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Kwaśny M, Bombalska A. Optical Methods of Methane Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2834. [PMID: 36905038 PMCID: PMC10007260 DOI: 10.3390/s23052834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Methane is the most frequently analyzed gas with different concentrations ranging from single ppm or ppb to 100%. There are a wide range of applications for gas sensors including urban uses, industrial uses, rural measurements, and environment monitoring. The most important applications include the measurement of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and methane leak detection. In this review, we discuss common optical methods used for detecting methane such as non-dispersive infrared (NIR) technology, direct tunable diode spectroscopy (TDLS), cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), lidar techniques, and laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. We also present our own designs of laser methane analyzers for various applications (DIAL, TDLS, NIR).
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Wang Z, Wang Q, Zhang H, Borri S, Galli I, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Spagnolo VL, De Natale P, Ren W. Doubly resonant sub-ppt photoacoustic gas detection with eight decades dynamic range. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100387. [PMID: 36068805 PMCID: PMC9441262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) based gas sensors with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, low cost, and small footprint are desirable in energy, environment, safety, and public health. However, most works have focused on either acoustic resonator to enhance acoustic wave or optical resonator to enhance optical wave. Herein, we develop a gas sensor based on doubly resonant PAS in which the acoustic and optical waves are simultaneously enhanced using combined optical and acoustic resonators in a centimeter-long configuration. Not only the lower detection limit is enhanced by the double standing waves, but also the upper detection limit is expanded due to the short resonators. As an example, we developed a sensor by detecting acetylene (C2H2), achieving a noise equivalent absorption of 5.7 × 10-13 cm-1 and a dynamic range of eight orders. Compared to the state-of-the-art PAS gas sensors, the developed sensor achieves a record sensitivity and dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Simone Borri
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Iacopo Galli
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab – Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab – Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Luigi Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab – Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author.
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Petrus M, Popa C, Bratu AM. Ammonia Concentration in Ambient Air in a Peri-Urban Area Using a Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Detector. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093182. [PMID: 35591515 PMCID: PMC9101576 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Measuring ammonia from the environmental air is a sensitive and prioritized issue due to its harmful effects on humans, ecosystems, and climate. Ammonia is an environmental pollutant that has an important role in forming secondary inorganic aerosols, the main component of fine particulate matter concentrations in the urban atmosphere. Through this study, we present a gas analyzer that utilizes the technique of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy to measure ammonia concentration in three different sites located in Magurele, (44°20'58″ N 26°01'47″ E, 93 m altitude), Romania, from March to August 2021 at the breathing level of 1.5 m above ground. The ammonia concentrations from the ambient air were elevated in summer (mean of 46.03 ± 8.05 ppb (parts per billion)) compared to those measured in spring (18.62 ± 2.92 ppb), which means that atmospheric temperature affects ammonia concentrations. The highest mean ammonia concentrations occurred in August, with an ammonia concentration level of 100.68 ± 11.12 ppb, and the low mean ammonia concentrations occurred in March, with an ammonia level concentration of 0.161 ± 0.03 ppb. The results confirm that meteorological characteristics (i.e., temperature) and motor vehicles are major contributors to the elevated ammonia levels during the monitoring period.
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Widely-Tunable Quantum Cascade-Based Sources for the Development of Optical Gas Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226650. [PMID: 33233578 PMCID: PMC7699741 DOI: 10.3390/s20226650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic techniques based on Distributed FeedBack (DFB) Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCL) provide good results for gas detection in the mid-infrared region in terms of sensibility and selectivity. The main limitation is the QCL relatively low tuning range (~10 cm-1) that prevents from monitoring complex species with broad absorption spectra in the infrared region or performing multi-gas sensing. To obtain a wider tuning range, the first solution presented in this paper consists of the use of a DFB QCL array. Tuning ranges from 1335 to 1387 cm-1 and from 2190 to 2220 cm-1 have been demonstrated. A more common technique that will be presented in a second part is to implement a Fabry-Perot QCL chip in an external-cavity (EC) system so that the laser could be tuned on its whole gain curve. The use of an EC system also allows to perform Intra-Cavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, where the gas sample is placed within the laser resonator. Moreover, a technique only using the QCL compliance voltage technique can be used to retrieve the spectrum of the gas inside the cavity, thus no detector outside the cavity is needed. Finally, a specific scheme using an EC coherent QCL array can be developed. All these widely-tunable Quantum Cascade-based sources can be used to demonstrate the development of optical gas sensors.
