1
|
Menke W, Estler K, Springer C, Zhang S. Validity, reliability, and bias between instrumented pedals and loadsol insoles during stationary cycling. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306274. [PMID: 38968201 PMCID: PMC11226126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the loadsol in measuring pedal reaction force (PRF) during stationary cycling as well as lower limb symmetry. Ten healthy participants performed bouts of cycling at 1kg, 2kg, and 3kg workloads (conditions) on a cycle ergometer. The ergometer was fitted with instrumented pedals and participants wore loadsol plantar pressure insoles. A 3 x 2 (Condition x Sensor Type) ANOVA was used to examine the differences in measured peak PRF, impulse, and symmetry indices. Root mean square error, intraclass correlation coefficients, and Passing-Bablok regressions were used to further assess reliability and validity. The loadsol demonstrated poor (< 0.5) to excellent (> 0.9) agreement as measured by intraclass correlation coefficients for impulse and peak PRF. Passing-Bablok regression revealed a systematic bias only when assessing all workloads together for impulse with no bias present when looking at individual workloads. The loadsol provides a consistent ability to measure PRF and symmetry when compared to a gold standard of instrumented pedals but exhibits an absolute underestimation of peak PRF. This study provides support that the loadsol can identify and track symmetry differences in stationary cycling which means there is possible usage for clinical scenarios and interventions in populations with bilateral asymmetries such as individuals with knee replacements, limb length discrepancies, diabetes, or neurological conditions. Further investigation of bias should be conducted in longer cycling sessions to ensure that the loadsol system is able to maintain accuracy during extended use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Menke
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kaileigh Estler
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Cary Springer
- Office of Information Technology, Research Computing Support, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Songning Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bjornsen E, Berkoff D, Blackburn JT, Davis-Wilson H, Evans-Pickett A, Franz JR, Harkey MS, Horton WZ, Lisee C, Luc-Harkey B, Munsch AE, Nissman D, Pfeiffer S, Pietrosimone B. Sustained Limb-Level Loading: A Ground Reaction Force Phenotype Common to Individuals at High Risk for and Those With Knee Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:566-576. [PMID: 37961759 DOI: 10.1002/art.42744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the vertical (vGRF), anterior-posterior (apGRF), and medial-lateral (mlGRF) ground reaction force (GRF) profiles throughout the stance phase of gait (1) between individuals 6 to 12 months post-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and uninjured matched controls and (2) between ACLR and individuals with differing radiographic severities of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), defined as Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) grades KL2, KL3, and KL4. METHODS A total of 196 participants were included in this retrospective cross-sectional analysis. Gait biomechanics were collected from individuals 6 to 12 months post-ACLR (n = 36), uninjured controls matched to the ACLR group (n = 36), and individuals with KL2 (n = 31), KL3 (n = 67), and KL4 osteoarthritis (OA) (n = 26). Between-group differences in vGRF, apGRF, and mlGRF were assessed in reference to the ACLR group throughout each percentage of stance phase using a functional linear model. RESULTS The ACLR group demonstrated lower vGRF and apGRF in early and late stance compared to the uninjured controls, with large effects (Cohen's d range: 1.35-1.66). Conversely, the ACLR group exhibited greater vGRF (87%-90%; 4.88% body weight [BW]; d = 0.75) and apGRF (84%-94%; 2.41% BW; d = 0.79) than the KL2 group in a small portion of late stance. No differences in mlGRF profiles were observed between the ACLR and either the uninjured controls or the KL2 group. The magnitude of difference in GRF profiles between the ACLR and OA groups increased with OA disease severity. CONCLUSION Individuals 6 to 12 months post-ACLR exhibit strikingly similar GRF profiles as individuals with KL2 KOA, suggesting both patient groups may benefit from targeted interventions to address aberrant GRF profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Berkoff
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | - Jason R Franz
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | | | | | - Caroline Lisee
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | | | - Amanda E Munsch
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | - Daniel Nissman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hsieh KL, Beavers KM, Weaver AA, Delanie Lynch S, Shaw IB, Kline PW. Real-world data capture of daily limb loading using force-sensing insoles: Feasibility and lessons learned. J Biomech 2024; 166:112063. [PMID: 38564846 PMCID: PMC11046963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Force-sensing insoles are wearable technology that offer an innovative way to measure loading outside of laboratory settings. Few studies, however, have utilized insoles to measure daily loading in real-world settings. This is an ancillary study of a randomized controlled trial examining the effect of weight loss alone, weight loss plus weighted vest, or weight loss plus resistance training on bone health in older adults. The purpose of this ancillary study was to determine the feasibility of using force-sensing insoles to collect daily limb loading metrics, including peak force, impulse, and loading rate. Forty-four participants completed a baseline visit of three, 2-minute walking trials while wearing force-sensing insoles. During month two of the intervention, 37 participants wore insoles for 4 days for 8 waking hours each day. At 6-month follow-up, participants completed three, two-minute walking trials and a satisfaction questionnaire. Criteria for success in feasibility was defined as: a) > 60 % recruitment rate; b) > 80 % adherence rate; c) > 75 % of usable data, and d) > 75 % participant satisfaction. A 77.3 % recruitment rate was achieved, with 44 participants enrolled. Participants wore their insoles an average of 7.4 hours per day, and insoles recorded an average of 5.5 hours per day. Peak force, impulse, and loading rate collected at baseline and follow-up were 100 % usable. During the real-world settings, 87.8 % of data was deemed usable with an average of 1200 min/participant. Lastly, average satisfaction was 80.5 %. These results suggest that force-sensing insoles appears to be feasible to capture real-world limb loading in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University.
