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Zou W, Deng J, Wang Z, Sun D, Zou N. Encapsulation of thermochromic tetradecyl myristate/methyl red composite via full poplar-based cellulose/lignin/SiO 2 framework for preparation of thermochromic wood with thermal response and storage. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133881. [PMID: 39029822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Thermochromic wood (TW), a smart material that can respond to temperature changes and store thermal energy, holds broad potential for application in the construction industry. This study fabricated thermochromic poplar (TP) by encapsulating a thermochromic phase change material (TPCM), consisting of tetradecyl myristate and methyl red, within a full poplar-based cellulose/lignin/SiO2 framework. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate that the poplar matrix and the incorporated SiO2 formed an integrated cellulose/lignin/SiO2 framework, which encapsulated the TPCM within the poplar ducts. The TP exhibits a color change from light purple to dark purple within the temperature range of 30-48 °C, with a pronounced shift at approximately 42 °C, correlating with the sensation of scalding. Thus, TP-based products can alert users to the risk of scalding through a noticeable color change. The full poplar-based framework mitigates the impact of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the TP and prevents the loss of TPCM during thermal processing. The mechanical properties of TP are enhanced to a strength grade comparable to that of Manchurian ash wood, making it suitable for load-bearing components in wooden structures. Additionally, the average temperature of TP is around 10 °C higher than that of untreated poplar within 25 min after the same thermal treatment. Consequently, TP can serve as a building material with capabilities for temperature response, thermal energy storage, and structural load-bearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zou
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Jie Deng
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhangheng Wang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Delin Sun
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Naike Zou
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China
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Supian ABM, Asyraf MRM, Syamsir A, Najeeb MI, Alhayek A, Al-Dala’ien RN, Manar G, Atiqah A. Thermochromic Polymer Nanocomposites for the Heat Detection System: Recent Progress on Properties, Applications, and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1545. [PMID: 38891491 PMCID: PMC11174980 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Reversible thermochromic polymers have emerged as compelling candidates in recent years, captivating attention for their application in heat detection systems. This comprehensive review navigates through the multifaceted landscape, intricately exploring both the virtues and hurdles inherent in their integration within these systems. Their innate capacity to change colour in response to temperature fluctuations renders reversible thermochromic nanocomposites promising assets for heat detection technologies. However, despite their inherent potential, certain barriers hinder their widespread adoption. Factors such as a restricted colour spectrum, reliance on external triggers, and cost considerations have restrained their pervasive use. For instance, these polymer-based materials exhibit utility in the domain of building insulation, where their colour-changing ability serves as a beacon, flagging areas of heat loss or inadequate insulation, thus alerting building managers and homeowners to potential energy inefficiencies. Nevertheless, the limited range of discernible colours may impede precise temperature differentiation. Additionally, dependency on external stimuli, such as electricity or UV light, can complicate implementation and inflate costs. Realising the full potential of these polymer-based materials in heat detection systems necessitates addressing these challenges head-on. Continuous research endeavours aimed at augmenting colour diversity and diminishing reliance on external stimuli offer promising avenues to enhance their efficacy. Hence, this review aims to delve into the intricate nuances surrounding reversible thermochromic nanocomposites, highlighting their transformative potential in heat detection and sensing. By exploring their mechanisms, properties, and current applications, this manuscript endeavours to shed light on their significance, providing insights crucial for further research and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. M. Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Defence Research and Technology (CODRAT), Universiti Pertahanan National Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - M. I. Najeeb
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdulrahman Alhayek
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - Rayeh Nasr Al-Dala’ien
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - Gunasilan Manar
- Centre for Defence Research and Technology (CODRAT), Universiti Pertahanan National Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - A. Atiqah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zou W, Li Z, Wang Z, Sun D, Zhang P. Poplar-based thermochromic composites that change colour at 38 °C to 46 °C. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16865. [PMID: 34413331 PMCID: PMC8377062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The red thermochromic dye (R-TD) is the tetradecanoic acid tetradecyl ester (C28H56O2) and methyl red (C15H15N3O2) mixture that has better permeability enabling its infiltration into wood and better thermochromic properties changing its colour at above 30 °C after about 0.5 min. Thicker poplar-based thermochromic composite specimens (R-PTC, thickness: 5.0 mm) were prepared by filling the R-TD into pre-treated poplar veneer (thickness: 5.0 mm) thus allowing better penetration after pre-treatment. After R-TD infiltration, the R-PTC samples were covered by polypropylene wax for preventing R-TD from overflowing from R-PTC under the action of phase-change temperature. This R-PTC, whose colour can change from light-red to dark-red at 38 °C to 46 °C, can recover to light-red at below 38 °C after about 14 h, and the peak of colour change is at about 42 °C. R-PTC will be suitable for materials used in thermochromic furniture that can indicate the surface temperature to potential users, thus allowing assessment of likely scalded pain when used the furniture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zou