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Fan L. Multiple sensor data fusion algorithm based on fuzzy sets and statistical theory. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-179621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Fan
- School of Statistics, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China
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Zhang B, Chen K, Chen Y, Yang B, Guo M, Deng H, Ma F, Zhu F, Gong Z, Peng W, Yu Q. High-sensitivity photoacoustic gas detector by employing multi-pass cell and fiber-optic microphone. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:6618-6630. [PMID: 32225906 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A high-sensitivity photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy (PAS) system is proposed for dual enhancement from both PA signal excitation and detection by employing a miniaturized Herriott cell and a fiber-optic microphone (FOM). The length of the optical absorption path of the PA cell is optimized to ∼374 mm with 17 reflections. The volume of the PA cell is only 622 µL. The FOM is a low-finesse fiber-optic Fabry-Pérot (FP) interferometer. The two reflectors of the FP cavity are formed by a fiber endface and a circular titanium diaphragm with a radius of 4.5 mm and a thickness of 3 µm. A fast demodulated white-light interferometer (WLI) is utilized to measure the absolute FP cavity length. The acoustic responsivity of the FOM reaches 126.6 nm/Pa. Several representative PA signals of trace acetylene (C2H2) are detected to evaluate the performance of the trace gas detector in the near-infrared region. Experimental results show that the minimum detectable pressure (MDP) of the FOM is 3.8 µPa/Hz1/2 at 110 Hz. The noise equivalent minimum detection concentration is measured to be 8.4 ppb with an integration time of 100 s. The normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient is calculated as 1.4×10-9 cm-1·W·Hz-1/2.
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Fang B, Yang NN, Wang CH, Zhao WX, Xu XZ, Zhang Y, Zhang WJ. Detection of nitric oxide with Faraday rotation spectroscopy at 5.33 µm. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1910182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Na-na Yang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chun-hui Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei-xiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xue-zhe Xu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wei-jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Popa D, Udrea F. Towards Integrated Mid-Infrared Gas Sensors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19092076. [PMID: 31060244 PMCID: PMC6539445 DOI: 10.3390/s19092076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical gas sensors play an increasingly important role in many applications. Sensing techniques based on mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy offer excellent stability, selectivity and sensitivity, for numerous possibilities expected for sensors integrated into mobile and wearable devices. Here we review recent progress towards the miniaturization and integration of optical gas sensors, with a focus on low-cost and low-power consumption devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Popa
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Florin Udrea
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
- ams Sensors UK Limited, Cambridge CB4 0DL, UK.
