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Wijayanti SD, Schachinger F, Ludwig R, Haltrich D. Electrochemical and biosensing properties of an FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Trichoderma virens. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108480. [PMID: 37269684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the bioelectrochemical properties of an FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Trichoderma virens (TvGDH) and its electrochemical behaviour when immobilized on a graphite electrode. TvGDH was recently shown to have an unusual substrate spectrum and to prefer maltose over glucose as substrate, and hence could be of interest as recognition element in a maltose sensor. In this study, we determined the redox potential of TvGDH, which is -0.268 ± 0.007 V vs. SHE, and advantageously low to be used with many redox mediators or redox polymers. The enzyme was entrapped in, and wired by an osmium redox polymer (poly(1-vinylimidazole-co-allylamine)-{[Os(2,2'-bipyridine)2Cl]Cl}) with formal redox potential of +0.275 V vs. Ag|AgCl via poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether crosslinking onto a graphite electrode. When the TvGDH-based biosensor was tested with maltose it showed a sensitivity of 1.7 μA mM-1cm-2, a linear range of 0.5-15 mM, and a detection limit of 0.45 mM. Furthermore, it gave the lowest apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (KM app) of 19.2 ± 1.5 mM towards maltose when compared to other sugars. The biosensor is also able to detect other saccharides including glucose, maltotriose and galactose, these however also interfere with maltose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarma Dita Wijayanti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Brawijaya University, Veteran, 65145 Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Franziska Schachinger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria.
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2
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Patra S, Sahu KM, Reddy AA, Swain SK. Polymer and biopolymer based nanocomposites for glucose sensing. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2023.2175824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnita Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
| | - Krishna Manjari Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
| | - A. Amulya Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
| | - Sarat K. Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
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3
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A stable glucose sensor with direct electron transfer, based on glucose dehydrogenase and chitosan hydro bonded multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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The Impact of the Functional Layer Composition of Glucose Test-Strips on the Stability of Electrochemical Response. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the impact of the chemical stability of RedOx mediator ferricyanide, K3[Fe(CN)6] (FC), a type of buffer solution used for bioreceptor preparation, gel composition (carboxymethylcellulose, CMC, Aerosile, AS, and alginate, ALG) on the long term stability of glucose test-strips and their analytical performance was examined. By simple addition of ALG to the functional gel aiming to improve its viscosity, we managed to enhance the sensitivity of conventional CMC-containing amperometric glucose test-strips from 3.3 µA/mM to 3.9 µA/mM and extend their shelf life from 8 months to 1.7 years. Moreover, during the course of investigations, it was revealed that the activity of enzyme in dependence with the used buffer did not linearly correlate with its activity in a dried functional layer, and the entire long-term electrochemical signal of glucose test-strips was determined by RedOx mediator FC chemical stability. The most stable and sensitive test-strips were obtained by the screen-printing approach from a gel containing 24 mg/mL GOx prepared in citrate buffer with pH 6, 200 mg/mL of FC and 10 mg/mL of CMC supplemented with 25 mg/mL of ALG.
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5
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Domingo-Roca R, Macdonald AR, Hannah S, Corrigan DK. Integrated multi-material portable 3D-printed platform for electrochemical detection of dopamine and glucose. Analyst 2022; 147:4598-4606. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Design and production of a one-step 3D-printed functional electrochemical biosensor for efficient detection of dopamine and glucose in low-volume samples (100 μL). Glucose detection via ruthenium-mediated amperometry provides results in 60 seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Domingo-Roca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Centre, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow East, G0 4NW, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexander R. Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Centre, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow East, G0 4NW, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stuart Hannah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Centre, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow East, G0 4NW, Glasgow, UK
| | - Damion K. Corrigan
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, G1 1BX, Glasgow, UK
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6
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Orientated Immobilization of FAD-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase on Electrode by Carbohydrate-Binding Module Fusion for Efficient Glucose Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115529. [PMID: 34073858 PMCID: PMC8197230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery or engineering of fungus-derived FAD-dependent glucose 1-dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) is especially important in the fabrication and performance of glucose biosensors. In this study, a novel FAD-GDH gene, phylogenetically distantly with other FAD-GDHs from Aspergillus species, was identified. Additionally, the wild-type GDH enzyme, and its fusion enzyme (GDH-NL-CBM2) with a carbohydrate binding module family 2 (CBM2) tag attached by a natural linker (NL), were successfully heterogeneously expressed. In addition, while the GDH was randomly immobilized on the electrode by conventional methods, the GDH-NL-CBM2 was orientationally immobilized on the nanocellulose-modified electrode by the CBM2 affinity adsorption tag through a simple one-step approach. A comparison of the performance of the two electrodes demonstrated that both electrodes responded linearly to glucose in the range of 0.12 to 40.7 mM with a coefficient of determination R2 > 0.999, but the sensitivity of immobilized GDH-NL-CBM2 (2.1362 × 10−2 A/(M*cm2)) was about 1-fold higher than that of GDH (1.2067 × 10−2 A/(M*cm2)). Moreover, a lower detection limit (51 µM), better reproducibility (<5%) and stability, and shorter response time (≈18 s) and activation time were observed for the GDH-NL-CBM2-modified electrode. This facile and easy immobilization approach used in the preparation of a GDH biosensor may open up new avenues in the development of high-performance amperometric biosensors.
