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Besleaga M, Zimmermann C, Ebner K, Mach RL, Mach-Aigner AR, Geier M, Glieder A, Spadiut O, Kopp J. Bi-directionalized promoter systems allow methanol-free production of hard-to-express peroxygenases with Komagataella Phaffii. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:177. [PMID: 38879507 PMCID: PMC11179361 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heme-incorporating peroxygenases are responsible for electron transport in a multitude of organisms. Yet their application in biocatalysis is hindered due to their challenging recombinant production. Previous studies suggest Komagataella phaffi to be a suitable production host for heme-containing enzymes. In addition, co-expression of helper proteins has been shown to aid protein folding in yeast. In order to facilitate recombinant protein expression for an unspecific peroxygenase (AnoUPO), we aimed to apply a bi-directionalized expression strategy with Komagataella phaffii. RESULTS In initial screenings, co-expression of protein disulfide isomerase was found to aid the correct folding of the expressed unspecific peroxygenase in K. phaffi. A multitude of different bi-directionalized promoter combinations was screened. The clone with the most promising promoter combination was scaled up to bioreactor cultivations and compared to a mono-directional construct (expressing only the peroxygenase). The strains were screened for the target enzyme productivity in a dynamic matter, investigating both derepression and mixed feeding (methanol-glycerol) for induction. Set-points from bioreactor screenings, resulting in the highest peroxygenase productivity, for derepressed and methanol-based induction were chosen to conduct dedicated peroxygenase production runs and were analyzed with RT-qPCR. Results demonstrated that methanol-free cultivation is superior over mixed feeding in regard to cell-specific enzyme productivity. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that mixed feeding resulted in high stress for the host cells, impeding high productivity. Moreover, the bi-directionalized construct resulted in a much higher specific enzymatic activity over the mono-directional expression system. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate a methanol-free bioreactor production strategy for an unspecific peroxygenase, yet not shown in literature. Hence, bi-directionalized assisted protein expression in K. phaffii, cultivated under derepressed conditions, is indicated to be an effective production strategy for heme-containing oxidoreductases. This very production strategy might be opening up further opportunities for biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Besleaga
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Christian Zimmermann
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Katharina Ebner
- bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, Hofstätten an der Raab, 8200, Austria
| | - Robert L Mach
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Astrid R Mach-Aigner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Martina Geier
- bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, Hofstätten an der Raab, 8200, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, Hofstätten an der Raab, 8200, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Julian Kopp
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Vienna, 1060, Austria.
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Urbanowicz T, Michalak M, Marzec E, Komosa A, Filipiak KJ, Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Witkowska A, Rodzki M, Tykarski A, Jemielity M. Coronary Artery Disease and Inflammatory Activation Interfere with Peripheral Tissue Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Characteristics-Initial Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20032745. [PMID: 36768108 PMCID: PMC9915397 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electrical properties of cells and tissues in relation to energy exposure have been investigated, presenting their resistance and capacitance characteristics. The dielectric response to radiofrequency fields exhibits polarization heterogeneity under pathological conditions. The aim of the study was to analyze the differences in changes in resistance and capacitance measurements in the range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz, combined with an assessment of the correlation between the results of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and inflammatory activation. METHODS In the prospective study, EIS was performed on the non-dominant arm in 29 male patients (median (Q1-Q3) age of 69 (65-72)) with complex coronary artery disease and 10 male patients (median (Q1-Q3) age of 66 (62-69)) of the control group. Blood samples were collected for inflammatory index analysis. RESULTS The logistic regression analysis revealed a negative correlation with inflammatory indexes, including neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the CAD group in the frequency of 30 kHz (p = 0.038, r = -0.317) regarding EIS resistance measurements and a positive correlation in CAD group in the frequency of 10 kHz (p = 0.029, r = -0.354) regarding EIS capacitance. CONCLUSIONS The bioelectric characteristics of peripheral tissues measured by resistance and capacitance in EIS differ in patients with coronary artery disease and in the control group. Electrical impedance spectroscopy reveals a statistically significant correlation with inflammatory markers in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Urbanowicz
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Marzec
- Department of Bionics and Experimental Medical Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-775 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Komosa
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- Institute of Clinical Science, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Witkowska
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Rodzki
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Jemielity
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