| | | | - Ashley A Weaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine
| | - S Delanie Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine
| | - Isaac B Shaw
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University
| | - Paul W Kline
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University; Department of Physical Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakanowatari T, Hoshi M, Sone T, Kamide N, Sakamoto M, Shiba Y. Detecting differences in limb load asymmetry during walking between older adult fallers and non-fallers using in-shoe sensors. Gait Posture 2024; 107:312-316. [PMID: 37919177 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that clinical walk tests could not detect differences between fallers and non-fallers in older adults. With advancements in wearable technology, it may be possible to assess differences in loading parameters in clinical settings using portable data collection methods. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study was to determine if wearable sensors (loadsol®) are reliable for assessing asymmetry of contact time, peak force, loading rate (LR), and impulse in older adults and determine if the insole can detect differences in these parameters between fallers and non-fallers during walking. METHODS Fifty-five older adults (74.1 ± 6.1 years) walked at their maximum speed on a flat floor. Force data were collected from insoles (100 Hz) during a 10-m walk test. To assess reliability, an intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC(2,k)] was generated for each asymmetry variable. To determine differences between fallers and non-fallers, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA; covariate: body mass index) was completed for each variable. RESULTS The ICC of peak force asymmetry (PFA) was 0.942, but other ICCs were less than 0.75. The ANCOVA results indicate that the loadsol® can detect differences in PFA between fallers and non-fallers. The PFA was significantly greater in fallers than in non-fallers. SIGNIFICANCE The ability to collect force data while walking using loadsol® has the potential to broaden the research questions investigated, explore clinical applications, and increase generalizability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nakanowatari
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Hoshi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Sone
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Naoto Kamide
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Miki Sakamoto
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shiba
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stievano S, Roesch F, Prommersberger KJ, Fuhrmann R, Mühldorfer-Fodor M. Load analysis of hands and feet while using different types of crutches with various leg's weight bearing. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2638-2647. [PMID: 37151126 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to define the load on hands using various commonly used types of crutches while walking with a full load on both legs (FL), with 20 kg partial load (PL), or with the left leg wholly unloaded (UL). Twenty-six healthy subjects used crutches with ergonomic handles, with anatomic handles (wider and softer bearing surface), and arthritis crutches (horizontal supporting area for the forearm). Sensor mats between hand and handles continuously measured the load transmitted, while sensor soles in the shoes recorded the ground reaction forces simultaneously. The load on the palm and separately the radial and ulnar halves of the palm were analyzed. With arthritis crutches, significantly lower load was transferred to the hands compared to forearm crutches (FL 3% vs. 25% of body weight, PL 8% vs. 87%, UL 12% vs. 103%). The load on hands increased significantly from FL to PL and UL for both types of crutches. The ipsilateral left hand had to bear significantly more load than the right hand. However, the feet's time-ground reaction curves showed more irregularities, and PL on the left leg was significantly higher with arthritis crutches. Anatomic handles reduced the load on the ulnar half of the palm (FL 3% vs. 5%, PL 13% vs. 18%, UL 17% vs. 23%); the radial half of the palm had a similar load to bear with both types of handles (11/11%, 31/32%, 34/35%). Arthritis crutches allow unburdening hands at the expense of gait stability. Anatomic handles reduce the load on the Guyon's canal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stievano
- Klinik für Handchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum Campus, Bad Neustadt an der Saale, Germany
| | - Friederike Roesch
- Klinik für Handchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum Campus, Bad Neustadt an der Saale, Germany
| | | | - Renee Fuhrmann
- Klinik für Fuß- und Sprunggelenkchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum Campus, Bad Neustadt an der Saale, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burnie L, Chockalingam N, Holder A, Claypole T, Kilduff L, Bezodis N. Commercially available pressure sensors for sport and health applications: A comparative review. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 56:102046. [PMID: 37597352 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Pressure measurement systems have numerous applications in healthcare and sport. The purpose of this review is to: (a) describe the brief history of the development of pressure sensors for clinical and sport applications, (b) discuss the design requirements for pressure measurement systems for different applications, (c) critique the suitability, reliability, and validity of commercial pressure measurement systems, and (d) suggest future directions for the development of pressure measurements systems in this area. Commercial pressure measurement systems generally use capacitive or resistive sensors, and typically capacitive sensors have been reported to be more valid and reliable than resistive sensors for prolonged use. It is important to acknowledge, however, that the selection of sensors is contingent upon the specific application requirements. Recent improvements in sensor and wireless technology and computational power have resulted in systems that have higher sensor density and sampling frequency with improved usability - thinner, lighter platforms, some of which are wireless, and reduced the obtrusiveness of in-shoe systems due to wireless data transmission and smaller data-logger and control units. Future developments of pressure sensors should focus on the design of systems that can measure or accurately predict shear stresses in conjunction with pressure, as it is thought the combination of both contributes to the development of pressure ulcers and diabetic plantar ulcers. The focus for the development of in-shoe pressure measurement systems is to minimise any potential interference to the patient or athlete, and to reduce power consumption of the wireless systems to improve the battery life, so these systems can be used to monitor daily activity. A potential solution to reduce the obtrusiveness of in-shoe systems include thin flexible pressure sensors which can be incorporated into socks. Although some experimental systems are available further work is needed to improve their validity and reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Burnie
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Nachiappan Chockalingam
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent ST4 2RU, UK
| | | | - Tim Claypole
- Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating (WCPC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Liam Kilduff
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Neil Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong PW, Iskandar MNS, Koh AH, Ho MYM, Lim CXE. Validation of In-Shoe Force Sensors during Loaded Walking in Military Personnel. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6465. [PMID: 37514763 PMCID: PMC10384313 DOI: 10.3390/s23146465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The loadsol® wireless in-shoe force sensors can be useful for in-field measurements. However, its accuracy is unknown in the military context, whereby soldiers have to carry heavy loads and walk in military boots. The purpose of this study was to establish the validity of the loadsol® sensors in military personnel during loaded walking on flat, inclined and declined surfaces. Full-time Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) personnel (n = 8) walked on an instrumented treadmill on flat, 10° inclined, and 10° declined gradients while carrying heavy loads (25 kg and 35 kg). Normal ground reaction forces (GRF), perpendicular to the contact surface, were simultaneously measured using both the loadsol® sensors inserted in the military boots and the Bertec instrumented treadmill as the gold standard. A total of eight variables of interest were compared between loadsol® and treadmill, including four kinetic (impact peak force, active peak force, impulse, loading rate) and four spatiotemporal (stance time, stride time, cadence, step length) variables. Validity was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and 95% Limits of Agreement (LoA). Bias was calculated as the mean difference between the values obtained from loadsol® and the instrumented treadmill. Results showed similar force-time profiles between loadsol® sensors and the instrumented treadmill. The bias of most variables was generally low, with a narrow range of LoA. The high accuracy and good agreement with standard laboratory equipment suggest that the loadsol® system is a valid tool for measuring normal GRF during walking in military boots under heavy load carriage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pui Wah Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Nur Shahril Iskandar
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Ang Hong Koh
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Mei Yee Mavis Ho
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Xue Er Lim
- Centre of Excellence for Soldier Performance, Singapore Armed Forces, Singapore 637901, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McCabe MV, Van Citters DW, Chapman RM. Hip Joint Angles and Moments during Stair Ascent Using Neural Networks and Wearable Sensors. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:784. [PMID: 37508811 PMCID: PMC10376156 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage hip joint osteoarthritis treatment, known as total hip arthroplasty (THA), improves satisfaction, life quality, and activities of daily living (ADL) function. Postoperatively, evaluating how patients move (i.e., their kinematics/kinetics) during ADL often requires visits to clinics or specialized biomechanics laboratories. Prior work in our lab and others have leveraged wearables and machine learning approaches such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) to quantify hip angles/moments during simple ADL such as walking. Although level-ground ambulation is necessary for patient satisfaction and post-THA function, other tasks such as stair ascent may be more critical for improvement. This study utilized wearable sensors/ANNs to quantify sagittal/frontal plane angles and moments of the hip joint during stair ascent from 17 healthy subjects. Shin/thigh-mounted inertial measurement units and force insole data were inputted to an ANN (2 hidden layers, 10 total nodes). These results were compared to gold-standard optical motion capture and force-measuring insoles. The wearable-ANN approach performed well, achieving rRMSE = 17.7% and R2 = 0.77 (sagittal angle/moment: rRMSE = 17.7 ± 1.2%/14.1 ± 0.80%, R2 = 0.80 ± 0.02/0.77 ± 0.02; frontal angle/moment: rRMSE = 26.4 ± 1.4%/12.7 ± 1.1%, R2 = 0.59 ± 0.02/0.93 ± 0.01). While we only evaluated healthy subjects herein, this approach is simple and human-centered and could provide portable technology for quantifying patient hip biomechanics in future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan V McCabe