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Jeon WY, Kim HH, Choi YB. Development of a Glucose Sensor Based on Glucose Dehydrogenase Using Polydopamine-Functionalized Nanotubes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:384. [PMID: 34073998 PMCID: PMC8225004 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical-based detection of glucose is widely used for diagnostic purposes and is mediated by enzyme-mediated signal transduction mechanisms. For such applications, recent attention has focused on utilizing the oxygen-insensitive glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme in place of the glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme, which is sensitive to oxygen levels. Currently used Ru-based redox mediators mainly work with GOx, while Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2 has been proposed as a promising mediator that works with GDH. However, there remains an outstanding need to improve Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2 attachment to electrode surfaces. Herein, we report the use of polydopamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PDA-MWCNTs) to effectively attach Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2 and GDH onto screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) without requiring a cross-linker. PDA-MWCNTs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), while the fabrication and optimization of Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2/PDA-MWCNT/SPCEs were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The experimental results demonstrate a wide linear range of glucose-concentration-dependent responses and the multi-potential step (MPS) technique facilitated the selective detection of glucose in the presence of physiologically relevant interfering species, as well as in biological fluids (e.g., serum). The ease of device fabrication and high detection performance demonstrate a viable pathway to develop glucose sensors based on the GDH enzyme and Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2 redox mediator and the sensing strategy is potentially extendable to other bioanalytes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Yong Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Hyug-Han Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Dandae-ro, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Korea;
| | - Young-Bong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Dandae-ro, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Korea;
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Morshed J, Nakagawa R, Hossain MM, Nishina Y, Tsujimura S. Disposable electrochemical glucose sensor based on water-soluble quinone-based mediators with flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 189:113357. [PMID: 34051384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucose level measurement is essential for the point-of-care diagnosis, primarily for persons with diabetes. A disposable electrochemical glucose sensor is constructed using flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) and redox mediator for electron transfer from the enzyme to the electrode surface. Ideally, a suitable mediator should have high water solubility, high kinetic constant, high stability, and redox potential between -0.2 and 0.1 V vs. Ag|AgCl|sat. KCl. We designed and synthesized two new quinone-based water-soluble mediators: quinoline-5,8-dione (QD) and isoquinoline-5,8-dione (IQD). The formal potentials for both QD and IQD at pH 7.0 were -0.07 V vs. Ag|AgCl|sat. KCl. The logarithms of the electron exchange rate constants (k2/(M-1 s-1)) between QD/IQD and FAD-GDH were 7.7 ± 0.1 and 7.4 ± 0.1 for QD and IQD, respectively, which are the highest value among the water-soluble mediators for FAD-GDH reported to date. Disposable amperometric glucose sensors were fabricated by dropping FAD-GDH and QD or IQD onto a test strip. The sensor achieved a linear response up to glucose concentrations of 55.5 mM. The linear response was obtained even when the mediator loading was low (0.5 nmol/strip); loading was only 0.2 mol% of glucose. The results proved that the response current was primarily controlled by glucose diffusion. In addition, the sensor using QD exhibited high stability over 3 months at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Morshed
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-5358, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Motaher M Hossain
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-5358, Japan
| | - Yuta Nishina
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-5358, Japan.