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Zimu Li
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Zhangheng Wang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Delin Sun
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Pingfang Zhang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China
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Toivola R, Jang SH, Baker S, Jen AKY, Flinn BD. Thermochromic Polymer Film Sensors for Detection of Incipient Thermal Damage in Carbon Fiber⁻Epoxy Composites. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1362. [PMID: 29702598 PMCID: PMC5981464 DOI: 10.3390/s18051362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber⁻epoxy composites have become prevalent in the aerospace industry where mechanical properties and light weight are at a premium. The significant non-destructive evaluation challenges of composites require new solutions, especially in detecting early-stage, or incipient, thermal damage. The initial stages of thermal damage are chemical rather than physical, and can cause significant reduction in mechanical properties well before physical damage becomes detectable in ultrasonic testing. Thermochromic fluorescent probe molecules have the potential to sense incipient thermal damage more accurately than traditional inspection methods. We have designed a molecule which transitions from a colorless, non-fluorescent state to a colorful, highly fluorescent state when exposed to temperature⁻time combinations that can cause damage in composites. Moreover, this molecule can be dispersed in a polymer film and attached to composite parts as a removable sensor. This work presents an evaluation of the sensor performance of this thermochromic film in comparison to ultrasonic C-scan as a method to detect incipient thermal damage in one of the most widely used carbon fiber⁻epoxy composite systems. Composite samples exposed to varying thermal exposures were used to evaluate the fluorescent thermal sensor films, and the results are compared to the results of ultrasonic imaging and short-beam shear tests for interlaminar shear strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Toivola
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Sei-Hum Jang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Shawn Baker
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Brian D Flinn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Huang Q, Paul P, Bhattacharyya D, Pillai RC, Sabolsky K, Sabolsky EM. Estimations of Gasifier Wall Temperature and Extent of Slag Penetration Using a Refractory Brick with Embedded Sensors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Huang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Prokash Paul
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Debangsu Bhattacharyya
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Rajalekshmi C Pillai
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Katarzyna Sabolsky
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Edward M. Sabolsky
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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Risos A, Long N, Hunze A, Gouws G. A 3D Faraday Shield for Interdigitated Dielectrometry Sensors and Its Effect on Capacitance. SENSORS 2016; 17:s17010077. [PMID: 28042868 PMCID: PMC5298650 DOI: 10.3390/s17010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interdigitated dielectrometry sensors (IDS) are capacitive sensors investigated to precisely measure the relative permittivity (ϵr) of insulating liquids. Such liquids used in the power industry exhibit a change in ϵr as they degrade. The IDS ability to measure ϵr in-situ can potentially reduce maintenance, increase grid stability and improve safety. Noise from external electric field sources is a prominent issue with IDS. This paper investigates the novelty of applying a Faraday cage onto an IDS as a 3D shield to reduce this noise. This alters the spatially distributed electric field of an IDS affecting its sensing properties. Therefore, dependency of the sensor’s signal with the distance to a shield above the IDS electrodes has been investigated experimentally and theoretically via a Green’s function calculation and FEM. A criteria of the shield’s distance s = s0 has been defined as the distance which gives a capacitance for the IDS equal to 1 − e−2=86.5% of its unshielded value. Theoretical calculations using a simplified geometry gave a constant value for s0/λ = 1.65, where λ is the IDS wavelength. In the experiment, values for s0 were found to be lower than predicted as from theory and the ratio s0/λ variable. This was analyzed in detail and it was found to be resulting from the specific spatial structure of the IDS. A subsequent measurement of a common insulating liquid with a nearby noise source demonstrates a considerable reduction in the standard deviation of the relative permittivity from σunshielded=±9.5% to σshielded=±0.6%. The presented findings enhance our understanding of IDS in respect to the influence of a Faraday shield on the capacitance, parasitic capacitances of the IDS and external noise impact on the measurement of ϵr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Risos
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Nicholas Long
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Arvid Hunze
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Gideon Gouws
- School of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
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