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Manyk T, Michalczewski K, Murawski K, Martyniuk P, Rutkowski J. InAs/InAsSb Strain-Balanced Superlattices for Longwave Infrared Detectors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19081907. [PMID: 31013651 PMCID: PMC6514879 DOI: 10.3390/s19081907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) grown on a GaSb buffer layer and GaAs substrates were theoretically investigated. Due to the stability at high operating temperatures, T2SLs could be used for detectors operating in the longwave infrared (LWIR) range for different sensors to include, e.g., CH4 and C2H6 detection, which is very relevant for health condition monitoring. The theoretical calculations were carried out by the 8 × 8 k·p method. The estimated electrons and heavy holes probability distribution in a InAs/InAsSb superlattice (SL) shows that the wave function overlap increases while the thickness of the SL period decreases. The change in the effective masses for electrons and holes versus the SL period thickness for the kz-direction of the Brillouin zone is shown. The structures with a period lower than 15 nm are more optimal for the construction of LWIR detectors based on InAs/InAsSb SLs. The experimental results of InAs/InAsSb T2SLs energy bandgap were found to be comparable with the theoretical one. The proper fitting of theoretically calculated and experimentally measured spectral response characteristics in terms of a strain-balanced and unbalanced structures is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Manyk
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Urbanowicza Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krystian Michalczewski
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Urbanowicza Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
- VIGO System S.A. 129/133 Poznanska Str., 05-850 Ozarow Mazowiecki, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Murawski
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Urbanowicza Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Martyniuk
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Urbanowicza Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jaroslaw Rutkowski
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Urbanowicza Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
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Optofluidic vapor sensing with free-space coupled 2D photonic crystal slabs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4209. [PMID: 30862849 PMCID: PMC6414601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41048-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a compact vapor sensor based on polymer coated two-dimensional (2D) defect-free photonic crystal slabs (PCS). The sensing mechanism is based on the resonance spectral shift associated with the Fano resonance mode in the PCS due to the vapor molecule adsorption and desorption induced changes in both polymer thickness and polymer refractive index (RI). Sensitivity due to RI and thickness change were theoretically investigated respectively. With three different thicknesses of OV-101 polymer coating, sensitivity and response time were experimentally evaluated for hexane and ethanol vapors. The polymer demonstrated roughly four times higher sensitivity towards the hexane vapor than ethanol vapor. The PCS sensor with thicker polymer coating showed higher sensitivity to both hexane and ethanol vapors but exhibiting longer response time.
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Mid-Infrared Tunable Laser-Based Broadband Fingerprint Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Gas Sensing: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of gaseous chemical substances exhibit fundamental rovibrational absorption bands in the mid-infrared spectral region (2.5–25 μm), and the absorption of light by these fundamental bands provides a nearly universal means for their detection. A main feature of optical techniques is the non-intrusive in situ detection of trace gases. We reviewed primarily mid-infrared tunable laser-based broadband absorption spectroscopy for trace gas detection, focusing on 2008–2018. The scope of this paper is to discuss recent developments of system configuration, tunable lasers, detectors, broadband spectroscopic techniques, and their applications for sensitive, selective, and quantitative trace gas detection.
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Abstract
Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is an improvement of the conventional microphone-based photoacoustic spectroscopy. In the QEPAS technique, a commercially available millimeter-sized piezoelectric element quartz tuning fork (QTF) is used as an acoustic wave transducer. With the merits of high sensitivity and selectivity, low cost, compactness, and a large dynamic range, QEPAS sensors have been applied widely in gas detection. In this review, recent developments in state-of-the-art QEPAS-based trace gas sensing technique over the past five years are summarized and discussed. The prospect of QEPAS-based gas sensing is also presented.
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Zheng H, Dong L, Wu H, Yin X, Xiao L, Jia S, Curl RF, Tittel FK. Application of acoustic micro-resonators in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for trace gas analysis. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zhang Q, Chang J, Wang Q, Wang Z, Wang F, Qin Z. Acousto-Optic Q-Switched Fiber Laser-Based Intra-Cavity Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Trace Gas Detection. SENSORS 2017; 18:s18010042. [PMID: 29295599 PMCID: PMC5795532 DOI: 10.3390/s18010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We proposed a new method for gas detection in photoacoustic spectroscopy based on acousto-optic Q-switched fiber laser by merging a transmission PAS cell (resonant frequency f0 = 5.3 kHz) inside the fiber laser cavity. The Q-switching was achieved by an acousto-optic modulator, achieving a peak pulse power of ~679 mW in the case of the acousto-optic modulation signal with an optimized duty ratio of 10%. We used a custom-made fiber Bragg grating with a central wavelength of 1530.37 nm (the absorption peak of C2H2) to select the laser wavelength. The system achieved a linear response (R2 = 0.9941) in a concentration range from 400 to 7000 ppmv, and the minimum detection limit compared to that of a conventional intensity modulation system was enhanced by 94.2 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinduan Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jun Chang
- School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zongliang Wang
- School of Physics Science and Information Technology and Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Fupeng Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Zengguang Qin
- School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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