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Jiaul Haque A, Kwon J, Kim J, Kim G, Lee N, Ho Yoon Y, Yang H. Sensitive and Low‐background Electrochemical Immunosensor Employing Glucose Dehydrogenase and 1,10‐Phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Al‐Monsur Jiaul Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Jungwook Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Jihyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
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10
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Berezovska A, Nedellec Y, Giroud F, Gross AJ, Cosnier S. Freestanding biopellet electrodes based on carbon nanotubes and protein compression for direct and mediated bioelectrocatalysis. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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Kazi AP, Routsi AM, Kaur B, Christodouleas DC. Inexpensive, Three-Dimensional, Open-Cell, Fluid-Permeable, Noble-Metal Electrodes for Electroanalysis and Electrocatalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45582-45589. [PMID: 32926774 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the fabrication of three-dimensional, open-cell, noble-metal (Au, Ag, and Pt) electrodes that have a complex geometry, i.e., wire mesh, metallic foam, "origami" wire mesh, and helix wire mesh. The electrodes were fabricated using an ultrasonication-assisted electroplating method that deposits a thin, continuous, and defect-free layer of noble metal (i.e., Au, Ag, or Pt) on an inexpensive copper substrate that has the desired geometry. The method is inexpensive, easy to use, and capable of fabricating noble-metal electrodes of complex geometries that cannot be fabricated using established techniques like screen printing or physical vapor deposition. By minimizing the amount of the pure noble metal in the electrodes, their cost drops significantly and could become low enough even for single-use applications; for example, the cost of metal in a Au wire-mesh electrode is $0.007/cm2 of exposed area that is about 400 times lower than that of a wire-mesh electrode composed entirely of Au. The electrodes exhibit an almost identical electrochemical performance to noble-metal electrodes of similar shape composed of bulk noble metal; therefore, these electrodes could replace two-dimensional noble-metal electrodes (e.g., rods, disks, foils) in numerous electroanalytical and electrocatalytical systems or even allow the use of noble-metal electrodes in new applications such as flow-based electrochemical systems. In this study, wire-mesh and metallic foam noble-metal electrodes have been successfully used as working electrodes for the electrocatalytical oxidation of methanol and for the electrochemical detection of redox mediators, lead ions, and nitrobenzene using various electroanalytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Parvez Kazi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Anna Maria Routsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Balwinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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12
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Koçoğlu İO, Erden PE, Kılıç E. Disposable biogenic amine biosensors for histamine determination in fish. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3802-3812. [PMID: 32760948 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development of disposable biosensors employed in the determination of histamine in fish samples. Screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) were first modified with a mixture of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2), carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNTs), hexaammineruthenium(iii) chloride (RU) and chitosan (CS). Diamine oxidase (DAO) or monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes were further immobilized onto the TiO2-c-MWCNT-RU-CS/SPCEs via 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry for the fabrication of the biosensors. The morphological and electrochemical properties of the proposed biosensors were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A performance comparison of two biosensors indicated that the one based on DAO had a linear concentration range from 9.9 × 10-6 to 1.1 × 10-3 M and the other based on MAO, from 5.6 × 10-5 to 1.1 × 10-3 M for histamine. The sensitivity of the DAO based biosensor was almost 1.5 times higher than that of the MAO based biosensor. The proposed biosensors were successfully employed to determine histamine in fish samples and the recoveries were between 100.0% and 104.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrem Okman Koçoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Alteration of Electron Acceptor Preferences in the Oxidative Half-Reaction of Flavin-Dependent Oxidases and Dehydrogenases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113797. [PMID: 32471202 PMCID: PMC7312611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, recent progress in the engineering of the oxidative half-reaction of flavin-dependent oxidases and dehydrogenases is discussed, considering their current and future applications in bioelectrochemical studies, such as for the development of biosensors and biofuel cells. There have been two approaches in the studies of oxidative half-reaction: engineering of the oxidative half-reaction with oxygen, and engineering of the preference for artificial electron acceptors. The challenges for engineering oxidative half-reactions with oxygen are further categorized into the following approaches: (1) mutation to the putative residues that compose the cavity where oxygen may be located, (2) investigation of the vicinities where the reaction with oxygen may take place, and (3) investigation of possible oxygen access routes to the isoalloxazine ring. Among these approaches, introducing a mutation at the oxygen access route to the isoalloxazine ring represents the most versatile and effective strategy. Studies to engineer the preference of artificial electron acceptors are categorized into three different approaches: (1) engineering of the charge at the residues around the substrate entrance, (2) engineering of a cavity in the vicinity of flavin, and (3) decreasing the glycosylation degree of enzymes. Among these approaches, altering the charge in the vicinity where the electron acceptor may be accessed will be most relevant.