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Effective Capacitance from Equivalent Electrical Circuit as a Tool for Monitoring Non-Adherent Cell Suspensions at Low Frequencies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110697. [DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the electrical double layer (EDL) in electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement at low frequencies remains a challenging task for sensing purposes. In this work, we propose two approaches to deal with the EDL in measuring impedance for particles and non-adherent cells in an electrolytic suspension. The first approach is a simple procedure to compute a normalized electrical impedance spectrum named dispersed medium index (DMi). The second is the EIS modeling through an equivalent electric circuit based on the so-called effective capacitance (Cef), which unifies the EDL phenomena. Firstly, as an experiment under controlled conditions, we examine polymer particles of 6, 15, and 48 μm in diameter suspended in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Subsequently, we used K-562 cells and leukocytes suspended in a culture medium (RPMI-1640 supplemented) for a biological assay. As the main result, the DMi is a function of the particle concentration. In addition, it shows a tendency with the particle size; regardless, it is limited to a volume fraction of 0.03 × 10−4 to 58 × 10−4. The DMi is not significantly different between K-562 cells and leukocytes for most concentrations. On the other hand, the Cef exhibits high applicability to retrieve a function that describes the concentration for each particle size, the K-562 cells, and leukocytes. The Cef also shows a tendency with the particle size without limitation within the range tested, and it allows distinction between the K-562 and leukocytes in the 25 cells/µL to 400 cells/µL range. We achieved a simple method for determining an Cef by unifying the parameters of an equivalent electrical circuit from data obtained with a conventional potentiostat. This simple approach is affordable for characterizing the population of non-adherent cells suspended in a cell culture medium.
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Adamek M, Matyas J, Adamkova A, Mlcek J, Buran M, Cernekova M, Sevcikova V, Zvonkova M, Slobodian P, Olejnik R. A Study on the Applicability of Thermodynamic Sensors in Fermentation Processes in Selected Foods. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051997. [PMID: 35271145 PMCID: PMC8914819 DOI: 10.3390/s22051997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the use of thermodynamic sensors (TDS) in baking, brewing, and yogurt production at home. Using thermodynamic sensors, a change in the temperature flow between the two sensor elements during fermentation was observed for the final mixture (complete recipe for pizza dough production), showing the possibility of distinguishing some phases of the fermentation process. Even during the fermentation process in the preparation of wort and yogurt with non-traditional additives, the sensors were able to indicate significant parts of the process, including the end of the process. The research article also mentions as a new idea the use of trivial regulation at home in food production to determine the course of the fermentation process. The results presented in this article show the possibility of using TDS for more accurate characterization and adjustment of the production process of selected foods in the basic phase, which will be further applicable in the food industry, with the potential to reduce the cost of food production processes that involve a fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Adamek
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova, 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic;
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiri Matyas
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati, 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (R.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Adamkova
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova, 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (A.A.); (J.M.); (V.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Jiri Mlcek
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova, 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (A.A.); (J.M.); (V.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Martin Buran
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Martina Cernekova
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova, 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic;
| | - Veronika Sevcikova
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova, 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (A.A.); (J.M.); (V.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Magdalena Zvonkova
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova, 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (A.A.); (J.M.); (V.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Petr Slobodian
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati, 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (R.O.)
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova, 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Olejnik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati, 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (R.O.)
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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): Principles, Construction, and Biosensing Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196578. [PMID: 34640898 PMCID: PMC8512860 DOI: 10.3390/s21196578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique used for the analysis of interfacial properties related to bio-recognition events occurring at the electrode surface, such as antibody–antigen recognition, substrate–enzyme interaction, or whole cell capturing. Thus, EIS could be exploited in several important biomedical diagnosis and environmental applications. However, the EIS is one of the most complex electrochemical methods, therefore, this review introduced the basic concepts and the theoretical background of the impedimetric technique along with the state of the art of the impedimetric biosensors and the impact of nanomaterials on the EIS performance. The use of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocomposites provided catalytic activity, enhanced sensing elements immobilization, promoted faster electron transfer, and increased reliability and accuracy of the reported EIS sensors. Thus, the EIS was used for the effective quantitative and qualitative detections of pathogens, DNA, cancer-associated biomarkers, etc. Through this review article, intensive literature review is provided to highlight the impact of nanomaterials on enhancing the analytical features of impedimetric biosensors.
