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Vitazkova D, Foltan E, Kosnacova H, Micjan M, Donoval M, Kuzma A, Kopani M, Vavrinsky E. Advances in Respiratory Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review of Wearable and Remote Technologies. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:90. [PMID: 38392009 PMCID: PMC10886711 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This article explores the importance of wearable and remote technologies in healthcare. The focus highlights its potential in continuous monitoring, examines the specificity of the issue, and offers a view of proactive healthcare. Our research describes a wide range of device types and scientific methodologies, starting from traditional chest belts to their modern alternatives and cutting-edge bioamplifiers that distinguish breathing from chest impedance variations. We also investigated innovative technologies such as the monitoring of thorax micromovements based on the principles of seismocardiography, ballistocardiography, remote camera recordings, deployment of integrated optical fibers, or extraction of respiration from cardiovascular variables. Our review is extended to include acoustic methods and breath and blood gas analysis, providing a comprehensive overview of different approaches to respiratory monitoring. The topic of monitoring respiration with wearable and remote electronics is currently the center of attention of researchers, which is also reflected by the growing number of publications. In our manuscript, we offer an overview of the most interesting ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vitazkova
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.F.); (H.K.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Erik Foltan
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.F.); (H.K.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Helena Kosnacova
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.F.); (H.K.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (A.K.)
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81272 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Micjan
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.F.); (H.K.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Martin Donoval
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.F.); (H.K.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Anton Kuzma
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.F.); (H.K.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Martin Kopani
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 81272 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Erik Vavrinsky
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.F.); (H.K.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 81272 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Ghasemi M, Oh J, Jeong S, Lee M, Bohlooli Darian S, Oh K, Kim JK. Fabry-Perot Interferometric Fiber-Optic Sensor for Rapid and Accurate Thrombus Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:817. [PMID: 37622903 PMCID: PMC10452065 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a fiber-optic sensor based on the principles of a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI), which promptly, sensitively, and precisely detects blood clot formation. This sensor has two types of sensor tips; the first was crafted by splicing a tapered fiber into a single-mode fiber (SMF), where fine-tuning was achieved by adjusting the tapered diameter and length. The second type is an ultra-compact blood FPI situated on the core of a single-mode fiber. The sensor performance was evaluated via clot-formation-indicating spectrum shifts induced by the varied quantities of a thrombin reagent introduced into the blood. The most remarkable spectral sensitivity of the micro-tip fiber type was approximately 7 nm/μL, with a power sensitivity of 4.1 dB/μL, obtained with a taper fiber diameter and length of 55 and 300 μm, respectively. For the SMF type, spectral sensitivity was observed to be 8.7 nm/μL, with an optical power sensitivity of 0.4 dB/μL. This pioneering fiber-optic thrombosis sensor has the potential for in situ applications, healthcare, medical monitoring, harsh environments, and chemical and biological sensing. The study underscores the scope of optical technology in thrombus detection, establishing a platform for future medical research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Ghasemi
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.G.); (S.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Jeongmin Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (J.O.); (S.B.D.)
| | - Sunghoon Jeong
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.G.); (S.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.G.); (S.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Saeed Bohlooli Darian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (J.O.); (S.B.D.)
| | - Kyunghwan Oh
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.G.); (S.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Jun Ki Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (J.O.); (S.B.D.)