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | - Ryan M Chapman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Spencer A, Samaan M, Noehren B. Monitoring Knee Contact Force with Force-Sensing Insoles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4900. [PMID: 37430813 DOI: 10.3390/s23104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications exist for monitoring knee contact force (KCF) throughout activities of daily living. However, the ability to estimate these forces is restricted to a laboratory setting. The purposes of this study are to develop KCF metric estimation models and explore the feasibility of monitoring KCF metrics via surrogate measures derived from force-sensing insole data. Nine healthy subjects (3F, age 27 ± 5 years, mass 74.8 ± 11.8 kg, height 1.7 ± 0.08 m) walked at multiple speeds (0.8-1.6 m/s) on an instrumented treadmill. Thirteen insole force features were calculated as potential predictors of peak KCF and KCF impulse per step, estimated with musculoskeletal modeling. The error was calculated with median symmetric accuracy. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients defined the relationship between variables. Models develop per-limb demonstrated lower prediction error than those developed per-subject (KCF impulse: 2.2% vs 3.4%; peak KCF: 3.50% vs. 6.5%, respectively). Many insole features are moderately to strongly associated with peak KCF, but not KCF impulse across the group. We present methods to directly estimate and monitor changes in KCF using instrumented insoles. Our results carry promising implications for internal tissue loads monitoring outside of a laboratory with wearable sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Spencer
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Promotion, College of Education, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Michael Samaan
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Promotion, College of Education, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Brian Noehren
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marrs RP, Covell HS, Peebles AT, Ford KR, Hart JM, Queen RM. Using load sensing insoles to identify knee kinetic asymmetries during landing in patients with an Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstruction. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 104:105941. [PMID: 36958202 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee extension moment asymmetry is a known second anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factor in patients who have had an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Traditionally, assessing asymmetries requires motion capture and force platforms which are expensive and occupy a large space. Wireless force sensing insoles could be a feasible surrogate. METHODS Twenty-nine patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction performed ten bilateral stop jumps while insole forces, ground reaction forces, and lower extremity kinematics were collected. Peak knee extension moment symmetry was computed using the kinematic and kinetic data, and peak impact force symmetry and impulse symmetry were computed using both the insole force data and vertical ground reaction force data. The relationship between outcomes was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Patients were classified as symmetric or asymmetric for each outcome based on an 85% symmetry cutoff. The resulting classifications were qualitatively compared across outcome measures. FINDINGS Peak knee extension moment symmetry had a strong association with the force plate symmetry outcomes (r = 0.72-0.96, p < 0.001) and a moderate to strong association with insole symmetry outcomes (r = 0.67-0.77, p < 0.001). There was strong agreement between insole and force plate symmetry outcomes (r = 0.69-0.90, p < 0.001). Four patients were identified as symmetric when using the peak knee extension moment symmetry, five when using force plate data, and eight when using insole data. INTERPRETATION Force sensing insoles could be used as a surrogate for knee extension moment asymmetry in patients who have had an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reilly P Marrs
- Kevin P. Granata Biomechanics Lab, Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Hannah S Covell
- Kevin P. Granata Biomechanics Lab, Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexander T Peebles
- Kevin P. Granata Biomechanics Lab, Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kevin R Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Joseph M Hart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Robin M Queen
- Kevin P. Granata Biomechanics Lab, Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu J, Ma X, Qi S, Liang Z, Wei Z, Li Q, Ni W, Wei S, Zhang S. Key transition technology of ski jumping based on inertial motion unit, kinematics and dynamics. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:21. [PMID: 36864414 PMCID: PMC9983218 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development and innovation of biomechanical measurement methods provide a solution to the problems in ski jumping research. At present, research on ski jumping mostly focuses on the local technical characteristics of different phases, but studies on the technology transition process are less. OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate a measurement system (i.e. the merging of 2D video recording, inertial measurement unit and wireless pressure insole) that can capture a wide range of sport performance and focus on the key transition technical characteristics. METHODS The application validity of the Xsens motion capture system in ski jumping was verified under field conditions by comparing the lower limb joint angles of eight professional ski jumpers during the takeoff phase collected by different motion capture systems (Xsens and Simi high-speed camera). Subsequently, the key transition technical characteristics of eight ski jumpers were captured on the basis of the aforementioned measurement system. RESULTS Validation results indicated that the joint angle point-by-point curve during the takeoff phase was highly correlated and had excellent agreement (0.966 ≤ r ≤ 0.998, P < 0.001). Joint root-mean-square error (RMSE) differences between model calculations were 5.967° for hip, 6.856° for knee and 4.009° for ankle. CONCLUSIONS Compared with 2D video recording, the Xsens system shows excellent agreement to ski jumping. Furthermore, the established measurement system can effectively capture the key transition technical characteristics of athletes, particularly in the dynamic changes of straight turn into arc in inrun, the adjustment of body posture and ski movement during early flight and landing preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglun Yu
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438 China ,grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinying Ma
- Foundation Courses Research Center, Silicon Lake College, Kunshan, China
| | - Shuo Qi
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liang
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438 China ,grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438 China ,grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguang Ni
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Physical Education College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Shengnian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Donahue SR, Hahn ME. Estimation of ground reaction force waveforms during fixed pace running outside the laboratory. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:974186. [PMID: 36860734 PMCID: PMC9968876 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.974186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In laboratory experiments, biomechanical data collections with wearable technologies and machine learning have been promising. Despite the development of lightweight portable sensors and algorithms for the identification of gait events and estimation of kinetic waveforms, machine learning models have yet to be used to full potential. We propose the use of a Long Short Term Memory network to map inertial data to ground reaction force data gathered in a semi-uncontrolled environment. Fifteen healthy runners were recruited for this study, with varied running experience: novice to highly trained runners (<15 min 5 km race), and ages ranging from 18 to 64 years old. Force sensing insoles were used to measure normal foot-shoe forces, providing the standard for identification of gait events and measurement of kinetic waveforms. Three inertial measurement units (IMUs) were mounted to each participant, two bilaterally on the dorsal aspect of the foot and one clipped to the back of each participant's waistband, approximating their sacrum. Data input into the Long Short Term Memory network were from the three IMUs and output were estimated kinetic waveforms, compared against the standard of the force sensing insoles. The range of RMSE for each stance phase was from 0.189-0.288 BW, which is similar to multiple previous studies. Estimation of foot contact had an r 2 = 0.795. Estimation of kinetic variables varied, with peak force presenting the best output with an r 2 = 0.614. In conclusion, we have shown that at controlled paces over level ground a Long Short Term Memory network can estimate 4 s temporal windows of ground reaction force data across a range of running speeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth R. Donahue
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ang CL, Kong PW. Field-Based Biomechanical Assessment of the Snatch in Olympic Weightlifting Using Wearable In-Shoe Sensors and Videos-A Preliminary Report. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1171. [PMID: 36772210 PMCID: PMC9919757 DOI: 10.3390/s23031171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the biomechanical analysis of Olympic weightlifting movements required laboratory equipment such as force platforms and transducers, but such methods are difficult to implement in practice. This study developed a field-based method using wearable technology and videos for the biomechanical assessment of weightlifters. To demonstrate the practicality of our method, we collected kinetic and kinematic data on six Singapore National Olympic Weightlifters. The participants performed snatches at 80% to 90% of their competition one-repetition maximum, and the three best attempts were used for the analysis. They wore a pair of in-shoe force sensors loadsol® (novel, Munich, Germany) to measure the vertical ground reaction forces under each foot. Concurrently, a video camera recorded the barbell movement from the side. The kinematics (e.g., trajectories and velocities) of the barbell were extracted using a free video analysis software (Kinovea). The power-time history was calculated from the force and velocity data. The results showed differences in power, force, and barbell velocity with moderate to almost perfect reliability. Technical inconsistency in the barbell trajectories were also identified. In conclusion, this study presented a simple and practical approach to evaluating weightlifters using in-shoe wearable sensors and videos. Such information can be useful for monitoring progress, identifying errors, and guiding training plans for weightlifters.