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Employment of 1-Methoxy-5-Ethyl Phenazinium Ethyl Sulfate as a Stable Electron Mediator in Flavin Oxidoreductases-Based Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102825. [PMID: 32429321 PMCID: PMC7284575 DOI: 10.3390/s20102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel electron mediator, 1-methoxy-5-ethyl phenazinium ethyl sulfate (mPES), was introduced as a versatile mediator for disposable enzyme sensor strips, employing representative flavin oxidoreductases, lactate oxidase (LOx), glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOx). A disposable lactate enzyme sensor with oxygen insensitive Aerococcus viridans-derived engineered LOx (AvLOx), with A96L mutant as the enzyme, was constructed. The constructed lactate sensor exhibited a high sensitivity (0.73 ± 0.12 μA/mM) and wide linear range (0–50 mM lactate), showings that mPES functions as an effective mediator for AvLOx. Employing mPES as mediator allowed this amperometric lactate sensor to be operated at a relatively low potential of +0.2 V to 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl, thus avoiding interference from uric acid and acetaminophen. The lactate sensors were adequately stable for at least 48 days of storage at 25 °C. These results indicated that mPES can be replaced with 1-methoxy-5-methyl phenazinium methyl sulfate (mPMS), which we previously reported as the best mediator for AvLOx-based lactate sensors. Furthermore, this study revealed that mPES can be used as an effective electron mediator for the enzyme sensors employing representative flavin oxidoreductases, GDH-based glucose sensors, and FPOx-based hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) sensors.
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Okuda-Shimazaki J, Yoshida H, Sode K. FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenases - Discovery and engineering of representative glucose sensing enzymes. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107414. [PMID: 31838457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The history of the development of glucose sensors goes hand-in-hand with the history of the discovery and the engineering of glucose-sensing enzymes. Glucose oxidase (GOx) has been used for glucose sensing since the development of the first electrochemical glucose sensor. The principle utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor is designated as the first-generation electrochemical enzyme sensors. With increasing demand for hand-held and cost-effective devices for the "self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)", second-generation electrochemical sensor strips employing electron mediators have become the most popular platform. To overcome the inherent drawback of GOx, namely, the use of oxygen as the electron acceptor, various glucose dehydrogenases (GDHs) have been utilized in second-generation principle-based sensors. Among the various enzymes employed in glucose sensors, GDHs harboring FAD as the redox cofactor, FADGDHs, especially those derived from fungi, fFADGDHs, are currently the most popular enzymes in the sensor strips of second-generation SMBG sensors. In addition, the third-generation principle, employing direct electron transfer (DET), is considered the most elegant approach and is ideal for use in electrochemical enzyme sensors. However, glucose oxidoreductases capable of DET are limited. One of the most prominent GDHs capable of DET is a bacteria-derived FADGDH complex (bFADGDH). bFADGDH has three distinct subunits; the FAD harboring the catalytic subunit, the small subunit, and the electron-transfer subunit, which makes bFADGDH capable of DET. In this review, we focused on the two representative glucose sensing enzymes, fFADGDHs and bFADGDHs, by presenting their discovery, sources, and protein and enzyme properties, and the current engineering strategies to improve their potential in sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Improvement in the thermal stability of Mucor prainii-derived FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase via protein chimerization. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 132:109387. [PMID: 31731974 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH, EC 1.1.5.9) is an enzyme utilized industrially in glucose sensors. Previously, FAD-GDH isolated from Mucor prainii (MpGDH) was demonstrated to have high substrate specificity for glucose. However, MpGDH displays poor thermostability and is inactivated after incubation at 45 °C for only 15 min, which prevents its use in industrial applications, especially in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. Therefore, in this study, a chimeric MpGDH (Mr144-297) was engineered from the glucose-specific MpGDH and the highly thermostable FAD-GDH obtained from Mucor sp. RD056860 (MrdGDH). Mr144-297 demonstrated significantly higher heat resistance, with stability at even 55 °C. In addition, Mr144-297 maintained both high affinity and accurate substrate specificity for D-glucose. Furthermore, eight mutation sites that contributed to improved thermal stability and increased productivity in Escherichia coli were identified. Collectively, chimerization of FAD-GDHs can be an effective method for the construction of an FAD-GDH with greater stability, and the chimeric FAD-GDH described herein could be adapted for use in continuous glucose monitoring sensors.