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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Balali P, Rabineau J, Hossein A, Tordeur C, Debeir O, van de Borne P. Investigating Cardiorespiratory Interaction Using Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography-A Narrative Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239565. [PMID: 36502267 PMCID: PMC9737480 DOI: 10.3390/s22239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ballistocardiography (BCG) and seismocardiography (SCG) are non-invasive techniques used to record the micromovements induced by cardiovascular activity at the body's center of mass and on the chest, respectively. Since their inception, their potential for evaluating cardiovascular health has been studied. However, both BCG and SCG are impacted by respiration, leading to a periodic modulation of these signals. As a result, data processing algorithms have been developed to exclude the respiratory signals, or recording protocols have been designed to limit the respiratory bias. Reviewing the present status of the literature reveals an increasing interest in applying these techniques to extract respiratory information, as well as cardiac information. The possibility of simultaneous monitoring of respiratory and cardiovascular signals via BCG or SCG enables the monitoring of vital signs during activities that require considerable mental concentration, in extreme environments, or during sleep, where data acquisition must occur without introducing recording bias due to irritating monitoring equipment. This work aims to provide a theoretical and practical overview of cardiopulmonary interaction based on BCG and SCG signals. It covers the recent improvements in extracting respiratory signals, computing markers of the cardiorespiratory interaction with practical applications, and investigating sleep breathing disorders, as well as a comparison of different sensors used for these applications. According to the results of this review, recent studies have mainly concentrated on a few domains, especially sleep studies and heart rate variability computation. Even in those instances, the study population is not always large or diversified. Furthermore, BCG and SCG are prone to movement artifacts and are relatively subject dependent. However, the growing tendency toward artificial intelligence may help achieve a more accurate and efficient diagnosis. These encouraging results bring hope that, in the near future, such compact, lightweight BCG and SCG devices will offer a good proxy for the gold standard methods for assessing cardiorespiratory function, with the added benefit of being able to perform measurements in real-world situations, outside of the clinic, and thus decrease costs and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Balali
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeremy Rabineau
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amin Hossein
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cyril Tordeur
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Debeir
- Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe van de Borne
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Pendão C, Silva I. Optical Fiber Sensors and Sensing Networks: Overview of the Main Principles and Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197554. [PMID: 36236653 PMCID: PMC9570792 DOI: 10.3390/s22197554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber sensors present several advantages in relation to other types of sensors. These advantages are essentially related to the optical fiber properties, i.e., small, lightweight, resistant to high temperatures and pressure, electromagnetically passive, among others. Sensing is achieved by exploring the properties of light to obtain measurements of parameters, such as temperature, strain, or angular velocity. In addition, optical fiber sensors can be used to form an Optical Fiber Sensing Network (OFSN) allowing manufacturers to create versatile monitoring solutions with several applications, e.g., periodic monitoring along extensive distances (kilometers), in extreme or hazardous environments, inside structures and engines, in clothes, and for health monitoring and assistance. Most of the literature available on this subject focuses on a specific field of optical sensing applications and details their principles of operation. This paper presents a more broad overview, providing the reader with a literature review that describes the main principles of optical sensing and highlights the versatility, advantages, and different real-world applications of optical sensing. Moreover, it includes an overview and discussion of a less common architecture, where optical sensing and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are integrated to harness the benefits of both worlds.
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Jayarathna T, Gargiulo GD, Lui GY, Breen PP. Electrodeless Heart and Respiratory Rate Estimation during Sleep Using a Single Fabric Band and Event-Based Edge Processing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6689. [PMID: 36081149 PMCID: PMC9460329 DOI: 10.3390/s22176689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) are two vital parameters of the body medically used for diagnosing short/long-term illness. Out-of-the-body, non-skin-contact HR/RR measurement remains a challenge due to imprecise readings. "Invisible" wearables integrated into day-to-day garments have the potential to produce precise readings with a comfortable user experience. Sleep studies and patient monitoring benefit from "Invisibles" due to longer wearability without significant discomfort. This paper suggests a novel method to reduce the footprint of sleep monitoring devices. We use a single silver-coated nylon fabric band integrated into a substrate of a standard cotton/nylon garment as a resistive elastomer sensor to measure air and blood volume change across the chest. We introduce a novel event-based architecture to process data at the edge device and describe two algorithms to calculate real-time HR/RR on ARM Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4F microcontrollers. RR estimations show a sensitivity of 99.03% and a precision of 99.03% for identifying individual respiratory peaks. The two algorithms used for HR calculation show a mean absolute error of 0.81 ± 0.97 and 0.86±0.61 beats/min compared with a gold standard ECG-based HR. The event-based algorithm converts the respiratory/pulse waveform into instantaneous events, therefore reducing the data size by 40-140 times and requiring 33% less power to process and transfer data. Furthermore, we show that events hold enough information to reconstruct the original waveform, retaining pulse and respiratory activity. We suggest fabric sensors and event-based algorithms would drastically reduce the device footprint and increase the performance for HR/RR estimations during sleep studies, providing a better user experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Jayarathna
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Gaetano D. Gargiulo
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2052, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Gough Y. Lui
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Paul P. Breen