Collapse
|
14
|
McCabe MV, Van Citters DW, Chapman RM. Developing a method for quantifying hip joint angles and moments during walking using neural networks and wearables. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023; 26:1-11. [PMID: 35238719 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2044028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying hip angles/moments during gait is critical for improving hip pathology diagnostic and treatment methods. Recent work has validated approaches combining wearables with artificial neural networks (ANNs) for cheaper, portable hip joint angle/moment computation. This study developed a Wearable-ANN approach for calculating hip joint angles/moments during walking in the sagittal/frontal planes with data from 17 healthy subjects, leveraging one shin-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a force-measuring insole for data capture. Compared to the benchmark approach, a two hidden layer ANN (n = 5 nodes per layer) achieved an average rRMSE = 15% and R2=0.85 across outputs, subjects and training rounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan V McCabe
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Ryan M Chapman
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Women's College Volleyball Players Exhibit Asymmetries During Double-Leg Jump Landing Tasks. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:85-90. [PMID: 35940581 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Women's volleyball requires frequent and repetitive jumping that when performed with altered biomechanics, including kinematic or kinetic asymmetry, may place the athlete at high risk for injury. This study identified and analyzed lower-extremity biomechanical asymmetries in college women's volleyball players during standard and sport-specific double-leg landing tasks. DESIGN Cross-sectional laboratory study. METHODS Eighteen female college volleyball players were analyzed using standard 3D motion capture techniques during a drop vertical jump and an unanticipated lateral reactive jump task. Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance identified asymmetries in kinematic and kinetic variables of each task. RESULTS Average symmetry indices ranged from 9.3% to 31.3% during the drop vertical jump and 11.9% to 25.6% during the reactive jump task. During the drop vertical jump, the dominant limb exhibited lower knee abduction moments (P = .03), ankle dorsiflexion moments (P = .02), ankle eversion moments (P = .003) and vertical ground reaction forces (P = .03), and greater ankle inversion moments (P = .001). Both kinematic (λ = 0.27, P = .03) and kinetic (λ = 0.12, P = .008) asymmetries were identified during the reactive jump task. The dominant limb exhibited greater peak knee flexion (P = .003) and ankle dorsiflexion (P = .02) angles, and greater ankle dorsiflexion (P = .005) and inversion (P = .03) moments than the nondominant limb. CONCLUSIONS These asymmetries observed during double-leg landing tasks may predispose volleyball athletes to unilaterally higher ground reaction or muscle forces and ultimately a greater risk of injury during landing.
Collapse
|
16
|
Elstub LJ, Grohowski LM, Wolf DN, Owen MK, Noehren B, Zelik KE. Effect of pressure insole sampling frequency on insole-measured peak force accuracy during running. J Biomech 2022; 145:111387. [PMID: 36442432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pressure sensing insoles enable us to estimate forces under the feet during activities such as running, which can provide valuable insight into human movement. Pressure insoles also afford the opportunity to collect more data in more representative environments than can be achieved in laboratory studies. One key challenge with real-world use of pressure insoles is limited battery life which restricts the amount of data that can be collected on a single charge. Reducing sampling frequency is one way to prolong battery life, at the cost of decreased measurement accuracy, but this trade-off has not been quantified, which hinders decision-making by researchers and developers. Therefore, we characterized the effect of decreasing sampling frequency on peak force estimates from pressure insoles (Novel Pedar, 100 Hz) across a range of running speeds and slopes. Data were downsampled to 50, 33, 25, 20, 16 and 10 Hz. Force peaks were extracted due to their importance in biomechanical algorithms trained to estimate musculoskeletal forces and were compared with the reference sampling frequency of 100 Hz to compute relative errors. Peak force errors increased exponentially from 0.7% (50 Hz) to 9% (10 Hz). However, peak force errors were < 3% for all sampling frequencies down to 20 Hz. For some pressure insoles, sampling rate is inversely proportional to battery life. Therefore, these findings suggest that battery life could be increased up to 5x at the expense of 3% errors. These results are encouraging for researchers aiming to deploy pressure insoles for remote monitoring or in longitudinal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Elstub
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - L M Grohowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - D N Wolf
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - M K Owen
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - B Noehren
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - K E Zelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brindle RA, Bleakley CM, Taylor JB, Queen RM, Ford KR. Validity of estimating center of pressure during walking and running with plantar load from a three-sensor wireless insole. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 3:e8. [PMID: 38486902 PMCID: PMC10936251 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2022.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if estimated center of pressure (COP) from plantar force data collected using three-sensor loadsol insoles was comparable to the COP from plantar pressure data collected using pedar insoles during walking and running. Ten healthy adults walked and ran at self-selected speeds on a treadmill while wearing both a loadsol and pedar insole in their right shoe. Plantar force recorded from the loadsol was used to estimate COP along mediolateral (COPx) and anteroposterior (COPy) axes. The estimated COPx and COPy were compared with the COPx and COPy from pedar using limits of agreement and Spearman's rank correlation. There were significant relationships and agreement within 5 mm in COPx and 20 mm in COPy between loadsol and pedar at 20-40% of stance during walking and running. However, loadsol demonstrated biases of 7 mm in COPx and 10 mm in COPy compared to pedar near initial contact and toe-off.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Brindle
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
- Baylor University – Keller Army Community Hospital Division 1 Sports Physical Therapy Fellowship, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, USA
| | - Chris M. Bleakley
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey B. Taylor
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robin M. Queen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin R. Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fuchs PX, Hsieh CH, Chen WH, Tang YS, Fiolo NJ, Shiang TY. Sensor number in simplified insole layouts and the validity of ground reaction forces during locomotion. Sports Biomech 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35499556 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2057354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research attempted to validate simplified insoles with a reduced number of sensors to facilitate clinical application. However, the ideal sensor number is yet to be determined. The purpose was to investigate the validity of vertical ground reaction forces in various simplified pressure sensor insoles and to identify an optimal compromise between sensor number and measurement performance. A Kistler force plate (1000 Hz) and 99-sensor Pedar-X insole (100 Hz) obtained force data of 15 participants during walking and jogging. Eight simplified insole layouts (3-17 sensors) were simulated. Layout performances were expressed as Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) with force plate as reference and coefficient of variation. Differences were assessed via repeated-measures ANOVA as partial eta square (η p 2 ) at p < .05. All layouts correlated with the force plate (r = .70-.99, p < .01). All layout performances were higher in jogging than in walking by r = +.07 ± .04 (η p 2 =.28-.66, p < .05). The three- and five-sensor layouts yielded the lowest correlation (r = .70-.88) and the highest coefficient of variation (11-22%). Layout performances improved constantly from 7 to 11 sensors. The optimal compromise between simplification and measurement performance, quantified via change in correlation per sensor number, was found in the 11-sensor layout, recommendable for practical settings to improve monitoring and adjusting protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip X Fuchs
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Sport and Exercise, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chang-Hsin Hsieh
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Chen
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shan Tang
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nicholas J Fiolo
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Yuang Shiang
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pfeufer D, Monteiro P, Gililland J, Anderson MB, Böcker W, Stagg M, Kammerlander C, Neuerburg C, Pelt C. Immediate Postoperative Improvement in Gait Parameters following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty Can Be Measured with an Insole Sensor Device. J Knee Surg 2022; 35:692-697. [PMID: 33241543 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) improves the quality of life in those suffering from debilitating arthritis of the knee. However, little is known about the influence of TKA on restoring physical function. Prior studies have used artificial means, such as instrumented treadmills, to assess physical function after TKA. In this study an insole sensor device was used to quantify parameters of gait. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a wearable insole sensor device to measure immediate postoperative gait parameters at 2 weeks and 6 weeks following primary TKA and to determine if the device was suitable and sensitive enough to identify and measure potentially subtle changes in these measures at these early postoperative time periods. Twenty-nine patients with unilateral TKA, without contralateral knee pain, and aid-free walking before surgery were evaluated. An insole force sensor measured the postoperative parameters while walking a distance of 40 m on level ground at 2 and 6 weeks after TKA. The loading rate of the operated lower extremity was an average of 68.7% of the contralateral side at 2 weeks post-surgery and increased to 82.1% at 6 weeks post-surgery (p < 0.001). The mean gait speed increased from 0.75 to 1.02 m/s, (p < 0.001) and cadence increased from 82.9 to 99.9 steps/min (p < 0.001), while the numeric pain scale at rest decreased from 3.5/10 to 2.2/10, (p < 0.001) and the pain while walking from 3.9/10 to 2.4/10, (p < 0.001) from 2 to 6 weeks post-surgery. A significant improvement in gait parameters is detectable in the first 6 weeks after surgery with the use of a wearable insole device. As the gait speed and cadence increase and the VAS pain level decreases, the loading rate and average peak force begin to normalize. This device may allow for early gait analysis and have potential clinical utility in detecting early differences in patients' functional status following TKA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pfeufer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of General, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Munich University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Priscila Monteiro