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Bošković MV, Šljukić B, Vasiljević Radović D, Radulović K, Rašljić Rafajilović M, Frantlović M, Sarajlić M. Full-Self-Powered Humidity Sensor Based on Electrochemical Aluminum-Water Reaction. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103486. [PMID: 34067738 PMCID: PMC8156808 DOI: 10.3390/s21103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A detailed examination of the principle of operation behind the functioning of the full-self-powered humidity sensor is presented. The sensor has been realized as a structure consisting of an interdigitated capacitor with aluminum thin-film digits. In this work, the details of its fabrication and activation are described in detail. The performed XRD, FTIR, SEM, AFM, and EIS analyses, as well as noise measurements, revealed that the dominant process of electricity generation is the electrochemical reaction between the sensor's aluminum electrodes and the water from humid air in the presence of oxygen, which was the main goal of this work. The response of the sensor to human breath is also presented as a demonstration of its possible practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko V. Bošković
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.V.R.); (K.R.); (M.R.R.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Biljana Šljukić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Téchnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dana Vasiljević Radović
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.V.R.); (K.R.); (M.R.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Katarina Radulović
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.V.R.); (K.R.); (M.R.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Milena Rašljić Rafajilović
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.V.R.); (K.R.); (M.R.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Miloš Frantlović
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.V.R.); (K.R.); (M.R.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Milija Sarajlić
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.V.R.); (K.R.); (M.R.R.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (M.S.)
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Kastenhofer J, Rajamanickam V, Libiseller-Egger J, Spadiut O. Monitoring and control of E. coli cell integrity. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:1-12. [PMID: 33485861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Soluble expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli is often done by translocation of the product across the inner membrane (IM) into the periplasm, where it is retained by the outer membrane (OM). While the integrity of the IM is strongly coupled to viability and impurity release, a decrease in OM integrity (corresponding to increased "leakiness") leads to accumulation of product in the extracellular space, strongly impacting the downstream process. Whether leakiness is desired or not, differential monitoring and control of IM and OM integrity are necessary for an efficient E. coli bioprocess in compliance with the guidelines of Quality by Design and Process Analytical Technology. In this review, we give an overview of relevant monitoring tools, summarize the research on factors affecting E. coli membrane integrity and provide a brief discussion on how the available monitoring technology can be implemented in real-time control of E. coli cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kastenhofer
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vignesh Rajamanickam
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Libiseller-Egger
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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Kittler S, Kopp J, Veelenturf PG, Spadiut O, Delvigne F, Herwig C, Slouka C. The Lazarus Escherichia coli Effect: Recovery of Productivity on Glycerol/Lactose Mixed Feed in Continuous Biomanufacturing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:993. [PMID: 32903513 PMCID: PMC7438448 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous cultivation with Escherichia coli has several benefits compared to classical fed-batch cultivation. The economic benefits would be a stable process, which leads to time independent quality of the product, and hence ease the downstream process. However, continuous biomanufacturing with E. coli is known to exhibit a drop of productivity after about 4–5 days of cultivation depending on dilution rate. These cultivations are generally performed on glucose, being the favorite carbon source for E. coli and used in combination with isopropyl β-D-1 thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for induction. In recent works, harsh induction with IPTG was changed to softer induction using lactose for T7-based plasmids, with the result of reducing the metabolic stress and tunability of productivity. These mixed feed systems based on glucose and lactose result in high amounts of correctly folded protein. In this study we used different mixed feed systems with glucose/lactose and glycerol/lactose to investigate productivity of E. coli based chemostats. We tested different strains producing three model proteins, with the final aim of a stable long-time protein expression. While glucose fed chemostats showed the well-known drop in productivity after a certain process time, glycerol fed cultivations recovered productivity after about 150 h of induction, which corresponds to around 30 generation times. We want to further highlight that the cellular response upon galactose utilization in E. coli BL21(DE3), might be causing fluctuating productivity, as galactose is referred to be a weak inducer. This “Lazarus” phenomenon has not been described in literature before and may enable a stabilization of continuous cultivation with E. coli using different carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kittler
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Kopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Gwen Veelenturf