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2052, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Santucci F, Lo Presti D, Massaroni C, Schena E, Setola R. Precordial Vibrations: A Review of Wearable Systems, Signal Processing Techniques, and Main Applications. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155805. [PMID: 35957358 PMCID: PMC9370957 DOI: 10.3390/s22155805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the ever-growing interest in the continuous monitoring of heart function in out-of-laboratory settings for an early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases has led to the investigation of innovative methods for cardiac monitoring. Among others, wearables recording seismic waves induced on the chest surface by the mechanical activity of the heart are becoming popular. For what concerns wearable-based methods, cardiac vibrations can be recorded from the thorax in the form of acceleration, angular velocity, and/or displacement by means of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and fiber optic sensors, respectively. The present paper reviews the currently available wearables for measuring precordial vibrations. The focus is on sensor technology and signal processing techniques for the extraction of the parameters of interest. Lastly, the explored application scenarios and experimental protocols with the relative influencing factors are discussed for each technique. The goal is to delve into these three fundamental aspects (i.e., wearable system, signal processing, and application scenario), which are mutually interrelated, to give a holistic view of the whole process, beyond the sensor aspect alone. The reader can gain a more complete picture of this context without disregarding any of these 3 aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santucci
- Unit of Automatic Control, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-062-2541-9603
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Roberto Setola
- Unit of Automatic Control, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
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Brablik J, Ladrova M, Vilimek D, Kolarik J, Kahankova R, Hanzlikova P, Nedoma J, Behbehani K, Fajkus M, Vojtisek L, Martinek R. A Comparison of Alternative Approaches to MR Cardiac Triggering: A Pilot Study at 3 Tesla. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2022; 26:2594-2605. [PMID: 35085098 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2022.3146707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This pilot comparative study evaluates the usability of the alternative approaches to magnetic resonance (MR) cardiac triggering based on ballistocardiography (BCG): fiber-optic sensor (O-BCG) and pneumatic sensor (P-BCG). The comparison includes both the objective and subjective assessment of the proposed sensors in comparison with a gold standard of ECG-based triggering. The objective evaluation included several image quality assessment (IQA) parameters, whereas the subjective analysis was performed by 10 experts rating the diagnostic quality (scale 1 - 3, 1 corresponding to the best image quality and 3 the worst one). Moreover, for each examination, we provided the examination time and comfort rating (scale 1 - 3). The study was performed on 10 healthy subjects. All data were acquired on a 3 T SIEMENS MAGNETOM Prisma. In image quality analysis, all approaches reached comparable results, with ECG slightly outperforming the BCG-based methods, especially according to the objective metrics. The subjective evaluation proved the best quality of ECG (average score of 1.68) and higher performance of P-BCG (1.97) than O-BCG (2.03). In terms of the comfort rating and total examination time, the ECG method achieved the worst results, i.e. the highest score and the longest examination time: 2.6 and 10:49 s, respectively. The BCG-based alternatives achieved comparable results (P-BCG 1.5 and 8:06 s; OBCG 1.9, 9:08 s). This study confirmed that the proposed BCG-based alternative approaches to MR cardiac triggering offer comparable quality of resulting images with the benefits of reduced examination time and increased patient comfort.
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Warren-Smith SC, Kilpatrick AD, Wisal K, Nguyen LV. Multimode optical fiber specklegram smart bed sensor array. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:067002. [PMID: 35751142 PMCID: PMC9231555 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.6.067002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Monitoring the movement and vital signs of patients in hospitals and other healthcare environments is a significant burden on healthcare staff. Early warning systems using smart bed sensors hold promise to relieve this burden and improve patient outcomes. We propose a scalable and cost-effective optical fiber sensor array that can be embedded into a mattress to detect movement, both sensitively and spatially. AIM Proof-of-concept demonstration that a multimode optical fiber (MMF) specklegram sensor array can be used to detect and image movement on a bed. APPROACH Seven MMFs are attached to the upper surface of a mattress such that they cross in a 3 × 4 array. The specklegram output is monitored using a single laser and single camera and movement on the fibers is monitored by calculating a rolling zero-normalized cross-correlation. A 3 × 4 image is formed by comparing the signal at each crossing point between two fibers. RESULTS The MMF sensor array can detect and image movement on a bed, including getting on and off the bed, rolling on the bed, and breathing. CONCLUSIONS The sensor array shows a high sensitivity to movement, which can be used for monitoring physiological parameters and patient movement for potential applications in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Warren-Smith
- University of South Australia, Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adam D. Kilpatrick
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Nursing School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kabish Wisal
- Yale University, Department of Physics, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Linh V. Nguyen
- University of South Australia, Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Photonic Integrated Interrogator for Monitoring the Patient Condition during MRI Diagnosis. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124238. [PMID: 34205594 PMCID: PMC8234155 DOI: 10.3390/s21124238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we discuss the idea and practical implementation of an integrated photonic circuit-based interrogator of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors dedicated to monitoring the condition of the patients exposed to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) diagnosis. The presented solution is based on an Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) demultiplexer fabricated in generic indium phosphide technology. We demonstrate the consecutive steps of development of the device from design to demonstrator version of the system with confirmed functionality of monitoring the respiratory rate of the patient. The results, compared to those obtained using commercially available bulk interrogator, confirmed both the general concept and proper operation of the device.