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jeremy Gililland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mike B Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Wolfgang Böcker
- Department of General, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Munich University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Marissa Stagg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christian Kammerlander
- Department of General, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Munich University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Carl Neuerburg
- Department of General, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Munich University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Pelt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Renner KE, Peebles AT, Socha JJ, Queen RM. The impact of sampling frequency on ground reaction force variables. J Biomech 2022; 135:111034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Alves SA, Preuße M, Hommel H, Duda GN, Agres AN. The Recovery of Weight-Bearing Symmetry After Total Hip Arthroplasty Is Activity-Dependent. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:813345. [PMID: 35284427 PMCID: PMC8907721 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.813345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize ipsilateral loading and return to weight-bearing symmetry (WBS) in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) during activities of daily living (ADLs) using instrumented insoles. A prospective study in 25 THA patients was performed, which included controlled pre- and postoperative follow-ups in a single rehabilitation center of an orthopedic department. Ipsilateral loading and WBS of ADLs were measured with insoles in THA patients and in a healthy control group of 25 participants. Measurements in the THA group were performed at 4 different visits: a week pre-THA, within a week post-THA, 3–6 weeks post-THA, and 6–12 weeks post-THA, whereas the healthy control group was measured once. ADLs included standing comfortably, standing evenly, walking, and sit-to-stand-to-sit (StS) transitions. All ADLs were analyzed using discrete methods, and walking included a time-scale analysis to provide temporal insights in the ipsilateral loading and WBS waveforms. THA patients only improved beyond their pre-surgery levels while standing comfortably (ipsilateral loading and WBS, p < 0.05) and during StS transitions (WBS, p < 0.05). Nevertheless, patients improved upon their ipsilateral loading and WBS deficits observed within a week post-surgery across all investigated ADLs. Ipsilateral loading and WBS of THA patients were comparable to healthy participants at 6–12 weeks post-THA, except for ipsilateral loading during walking (p < 0.05) at the initial and terminal double-leg support period of the stance phase. Taken together, insole measurements allow for the quantification of ipsilateral loading and WBS deficits during ADLs, identifying differences between pre- and postoperative periods, and differentiating THA patients from healthy participants. However, post-THA measurements that lack pre-surgery assessments may not be sensitive to identifying patient-specific improvements in ipsilateral loading and WBS. Moreover, StS transitions and earlier follow-up time points should be considered an important clinical metric of biomechanical recovery after THA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia A. Alves
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sónia A. Alves,
| | - Marco Preuße
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Krankenhaus Märkisch-Oderland, Wriezen, Germany
| | - Hagen Hommel
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Krankenhaus Märkisch-Oderland, Wriezen, Germany
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alison N. Agres
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peebles AT, Miller TK, Queen RM. Landing biomechanics deficits in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients can be assessed in a non-laboratory setting. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:150-158. [PMID: 33738820 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Landing biomechanics provide important information pertaining to second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk in patients following ACL reconstruction (ACLR). While traditional motion analysis technologies are often impractical for use in non-laboratory settings, methods to assess landing biomechanics which are inexpensive, portable, and user-friendly have recently been developed and validated. The purpose of this study was to compare landing kinematics and kinetics between ACLR patients and uninjured controls in a non-laboratory setting. Sixteen ACLR patients (7 male/9 female, 6-12 months post-ACLR) and 16 gender-matched controls completed seven bilateral drop vertical jumps and seven unilateral drop landings on each limb. Plantar force was measured bilaterally using force sensing insoles and frontal and sagittal-plane knee kinematics were measured using two tablets, six reflective markers, and automated point tracking software. Plantar force impulse normalized symmetry index (NSI) and knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) range of motion were computed during bilateral landing, and knee flexion range of motion NSI was computed during unilateral landing and compared between groups using independent samples t tests. ACLR patients had larger NSIs (reflecting less symmetry) for plantar force impulse during bilateral landing (p < 0.001) and knee flexion range of motion during unilateral landing (p = 0.004). No between-group differences were observed for knee FPPA range of motion (p = 0.111). This study is an important step towards assessing landing biomechanics in non-research settings with the goal of providing quantitative injury risk metrics in a clinical setting that can be used for return to sport decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Peebles
- Granata Biomechanics Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas K Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Robin M Queen
- Granata Biomechanics Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Marques JB, Auliffe SM, Thompson A, Sideris V, Santiago P, Read PJ. The use of wearable technology as an assessment tool to identify between-limb differences during functional tasks following ACL reconstruction. A scoping review. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 55:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Hill CN, Ross S, Peebles A, Queen RM. Continuous similarity analysis in patient populations. J Biomech 2021; 131:110916. [PMID: 34952349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Decreased movement symmetry is associated with injury risk and accelerated disease progression. Methods to analyze continuous data either cannot be used in pathologic populations with abnormal movement patterns or are not defined in terms easily incorporated into clinical care. The purpose of this study was to develop a method of describing symmetry and movement quality in continuous time-series data that results in scores that can be readily incorporated into clinical care. Two scores were developed: (1) the symmetry score (SS) which evaluates similarities in time-series data between limbs and (2) the closeness-to-healthy score (CTHS) which evaluates the similarity of time-series data to a control population. Kinetic and kinematic data from 56 end-stage unilateral ankle arthritis (A-OA) patients and 56 healthy older adults, along with 16 anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) patients and 16 healthy young adults were used to test the ability for SS and CTHS to differentiate between healthy and patient groups. Unpaired t-tests, Cohen's D effect sizes, and receiver-operating-curve analyses assessed group differences [SPSS, V27, α = 0.05]. Patients had worse SS than controls and A-OA patients had worse CTHS compared to controls. SS had strong predictive capability, while the predictive capability of CTHS varied. Combined with clinically accessible data collection methods, the SS and CTHS could be used to evaluate patients' baseline movement quality, assess changes due to disease progression, and during recovery. Results could be utilized in clinical decision making to assess surgical intervention urgency and efficacy of surgical interventions or rehabilitation protocols to improve side-to-side limb symmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherice N Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shane Ross
- Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexander Peebles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Robin M Queen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Test-Retest Reliability of PODOSmart ® Gait Analysis Insoles. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21227532. [PMID: 34833607 PMCID: PMC8619744 DOI: 10.3390/s21227532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is recognized that gait analysis is a powerful tool used to capture human locomotion and quantify the related parameters. PODOSmart® insoles have been designed to provide accurate measurements for gait analysis. PODOSmart® insoles are lightweight, slim and cost-effective. A recent publication presented the characteristics and data concerning the validity of PODOSmart® insoles in gait analysis. In literature, there is still no evidence about the repeatability of PODOSmart® gait analysis system. Such evidence is essential in order to use this device in both research and clinical settings. The aim of the present study was to assess the repeatability of PODOSmart® system. In this context, it was hypothesized that the parameters of gait analysis captured by PODOSmart® would be repeatable. In a sample consisting of 22 healthy male adults, participants performed two walking trials on a six-meter walkway. The ICC values for 28 gait variables provided by PODOSmart® indicated good to excellent test-retest reliability, ranging from 0.802 to 0.997. The present findings confirm that PODOSmart® gait analysis insoles present excellent repeatability in gait analysis parameters. These results offer additional evidence regarding the reliability of this gait analysis tool.