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Delvigne
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech - Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Slouka
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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Kopp J, Slouka C, Spadiut O, Herwig C. The Rocky Road From Fed-Batch to Continuous Processing With E. coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:328. [PMID: 31824931 PMCID: PMC6880763 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli still serves as a beloved workhorse for the production of many biopharmaceuticals as it fulfills essential criteria, such as having fast doubling times, exhibiting a low risk of contamination, and being easy to upscale. Most industrial processes in E. coli are carried out in fed-batch mode. However, recent trends show that the biotech industry is moving toward time-independent processing, trying to improve the space-time yield, and especially targeting constant quality attributes. In the 1950s, the term "chemostat" was introduced for the first time by Novick and Szilard, who followed up on the previous work performed by Monod. Chemostat processing resulted in a major hype 10 years after its official introduction. However, enthusiasm decreased as experiments suffered from genetic instabilities and physiology issues. Major improvements in strain engineering and the usage of tunable promotor systems facilitated chemostat processes. In addition, critical process parameters have been identified, and the effects they have on diverse quality attributes are understood in much more depth, thereby easing process control. By pooling the knowledge gained throughout the recent years, new applications, such as parallelization, cascade processing, and population controls, are applied nowadays. However, to control the highly heterogeneous cultivation broth to achieve stable productivity throughout long-term cultivations is still tricky. Within this review, we discuss the current state of E. coli fed-batch process understanding and its tech transfer potential within continuous processing. Furthermore, the achievements in the continuous upstream applications of E. coli and the continuous downstream processing of intracellular proteins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Slouka
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
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Turick CE, Shimpalee S, Satjaritanun P, Weidner J, Greenway S. Convenient non-invasive electrochemical techniques to monitor microbial processes: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8327-8338. [PMID: 31478059 PMCID: PMC6800409 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Real-time electrochemical monitoring in bioprocesses is an improvement over existing systems because it is versatile and provides more information to the user than periodic measurements of cell density or metabolic activity. Real-time electrochemical monitoring provides the ability to monitor the physiological status of actively growing cells related to electron transfer activity and potential changes in the proton gradient of the cells. Voltammetric and amperometric techniques offer opportunities to monitor electron transfer reactions when electrogenic microbes are used in microbial fuel cells or bioelectrochemical synthesis. Impedance techniques provide the ability to monitor the physiological status of a wide range of microorganisms in conventional bioprocesses. Impedance techniques involve scanning a range of frequencies to define physiological activity in terms of equivalent electrical circuits, thereby enabling the use of computer modeling to evaluate specific growth parameters. Electrochemical monitoring of microbial activity has applications throughout the biotechnology industry for generating real-time data and offers the potential for automated process controls for specific bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Turick
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Aiken, SC USA
| | - Sirivatch Shimpalee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 541 Main Street, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Pongsarun Satjaritanun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 541 Main Street, Columbia, SC USA
| | - John Weidner
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 541 Main Street, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Scott Greenway
- Savannah River Consulting, 301 Gateway Drive, Aiken, SC USA
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Mauerhofer LM, Pappenreiter P, Paulik C, Seifert AH, Bernacchi S, Rittmann SKMR. Methods for quantification of growth and productivity in anaerobic microbiology and biotechnology. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:321-360. [PMID: 30446943 PMCID: PMC6529396 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic microorganisms (anaerobes) possess a fascinating metabolic versatility. This characteristic makes anaerobes interesting candidates for physiological studies and utilizable as microbial cell factories. To investigate the physiological characteristics of an anaerobic microbial population, yield, productivity, specific growth rate, biomass production, substrate uptake, and product formation are regarded as essential variables. The determination of those variables in distinct cultivation systems may be achieved by using different techniques for sampling, measuring of growth, substrate uptake, and product formation kinetics. In this review, a comprehensive overview of methods is presented, and the applicability is discussed in the frame of anaerobic microbiology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Mauerhofer
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Patricia Pappenreiter
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Paulik
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | | | | | - Simon K-M R Rittmann
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria.
