. In conclusion, diesel degradation efficiency and bacterial communities are widely affected by both type and duration of soil amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rishikesh Bajagain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Jeong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, South Korea.
| | - Jaisoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, South Korea.
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Bandara K, Sakai K, Nakandakari T, Yuge K. A Low-Cost NDIR-Based N 2O Gas Detection Device for Agricultural Soils: Assembly, Calibration Model Validation, and Laboratory Testing. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041189. [PMID: 33567612 PMCID: PMC7915299 DOI: 10.3390/s21041189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research presents a low-cost, easy-to-assemble nondispersive infrared (NDIR) device for monitoring N2O gas concentration in agricultural soils during field and laboratory experiments. The study aimed to develop a cost-effective instrument with a simple optic structure suitable for detecting a wide range of soil N2O gas concentrations with a submerged silicone diffusion cell. A commercially available, 59 cm path-length gas cell, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based infrared emitter, pyroelectric detector, two anti-reflective (AR) coated optical windows, and one convex lens were assembled into a simple instrument with secure preciseness and responsivity. Control of the IR emitter and data recording processes was achieved through a microcontroller unit (MCU). Tests on humidity tolerance and the saturation rate of the diffusion cell were carried out to test the instrument function with the soil atmosphere. The developed calibration model was validated by repeatability tests and accuracy tests. The soil N2O gas concentration was monitored at the laboratory level by a specific experimental setup. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the repeatability tests was more than 0.9995 with a 1–2000 ppm measurability range and no impact of air humidity on the device output. The new device achieved continuous measuring of soil N2O gas through a submerged diffusion cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.M.T.S. Bandara
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (K.M.T.S.B.); (T.N.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya 81100, Sri Lanka
| | - Kazuhito Sakai
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (K.M.T.S.B.); (T.N.); (K.Y.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Tamotsu Nakandakari
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (K.M.T.S.B.); (T.N.); (K.Y.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kozue Yuge
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (K.M.T.S.B.); (T.N.); (K.Y.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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Peršić V, Đerđ T, Varga M, Hackenberger BK. Real-time CO 2 uptake/emission measurements as a tool for early indication of toxicity in Lemna-tests. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:154-163. [PMID: 30476745 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an application of continuous monitoring of the emission and uptake rate of CO2 in Lemna toxicity test. On a real-time basis, the CO2 concentration data were collected by the Arduino platform-based respiratory activity measuring system (ResTox) and reported as CO2 concentration dynamic curves. The results of CO2 measurements demonstrated that tested metals (Co, Cu, Hg, and Cd), as well as herbicides (nicosulfuron, diquat, and tembotrione), stimulated the CO2 exchange rates at low doses, while at high doses CO2 exchange rates were inhibited. The addition of higher concentrations of clopyralid stimulated photosynthetic activity and caused a higher increase in respiration rates indicating its mode of action as auxin mimic herbicide. The results obtained underline the necessity of considering other biological endpoints like continuous measurements of gas exchange from the very beginning of exposure to toxicants. Simultaneous measurements of real-time CO2 concentrations, as the primary effect of toxicant mode of action, and processes that are supported by carbon flux, as the secondary effect or endpoint, are needed to relate actual and substrate-induced or inhibited respiration and photosynthesis to those processes. Therefore, continuous measurements of CO2 exchange rates can be implemented for the initial screening of potential toxicity to give valuable information that is needed for further examination of toxicity mechanisms and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Peršić
- The University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Tamara Đerđ
- The University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Martina Varga
- The University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia.
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Hewelke E, Szatyłowicz J, Hewelke P, Gnatowski T, Aghalarov R. The Impact of Diesel Oil Pollution on the Hydrophobicity and CO 2 Efflux of Forest Soils. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2018; 229:51. [PMID: 29479120 PMCID: PMC5797751 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-018-3720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of soil with petroleum products is a major environmental problem. Petroleum products are common soil contaminants as a result of human activities, and they are causing substantial changes in the biological (particularly microbiological) processes, chemical composition, structure and physical properties of soil. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of soil moisture on CO2 efflux from diesel-contaminated albic podzol soils. Two contamination treatments (3000 and 9000 mg of diesel oil per kg of soil) were prepared for four horizons from two forest study sites with different initial levels of soil water repellency. CO2 emissions were measured using a portable infrared gas analyser (LCpro+, ADC BioScientific, UK) while the soil samples were drying under laboratory conditions (from saturation to air-dry). The assessment of soil water repellency was performed using the water drop penetration time test. An analysis of variance (ANVOA) was conducted for the CO2 efflux data. The obtained results show that CO2 efflux from diesel-contaminated soils is higher than efflux from uncontaminated soils. The initially water-repellent soils were found to have a bigger CO2 efflux. The non-linear relationship between soil moisture content and CO2 efflux only existed for the upper soil horizons, while for deeper soil horizons, the efflux is practically independent of soil moisture content. The contamination of soil by diesel leads to increased soil water repellency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Hewelke
- Laboratory - Water Centre, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Ciszewskiego 6, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szatyłowicz
- Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Hewelke
- Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gnatowski
- Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rufat Aghalarov
- Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Köhler MH, Schardt M, Rauscher MS, Koch AW. Gas Measurement Using Static Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112612. [PMID: 29137193 PMCID: PMC5712892 DOI: 10.3390/s17112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Online monitoring of gases in industrial processes is an ambitious task due to adverse conditions such as mechanical vibrations and temperature fluctuations. Whereas conventional Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers use rather complex optical and mechanical designs to ensure stable operation, static FTIR spectrometers do not require moving parts and thus offer inherent stability at comparatively low costs. Therefore, we present a novel, compact gas measurement system using a static single-mirror Fourier transform spectrometer (sSMFTS). The system works in the mid-infrared range from 650 cm−1 to 1250 cm−1 and can be operated with a customized White cell, yielding optical path lengths of up to 120 cm for highly sensitive quantification of gas concentrations. To validate the system, we measure different concentrations of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) and perform a PLS regression analysis of the acquired infrared spectra. Thereby, the measured absorption spectra show good agreement with reference data. Since the system additionally permits measurement rates of up to 200 Hz and high signal-to-noise ratios, an application in process analysis appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Köhler
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Schardt
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus S Rauscher
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Alexander W Koch
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
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