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Ladrova M, Martinek R, Nedoma J, Hanzlikova P, Nelson MD, Kahankova R, Brablik J, Kolarik J. Monitoring and Synchronization of Cardiac and Respiratory Traces in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 15:200-221. [PMID: 33513108 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2021.3055550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of human vital signs, namely the cardiac cycle and respiratory excursions, is necessary during magnetic resonance imaging of the cardiovascular system and the abdominal cavity to achieve optimal image quality with minimized artifacts. This review summarizes techniques currently available in clinical practice, as well as methods under development, outlines the benefits and disadvantages of each approach, and offers some unique solutions for consideration.
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Abstract
Phototherapies offer promising alternatives to traditional cancer therapies. Phototherapies mainly rely on manipulation of target tissue through photothermal, photochemical, or photomechanical interactions. Combining phototherapy with immunotherapy has the benefit of eliciting a systemic immune response. Specifically, photothermal therapy (PTT) has been shown to induce apoptosis and necrosis in cancer cells, releasing tumor associated antigenic peptides while sparing healthy host cells, through temperature increase in targeted tissue. However, the tissue temperature must be monitored and controlled to minimize adverse thermal effects on normal tissue and to avoid the destruction of tumor-specific antigens, in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effects of PTT. Techniques for monitoring PTT have evolved from post-treatment quantification methods like enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, western blot analysis, and flow cytometry to modern methods capable of real-time monitoring, such as magnetic resonance thermometry, computed tomography, and photoacoustic imaging. Monitoring methods are largely chosen based on the type of light delivery to the target tissue. Interstitial methods of thermometry, such as thermocouples and fiber-optic sensors, are able to monitor temperature of the local tumor environment. However, these methods can be challenging if the phototherapy itself is interstitially administered. Increasingly, non-invasive therapies call for non-invasive monitoring, which can be achieved through magnetic resonance thermometry, computed tomography, and photoacoustic imaging techniques. The purpose of this review is to introduce the feasible methods used to monitor tissue temperature during PTT. The descriptions of different techniques and the measurement examples can help the researchers and practitioners when using therapeutic PTT.
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Al-Qatatsheh A, Morsi Y, Zavabeti A, Zolfagharian A, Salim N, Z. Kouzani A, Mosadegh B, Gharaie S. Blood Pressure Sensors: Materials, Fabrication Methods, Performance Evaluations and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4484. [PMID: 32796604 PMCID: PMC7474433 DOI: 10.3390/s20164484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in materials science and fabrication techniques have contributed to the significant growing attention to a wide variety of sensors for digital healthcare. While the progress in this area is tremendously impressive, few wearable sensors with the capability of real-time blood pressure monitoring are approved for clinical use. One of the key obstacles in the further development of wearable sensors for medical applications is the lack of comprehensive technical evaluation of sensor materials against the expected clinical performance. Here, we present an extensive review and critical analysis of various materials applied in the design and fabrication of wearable sensors. In our unique transdisciplinary approach, we studied the fundamentals of blood pressure and examined its measuring modalities while focusing on their clinical use and sensing principles to identify material functionalities. Then, we carefully reviewed various categories of functional materials utilized in sensor building blocks allowing for comparative analysis of the performance of a wide range of materials throughout the sensor operational-life cycle. Not only this provides essential data to enhance the materials' properties and optimize their performance, but also, it highlights new perspectives and provides suggestions to develop the next generation pressure sensors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Qatatsheh
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Yosry Morsi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Nisa Salim
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Abbas Z. Kouzani
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Bobak Mosadegh
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Saleh Gharaie
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
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Munster P, Horvath T. Intelligent Technical Textiles Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings for Strain Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20102951. [PMID: 32456044 PMCID: PMC7287588 DOI: 10.3390/s20102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the concept design of intelligent technical textile blocks implemented with optical fibers that include fiber Bragg gratings for strain and temperature sensing is briefly introduced. In addition to the main design of the system, a design of measurement blocks with integrated fiber Bragg grating elements for strain measurement is also presented. In the basic measurement, the created textile block was tested for deformation sensitivity when a load was applied. Moreover, a unique robust and low profile connector was designed, created and verified. The fibers are terminated with GRIN lenses, allowing easy manipulation and completion of the connector in the field, with an average insertion loss of 5.5 dB.