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Djawad YA, Attwood D, Kiely J, Luxton R. The application of detrended fluctuation analysis to assess physical characteristics of the human cell line ECV304 following toxic challenges. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Kopp J, Slouka C, Strohmer D, Kager J, Spadiut O, Herwig C. Inclusion Body Bead Size in E. coli Controlled by Physiological Feeding. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040116. [PMID: 30477255 PMCID: PMC6313631 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium E. coli is the host of choice for producing a multitude of recombinant proteins relevant in the pharmaceutical industry. Generally, cultivation is easy, media are cheap, and a high product titer can be obtained. However, harsh induction procedures combined with the usage of IPTG (isopropyl β-d-1 thiogalactopyranoside) as an inducer are often believed to cause stress reactions, leading to intracellular protein aggregates, which are so known as so-called inclusion bodies (IBs). Downstream applications in bacterial processes cause the bottleneck in overall process performance, as bacteria lack many post-translational modifications, resulting in time and cost-intensive approaches. Especially purification of inclusion bodies is notoriously known for its long processing times and low yields. In this contribution, we present screening strategies for determination of inclusion body bead size in an E. coli-based bioprocess producing exclusively inclusion bodies. Size can be seen as a critical quality attribute (CQA), as changes in inclusion body behavior have a major effect on subsequent downstream processing. A model-based approach was used, aiming to trigger a distinct inclusion body size: Physiological feeding control, using qs,C as a critical process parameter, has a high impact on inclusion body size and could be modelled using a hyperbolic saturation mechanism calculated in form of a cumulated substrate uptake rate. Within this model, the sugar uptake rate of the cells, in the form of the cumulated sugar uptake-value, was simulated and considered being a key performance indicator for determination of the desired size. We want to highlight that the usage of the mentioned screening strategy in combination with a model-based approach will allow tuning of the process towards a certain inclusion body size using a qs based control only. Optimized inclusion body size at the time-point of harvest should stabilize downstream processing and, therefore, increase the overall time-space yield. Furthermore, production of distinct inclusion body size may be interesting for application as a biocatalyst and nanoparticulate material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Slouka
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniel Strohmer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julian Kager
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Kopp J, Slouka C, Ulonska S, Kager J, Fricke J, Spadiut O, Herwig C. Impact of Glycerol as Carbon Source onto Specific Sugar and Inducer Uptake Rates and Inclusion Body Productivity in E. coli BL21(DE3). Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 5:E1. [PMID: 29267215 PMCID: PMC5874867 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium E. coli is the host of choice for a multitude of used recombinant proteins. Generally, cultivation is easy, media are cheap, and a high product titer can be obtained. However, harsh induction procedures using isopropyl β-d-1 thiogalactopyranoside as inducer are often referred to cause stress reactions, leading to a phenomenon known as "metabolic" or "product burden". These high expressions of recombinant proteins mainly result in decreased growth rates and cell lysis at elevated induction times. Therefore, approaches tend to use "soft" or "tunable" induction with lactose and reduce the stress level of the production host. The usage of glucose as energy source in combination with lactose as induction reagent causes catabolite repression effects on lactose uptake kinetics and as a consequence reduced product titer. Glycerol-as an alternative carbon source-is already known to have positive impact on product formation when coupled with glucose and lactose in auto-induction systems, and has been referred to show no signs of repression when cultivated with lactose concomitantly. In recent research activities, the impact of different products on the lactose uptake using glucose as carbon source was highlighted, and a mechanistic model for glucose-lactose induction systems showed correlations between specific substrate uptake rate for glucose or glycerol (qs,C) and the maximum specific lactose uptake rate (qs,lac,max). In this study, we investigated the mechanistic of glycerol uptake when using the inducer lactose. We were able to show that a product-producing strain has significantly higher inducer uptake rates when being compared to a non-producer strain. Additionally, it was shown that glycerol has beneficial effects on viability of cells and on productivity of the recombinant protein compared to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Slouka
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sophia Ulonska
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julian Kager
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jens Fricke
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Low-Frequency Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Monitoring Tool for Yeast Growth in Industrial Brewing Processes. CHEMOSENSORS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors5030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Eggenreich B, Rajamanickam V, Wurm DJ, Fricke J, Herwig C, Spadiut O. A combination of HPLC and automated data analysis for monitoring the efficiency of high-pressure homogenization. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:134. [PMID: 28764719 PMCID: PMC5540504 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell disruption is a key unit operation to make valuable, intracellular target products accessible for further downstream unit operations. Independent of the applied cell disruption method, each cell disruption process must be evaluated with respect to disruption efficiency and potential product loss. Current state-of-the-art methods, like measuring the total amount of released protein and plating-out assays, are usually time-delayed and involve manual intervention making them error-prone. An automated method to monitor cell disruption efficiency at-line is not available to date. Results In the current study we implemented a methodology, which we had originally developed to monitor E. coli cell integrity during bioreactor cultivations, to automatically monitor and evaluate cell disruption of a recombinant E. coli strain by high-pressure homogenization. We compared our tool with a library of state-of-the-art methods, analyzed the effect of freezing the biomass before high-pressure homogenization and finally investigated this unit operation in more detail by a multivariate approach. Conclusion A combination of HPLC and automated data analysis describes a valuable, novel tool to monitor and evaluate cell disruption processes. Our methodology, which can be used both in upstream (USP) and downstream processing (DSP), describes a valuable tool to evaluate cell disruption processes as it can be implemented at-line, gives results within minutes after sampling and does not need manual intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Eggenreich
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vignesh Rajamanickam
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Johannes Wurm
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Fricke
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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