Collapse
|
26
|
Renner K, Queen RM. Change in Force-based Metrics during Outdoor 2- and 4-Mile Runs. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1922-1927. [PMID: 33731649 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if peak ground reaction force (GRF), loading rate (LR), and impulse metrics change across an outdoor run using force sensing insoles. We hypothesize that over the course of the run there would be a decline in limb symmetry for all measures and a decrease in LR and GRF values. METHODS Thirty healthy participants (15 male, 15 female) were recruited for a two-visit study during which a 2- or 4-mile run was completed on the first visit and the other run distance was completed on the second visit (order was randomized). Force data were collected at 100 Hz for the duration of the run. Peak GRF, impulse, LR, and limb symmetry indices (LSI) of these variables were calculated at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the run. RESULTS GRF decreased over the course of the runs, but the GRF LSI remained unchanged. No changes in LR were detected over the 2- or 4-mile run for either limb. The impulse LSI during the 2-mile run did indicate decreased symmetry from 25% of the run to 50% of the run, the LR LSI improved, and there was no difference in GRF LSI or any of the LSI metrics during the 4-mile run. CONCLUSIONS We posit that the lack in change in LSI was due to the courses/distance not inducing fatigue in our population. Future studies should investigate the effect of outdoor fatigue protocols and various types of terrain on force metrics and potential injury risk factors.
Collapse
|
27
|
Musgjerd T, Anason J, Rutherford D, Kernozek TW. Effect of Increasing Running Cadence on Peak Impact Force in an Outdoor Environment. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1076-1083. [PMID: 34386286 PMCID: PMC8329321 DOI: 10.26603/001c.25166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 56% of recreational runners sustain a running-related injury related to the high impact forces in running. Increasing step frequency (cadence) while maintaining a consistent speed has been shown to be an effective way to lower impact forces which may reduce injury risk. PURPOSE To examine effects of increased cadence on peak impact force during running in an outdoor setting. It was hypothesized that as cadence increases, peak force would decrease. STUDY DESIGN Repeated measures, quasi-experimental. METHODS Peak force and cadence measurements were collected from 15 recreational runners (8 females, 7 males) during two 2.4-mile outdoor runs. Peak force was measured using an insole-based load measuring device. Baseline session run was completed at participant's naturally preferred cadence and cadence session run was completed at a cadence targeted to be 10% greater than baseline. Pace was monitored with a GPS watch. Cadence was cued by an auditory metronome and measured with both GPS watch and insoles. Repeated-measures ANOVA's examined the differences in average peak force, GPS-reported cadence, and insole-reported cadence between mile 1 and mile 2, and across the two cadence conditions. RESULTS Cadence differences of 7.3% were observed between baseline and cadence sessions (p<0.001). A concurrent decrease in average peak force of 5.6% was demonstrated during the cadence run (p<0.05). Average cadences measured by GPS watch and insoles were found to be the same at both baseline (p=0.096) and during cadence (p=0.352) sessions. CONCLUSION Increasing cadence by an average of 7% in an outdoor setting resulted in a decrease in peak force at two different time points during a 2.4-mile run. Furthermore, using a metronome for in-field cadence manipulation led to a change in cadence. This suggests that a metronome may be an effective tool to manipulate cadence for the purpose of decreasing peak impact force in an outdoor setting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3b.
Collapse
|
28
|
Luftglass AR, Peebles AT, Miller TK, Queen RM. The impact of standardized footwear on load and load symmetry. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 88:105421. [PMID: 34246037 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inability to standardize footwear is a potential issue when measuring landing kinetics in non-laboratory settings. This study determined the impact of not standardizing footwear on load and load symmetry during landing. A secondary purpose of this study was to introduce the Load Analysis Program, an open-source MATLAB® user-interface for computing kinetic and kinetic symmetry from data collected using loadsol® sensors. METHODS Forty uninjured participants completed bilateral and unilateral landing tasks in their own preferred athletic footwear and in laboratory-standardized footwear. Peak impact force, impulse, and a limb symmetry index of both kinetic outcomes were computed using loadsol® sensors (200 Hz) for both footwear conditions, and compared between footwear conditions using intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. FINDINGS The agreement between the preferred and standardized conditions was good to excellent for peak impact force, peak impact force limb symmetry index, and impulse limb symmetry index during the bilateral task (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.870-0.951). The agreement was moderate to poor for unilateral limb symmetry index measures (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.399-0.516). During the preferred footwear condition, impulse was greater for the left limb during bilateral landing, and peak impact force during unilateral landing on the right limb was decreased, when compared to the standardized footwear condition (p < 0.05). INTERPRETATION These results suggest that while not standardizing footwear can alter the results of certain load metrics, laboratory-relevant landing mechanics information can be obtained with participants wearing their own footwear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Luftglass
- Granata Biomechanics Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Alexander T Peebles
- Granata Biomechanics Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas K Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Robin M Queen
- Granata Biomechanics Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Peebles AT, Williams B, Queen RM. Bilateral Squatting Mechanics Are Associated With Landing Mechanics in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Patients. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:2638-2644. [PMID: 34236927 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211023761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper lower extremity biomechanics during bilateral landing is important for reducing injury risk in athletes returning to sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Although landing is a quick ballistic movement that is difficult to modify, squatting is a slower cyclic movement that is ideal for motor learning. HYPOTHESIS There is a relationship between lower extremity biomechanics during bilateral landing and bilateral squatting in patients with an ACLR. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS A total of 41 patients after a unilateral ACLR (24 men, 17 women; 5.9 ± 1.4 months after ACLR) completed 15 unweighted bilateral squats and 10 bilateral stop-jumps. Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were collected, and peak knee abduction angle, knee abduction/adduction range of motion, peak vertical ground-reaction force limb symmetry index (LSI), vertical ground-reaction force impulse LSI, and peak knee extension moment LSI were computed during the descending phase of the squatting and landing tasks. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare each outcome between limbs, and Spearman correlations were used to compare outcomes between the squatting and landing tasks. RESULTS The peak vertical ground reaction force, the vertical ground reaction force impulse, and the peak knee extension moment were reduced in the surgical (Sx) limb relative to the nonsurgical (NSx) limb during both the squatting and landing tasks (P < .001). The relationship between squatting and landing tasks was strong for the peak knee abduction angle (R = 0.697-0.737; P < .001); moderate for the frontal plane knee range of motion (NSx: R = 0.366, P = .019; Sx: R = 0.418, P = 0.007), the peak knee extension moment LSI (R = 0.573; P < .001), the vertical ground reaction force impulse LSI (R = 0.382; P < .014); and weak for the peak vertical ground reaction force LSI (R = 0.323; P = .039). CONCLUSION Patients who have undergone an ACLR continue to offload their surgical limb during both squatting and landing. Additionally, there is a relationship between movement deficits during squatting and movement deficits during landing in patients with an ACLR preparing to return to sports. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As movement deficits during squatting and landing were related before return to sports, this study suggests that interventional approaches to improve squatting biomechanics may translate to improved landing biomechanics in patients with an ACLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Peebles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Robin M Queen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mesisca JK, Peebles AT, Queen RM. Including jump height when normalizing single hop impact kinetics can change the directionality of findings. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 88:105443. [PMID: 34388652 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing landing kinetics during hop testing could improve return to sport decisions following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) reconstruction. However, different methods for normalizing kinetic outcomes could influence the interpretation of landing kinetics and therefore the clinical recommendations. METHODS Twenty-one females who had returned to sport following primary unilateral ACL reconstructed completed two single hops for maximum distance on each limb. Hop distance, hop height, peak impact force, and impulse were computed for each hop, and peak impact force and impulse magnitudes were assessed when 1) non-normalized 2) normalized by bodyweight, and 3) normalized by peak potential energy during the hop. FINDINGS Along with hop distance and height, peak impact force and impulse were found to be lower on the surgical limb relative to the non-surgical limb for both non-normalized data and when normalized to bodyweight only (p < 0.001, d > 0.95). However, peak impact force and impulse were found to be higher on the surgical limb relative to the non-surgical limb when normalizing outcomes to peak potential energy (p < 0.001, d > 1.03). INTERPRETATION Different normalization methods result in different interpretations of single hop kinetics. ACL reconstruction patients have shorter hop distances, lower hop heights, lower force magnitudes, and worse energy absorption when hopping on their surgical limb, relative to their non-surgical limb. We believe that normalizing landing kinetics using bodyweight and using peak potential energy provide different information, and as such, we suggest that future research use both methods based on the research question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna K Mesisca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexander T Peebles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Robin M Queen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Renner K, Queen R. Detection of age and gender differences in walking using mobile wearable sensors. Gait Posture 2021; 87:59-64. [PMID: 33892393 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated differences in gait speed and ground reaction forces (GRF) based on age as well as sex during lab-based testing. With advancements in wearable technology, it may be possible to assess differences in loading parameters in non-lab settings using portable data collection methods. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study is to determine if wearable sensors (loadsol®) are valid for assessing peak force, impulse and loading rate (LR) in older adults and determine if the insole can detect sex and age differences in these parameters during walking. METHODS Twenty young (22.2 ± 2.9 years) and 23 older adults (68.1 ± 5.8 years) walked at a self-selected speed on a flat, inclined and declined instrumented treadmill (randomized order). Force data was simultaneously collected from the treadmill (1440 Hz) and insoles (100 Hz) during each condition. To assess validity, an ICC(3,k) and a Bland-Altman plot was generated for each variable and condition in the older adults. To determine age and gender differences, an ANCOVA (covary: walking speed) was completed for each variable. RESULTS All ICCs were greater than 0.88 for vGRF, impulse and loading rate. The Bland-Altman plots report a bias of less than 2% for vGRF, -8 to -15 % for impulse and -5 to 2% for loading rate. The ANCOVA results indicate that the loadsol® has the ability to detect differences between age groups in peak vGRF in the flat, declined and inclined conditions which are in agreement with the differences the force plates detected. Similarly, the loadsol® and force plates agreed with age-based differences in the flat and inclined condition, but the loadsol® missed the declined LR difference. SIGNIFICANCE The ability to collect data in nontraditional settings has the potential to broaden the research questions investigated, explore clinical applications and increase the generalizability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Renner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Bone and Joint Institute at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States.
| | - Robin Queen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Taylor JB, Ford KR, Queen RM, Owen EC, Gisselman AS. Incorporating Internal and External Training Load Measurements in Clinical Decision Making After ACL Reconstruction: A Clinical Commentary. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:565-578. [PMID: 33842052 PMCID: PMC8016425 DOI: 10.26603/001c.21152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Poor outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr), including the relatively high risk of suffering a subsequent ACL injury, suggest the need to optimize rehabilitation and return-to-sport testing. The purpose of this commentary is to introduce clinicians to the concept of monitoring training load during rehabilitation, to review methods of quantifying internal and external loads, and to suggest ways that these technologies can be incorporated into rehabilitation progressions and return-to-sport decisions after anterior ACLr. DESCRIPTION OF TOPIC WITH RELATED EVIDENCE Quantifying and identifying the effects of training load variables, external (distance, impacts, decelerations) and internal (heart rate, heart rate variability) workload, during rehabilitation can indicate both positive (improved physical, physiological, or psychological capacity) or negative (heightened risk for injury or illness) adaptations and allow for the ideal progression of exercise prescription. When used during return-to-sport testing, wearable technology can provide robust measures of movement quality, readiness, and asymmetry not identified during performance-based testing. DISCUSSION / RELATION TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Researchers have reported the actual in-game demands of men and women of various ages and competition levels during multi-directional sport. Wearable technology can provide similar variables during rehabilitation, home exercise programs, and during on-field transition back to sport to ensure patients have met the expected fitness capacity of their sport. Additionally, clinicians can use internal load measures to objectively monitor patient's physiological responses to rehabilitation progressions and recovery rather than relying on subjective patient-reported data. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
Collapse
|
33
|
Davies WT, Myer GD, Read PJ. Is It Time We Better Understood the Tests We are Using for Return to Sport Decision Making Following ACL Reconstruction? A Critical Review of the Hop Tests. Sports Med 2021; 50:485-495. [PMID: 31745732 PMCID: PMC7018781 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been a move towards a criterion-based return to play in recent years, with 4 single-leg hop tests commonly used to assess functional performance. Despite their widespread integration, research indicates that relationships between ‘passing’ ‘hop test criteria and successful outcomes following rehabilitation are equivocal, and, therefore, require further investigation. This critical review includes key information to examine the evolution of these tests, their reliability, relationships with other constructs, and sensitivity to change over time. Recommendations for how measurement and administration of the tests can be improved are also discussed. The evidence presented in this review shows that hop tests display good reliability and are sensitive to change over time. However, the use of more than 2 hop tests does not appear to be necessary due to high collinearity and no greater sensitivity to detect abnormality. The inclusion of other hop tests in different planes may give greater information about the current function of the knee, particularly when measured over time using both relative and absolute measures of performance. It is recommended that the contralateral limb be tested prior to surgery for a more relevant benchmark for performance, and clinicians are strongly advised to measure movement quality, as hop distance alone appears to overestimate the recovery of the knee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Davies
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, The SPORT Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Read
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thomson A, Whiteley R, Hansen C, Welzel J, Racinais S, Wilson MG. Effect of speed and gradient on plantar force when running on an AlterG® treadmill. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:34. [PMID: 33785050 PMCID: PMC8011121 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-gravity treadmills are used to decrease musculoskeletal loading during treadmill running often in return to play rehabilitation programs. The effect different gradients (uphill/downhill running) have on kinetics and spatiotemporal parameters when using an AlterG® treadmill is unclear with previous research focused on level running only. METHODS Ten well-trained healthy male running athletes ran on the AlterG® treadmill at varying combinations of bodyweight support (60, 80, and 100% BW), speed (12 km/hr., 15 km/hr., 18 km/hr., 21 km/hr., and 24 km/hr), and gradients (- 15% decline, - 10, - 5, 0, + 5, + 10 + 15% incline), representing a total of 78 conditions performed in random order. Maximum plantar force and contact time were recorded using a wireless in-shoe force sensor insole system. RESULTS Regression analysis showed a linear relationship for maximum plantar force with bodyweight support and running speeds for level running (p < 0.0001, adj. R2 = 0.604). The linear relationship, however, does not hold for negative gradients at speeds 12 & 15 km/h, with a relative 'dip' in maximum plantar force across all assisted bodyweight settings. CONCLUSIONS Maximum plantar force peaks are larger with faster running and smaller with more AlterG® assisted bodyweight support (athlete unweighing). Gradient made little difference except for a downhill grade of - 5% decreasing force peaks as compared to level or uphill running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athol Thomson
- Aspetar Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar. .,Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Rodney Whiteley
- Aspetar Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Clint Hansen
- Kiel University Department of Neurology, UKSH campus, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julius Welzel
- Kiel University Department of Neurology, UKSH campus, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Aspetar Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mathew G Wilson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Pfeufer D, Becker CA, Faust L, Keppler AM, Stagg M, Kammerlander C, Böcker W, Neuerburg C. Load-Bearing Detection with Insole-Force Sensors Provides New Treatment Insights in Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082551. [PMID: 32781675 PMCID: PMC7463446 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to an aging society, more and more surgeons are confronted with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFPs). The aim of treatment of such patients should be the quickest possible mobilization with full weight-bearing. Up to now however, there are no data on loading of the lower extremities in patients suffering FFPs. We hypothesized to find differences in loading of the lower limbs. Methods: 22 patients with a mean age of 84.1 years were included. During gait analysis with insole-force sensors, loading on the lower extremities was recorded during early mobilization after index fracture. Results: Especially the average peak force showed differences in loading, as the affected limb was loaded significantly less {59.78% (SD ± 16.15%) of the bodyweight vs. 73.22% (SD ± 14.84%) (p = <0.001, effect size r = 0.58)}. Furthermore, differences in loading in between the fracture patterns of FFPs were observed. Conclusion: This study shows that it is possible to reliably detect the extremity load, with the help of an insole device, in patients presenting with fragility fractures of the pelvis. There is great potential to improve the choice and time of treatment with insole-force sensors in FFPs in future.