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Li SL, Wang YJ, Chen YC, Liu SM, Yu CP. Chemical Characteristics of Electron Shuttles Affect Extracellular Electron Transfer: Shewanella decolorationis NTOU1 Simultaneously Exploiting Acetate and Mediators. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:399. [PMID: 30891020 PMCID: PMC6411715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we found that our isolate Shewanella decolorationis NTOU1 is able to degrade acetate under anaerobic condition with concomitant implementation of extracellular electron transfer (EET). With +0.63 V (vs. SHE) poised on the anode, in a 72-h experiment digesting acetate, only 2 mM acetate was consumed, which provides 6% of the electron equivalents derived from the initial substrate mass to support biomass (5%) and current generation (1%). To clarify the effects on EET of the addition of electron-shuttles, riboflavin, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), hexaammineruthenium, and hexacyanoferrate were selected to be spiked into the electrochemical cell in four individual experiments. It was found that the mediators with proton-associated characteristics (i.e., riboflavin and AQDS) would not enhance current generation, but the metal-complex mediators (i.e., hexaammineruthenium, and hexacyanoferrate) significantly enhanced current generation as the concentration increased. According to the results of electrochemical analyses, the i-V graphs represent that the catalytic current induced by the primitive electron shuttles started at the onset potential of −0.27 V and continued increasing until +0.73 V. In the riboflavin-addition experiment, the catalytic current initiated at the same potential but rapid saturated beyond −0.07 V; this indicated that the addition of riboflavin affects mediator secretion by S. decolorationis NTOU1. It was also found that the current was eliminated after adding 48 mM N-acetyl-L-methionine (i.e., the cytochrome inhibitor) when using acetate as a substrate, indicating the importance of outer-membrane cytochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiue-Lin Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Mei Liu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Recent advances in electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1033:1-34. [PMID: 30172314 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the mechanisms of electrochemical glucose detection and recent advances in non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on a variety of materials ranging from platinum, gold, metal alloys/adatom, non-precious transition metal/metal oxides to glucose-specific organic materials. It shows that the discovery of new materials based on unique nanostructures have not only provided the detailed insight into non-enzymatic glucose oxidation, but also demonstrated the possibility of direct detection in whole blood or interstitial fluids. We critically evaluate various aspects of non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors in terms of significance as well as performance. Beyond laboratory tests, the prospect of commercialization of non-enzymatic glucose sensors is discussed.
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Okurita M, Suzuki N, Loew N, Yoshida H, Tsugawa W, Mori K, Kojima K, Klonoff DC, Sode K. Engineered fungus derived FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase with acquired ability to utilize hexaammineruthenium(III) as an electron acceptor. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 123:62-69. [PMID: 29727765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungal FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenases (FADGDHs) are considered to be superior enzymes for glucose sensor strips because of their insensitivity to oxygen and maltose. One highly desirable mediator for enzyme sensor strips is hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride because of its low redox potential and high storage stability. However, in contrast to glucose oxidase (GOx), fungal FADGDH cannot utilize hexaammineruthenium(III) as electron acceptor. Based on strategic structure comparison between FADGDH and GOx, we constructed a mutant of Aspergillus flavus-derived FADGDH, capable of utilizing hexaammineruthenium(III) as electron acceptor: AfGDH-H403D. In AfGDH-H403D, a negative charge introduced at the pathway-entrance leading to the FAD attracts the positively charged hexaammineruthenium(III) and guides it into the pathway. The corresponding amino acid in wild-type GOx is negatively charged, which explains the ability of GOx to utilize hexaammineruthenium(III) as electron acceptor. Electrochemical measurements showed a response current of 46.0 μA for 10 mM glucose with AfGDH-H403D and hexaammineruthenium(III), similar to that with wild-type AfGDH and ferricyanide (47.8 μA). Therefore, AfGDH-H403D is suitable for constructing enzyme electrode strips with hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride as sole mediator. Utilization of this new, improved fungal FADGDH should lead to the development of sensor strips for blood glucose monitoring with increased accuracy and less stringent packing requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Okurita
- Department of Industrial Technology and Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nanami Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Noya Loew
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Industrial Technology and Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazushige Mori
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - David C Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, 100 South San Mateo Drive, San Mateo, CA 94401, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Industrial Technology and Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan.
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