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14
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Přibil J, Přibilová A, Frollo I. Analysis of the Influence of Different Settings of Scan Sequence Parameters on Vibration and Noise Generated in the Open-Air MRI Scanning Area. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194198. [PMID: 31569713 PMCID: PMC6806082 DOI: 10.3390/s19194198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A system of gradient coils of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device produces significant vibration and noise. Energetic relations of these phenomena are analyzed depending on MRI scan parameters (sequence type, repetition time (TR), echo time (TE), slice orientation, body weight). This issue should be investigated because of negative physiological and psychological effects on a person exposed to vibration and acoustic noise. We also measured the sound pressure level in the MRI scanning area and its vicinity in order to minimize these negative impacts, depending on intensity and time duration of exposition. From the recorded vibration and noise signals, the energy parameters were determined and statistically analyzed, and the obtained results were visually and numerically compared. Finally, subjective evaluation by a listening test method was used to analyze the influence of the generated MRI noise on the human psyche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Přibil
- Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Anna Přibilová
- Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ivan Frollo
- Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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15
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Abstract
The paper presents a comparative study of three fiber optic sensors based on the fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The basic monitored parameter is the respiratory rate of the human body. Fiber-optic sensors are immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI). This fact singles them out as ideal for use in magnetic resonance environments (typically in MRI - magnetic resonance imaging) as a prediction of hyperventilation states in patients. These patient conditions arise as a result of the closed tunnel environment in MR scanners. The results (10 volunteers with written consent) were compared with the results using the conventional respiratory belt (RB) in a laboratory environment and processed using the objective Bland-Altman (B-A) method.
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16
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Nedoma J, Fajkus M, Martinek R, Nazeran H. Vital Sign Monitoring and Cardiac Triggering at 1.5 Tesla: A Practical Solution by an MR-Ballistocardiography Fiber-Optic Sensor. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19030470. [PMID: 30682784 PMCID: PMC6386836 DOI: 10.3390/s19030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a solution for continuous monitoring of both respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) inside Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) environments by a novel ballistocardiography (BCG) fiber-optic sensor. We designed and created a sensor based on the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) probe encapsulated inside fiberglass (fiberglass is a composite material made up of glass fiber, fabric, and cured synthetic resin). Due to this, the encapsulation sensor is characterized by very small dimensions (30 × 10 × 0.8 mm) and low weight (2 g). We present original results of real MRI measurements (conventionally most used 1.5 T MR scanner) involving ten volunteers (six men and four women) by performing conventional electrocardiography (ECG) to measure the HR and using a Pneumatic Respiratory Transducer (PRT) for RR monitoring. The acquired sensor data were compared against real measurements using the objective Bland–Altman method, and the functionality of the sensor was validated (95.36% of the sensed values were within the ±1.96 SD range for the RR determination and 95.13% of the values were within the ±1.96 SD range for the HR determination) by this means. The accuracy of this sensor was further characterized by a relative error below 5% (4.64% for RR and 4.87% for HR measurements). The tests carried out in an MRI environment demonstrated that the presence of the FBG sensor in the MRI scanner does not affect the quality of this imaging modality. The results also confirmed the possibility of using the sensor for cardiac triggering at 1.5 T (for synchronization and gating of cardiovascular magnetic resonance) and for cardiac triggering when a Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nedoma
- Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcel Fajkus
- Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Martinek
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Homer Nazeran
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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