Collapse
|
37
|
Verheul J, Nedergaard NJ, Vanrenterghem J, Robinson MA. Measuring biomechanical loads in team sports – from lab to field. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1709654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Verheul
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Mark A. Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hop testing symmetry improves with time and while wearing a functional knee brace in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed athletes. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 70:66-71. [PMID: 31404758 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no consensus among orthopaedic surgeons as to when patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are ready to return to sport or whether or not patients should wear a functional knee brace during athletic activity. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of time since return to sport and of a functional knee brace on hop distance and loading symmetry during hop testing in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction completed hop testing after being released to return to sport and again 3 months later, both with and without wearing a custom fit extension constraint functional knee brace. The loadsol® captured plantar loading data (100 Hz) to quantify peak impact force, loading rate, and impulse during the final landing of every hop test. A limb symmetry index was calculated between surgical and non-surgical limbs for hop distance and loading measures. FINDINGS Wearing a knee brace increased hop distance symmetry during the single and crossover hop tests and peak impact force symmetry on each test (all p < 0.05). While single (p = 0.022) and triple (p = 0.002) hop distance symmetry increased with time, there was no effect of time on any loading symmetry outcomes. INTERPRETATION These results support using a functional knee brace during athletic activities for improving symmetry in the early return to sport period. These results also support previous findings that while hop distance symmetry improves with time, asymmetrical landing mechanics do not and should be addressed clinically.
Collapse
|
39
|
Peebles AT, Ford KR, Taylor JB, Hart JM, Sands LP, Queen RM. Using force sensing insoles to predict kinetic knee symmetry during a stop jump. J Biomech 2019; 95:109293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
Ski Position during the Flight and Landing Preparation Phases in Ski Jumping Detected with Inertial Sensors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19112575. [PMID: 31174278 PMCID: PMC6603655 DOI: 10.3390/s19112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ski movement plays an important role during landing preparation, as well as in the whole ski jumping performance. Good landing preparation timing and correct ski position increase the jump length and reduce the impact forces. Inertial motion units (IMUs) placed on the skis could constitute a promising technology for analyzing the ski movements during training. During regular summer trainings, 10 elite athletes (17 ± 1 years) performed jumps while wearing IMUs and wireless force insoles. This set-up enabled the analysis of a possible correlation between ski movements and ground reaction force (GRF) during landing impact. The results showed that the pitch during the landing preparation is the most influential movement on the impact kinetic variables since it is related to the angle of attack, which affects the aerodynamics. The ski position at 0.16 s before landing did not influence the kinetics because the athlete was too close to the ground. During the impact, the roll angle did not correlate with GRF. Moreover, each athlete showed a different movement pattern during the flight phase. Concluding, the combination of IMUs and force insoles is a promising set-up to analyze ski jumping performance thanks to the fast placement, low weight, and high reliability.
Collapse
|
41
|
Bessone V, Petrat J, Schwirtz A. Ground Reaction Forces and Kinematics of Ski Jump Landing Using Wearable Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2011. [PMID: 31035683 PMCID: PMC6539877 DOI: 10.3390/s19092011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past, technological issues limited research focused on ski jump landing. Today, thanks to the development of wearable sensors, it is possible to analyze the biomechanics of athletes without interfering with their movements. The aims of this study were twofold. Firstly, the quantification of the kinetic magnitude during landing is performed using wireless force insoles while 22 athletes jumped during summer training on the hill. In the second part, the insoles were combined with inertial motion units (IMUs) to determine the possible correlation between kinematics and kinetics during landing. The maximal normal ground reaction force (GRFmax) ranged between 1.1 and 5.3 body weight per foot independently when landing using the telemark or parallel leg technique. The GRFmax and impulse were correlated with flying time (p < 0.001). The hip flexions/extensions and the knee and hip rotations of the telemark front leg correlated with GRFmax (r = 0.689, p = 0.040; r = -0.670, p = 0.048; r = 0.820, p = 0.007; respectively). The force insoles and their combination with IMUs resulted in promising setups to analyze landing biomechanics and to provide in-field feedback to the athletes, being quick to place and light, without limiting movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Bessone
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Petrat
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany.
- Olympic Training Center of Bavaria, 80809 Munich, Germany.
| | - Ansgar Schwirtz
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany.
- Olympic Training Center of Bavaria, 80809 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The Reliability and Validity of the Loadsol ® under Various Walking and Running Conditions. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19020265. [PMID: 30641910 PMCID: PMC6359506 DOI: 10.3390/s19020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of loading during walking and running has historically been limited to data collection in laboratory settings or with devices that require a computer connection. This study aims to determine if the loadsol®—a single sensor wireless insole—is a valid and reliable method of assessing force. Thirty (17 male and 13 female) recreationally active individuals were recruited for a two visit study where they walked (1.3 m/s) and ran (3.0 and 3.5 m/s) at a 0%, 10% incline, and 10% decline, with the visits approximately one week apart. Ground reaction force data was collected on an instrumented treadmill (1440 Hz) and with the loadsol® (100 Hz). Ten individuals completed the day 1 protocol with a newer 200 Hz loadsol®. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,k) were used to assess validity and reliability and Bland–Altman plots were generated to better understand loadsol® validity. Across conditions, the peak force ICCs ranged from 0.78 to 0.97, which increased to 0.84–0.99 with the 200 Hz insoles. Similarly, the loading rate ICCs improved from 0.61 to 0.97 to 0.80–0.96 and impulse improved from 0.61 to 0.97 to 0.90–0.97. The 200 Hz insoles may be needed for loading rate and impulse in running. For both walking and running, the loadsol® has excellent between-day reliability (>0.76).
Collapse
|