1
|
Eusébio D, Paul M, Biswas S, Cui Z, Costa D, Sousa Â. Mannosylated polyethylenimine-cholesterol-based nanoparticles for targeted delivery of minicircle DNA vaccine against COVID-19 to antigen-presenting cells. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123959. [PMID: 38430949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
DNA vaccines can be a potential solution to protect global health, triggering both humoral and cellular immune responses. DNA vaccines are valuable in preventing intracellular pathogen infections, and therefore can be explored against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). This work explored different systems based on polyethylenimine (PEI), functionalized for the first time with both cholesterol (CHOL) and mannose (MAN) to deliver parental plasmid (PP) and minicircle DNA (mcDNA) vectors encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). For comparative purposes, three different systems were evaluated: PEI, PEI-CHOL and PEI-CHOL-MAN. The systems were prepared at various nitrogen-to-phosphate group (N/P) ratios and characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency, surface charge, size, polydispersity index (PDI), morphology, and stability over time. Moreover, in vitro transfection studies of dendritic cells (JAWS II) and human fibroblast cells were performed. Viability studies assured the biocompatibility of all nanocarriers. Confocal microscopy studies confirmed intracellular localization of systems, resulting in enhanced cellular uptake using PEI-CHOL and PEI-CHOL-MAN systems when compared with the PEI system. Regarding the RBD expression, PEI-CHOL-MAN was the system that led to the highest levels of transcripts and protein expression in JAWS II cells. Furthermore, the nanosystems significantly stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines production and dendritic cell maturation in vitro. Overall, mannosylated systems can be considered a valuable tool in the delivery of plasmid DNA or mcDNA vaccines to APCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalinda Eusébio
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Milan Paul
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus. Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus. Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Diana Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Enea N, Ion V, Viespe C, Constantinoiu I, Bonciu A, Stîngescu ML, Bîrjega R, Scarisoreanu ND. Lead-Free Perovskite Thin Films for Gas Sensing through Surface Acoustic Wave Device Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:39. [PMID: 38202494 PMCID: PMC10780711 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Thin film technology shows great promise in fabricating electronic devices such as gas sensors. Here, we report the fabrication of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors based on thin films of (1 - x) Ba(Ti0.8Zr0.2)O3-x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BCTZ50, x = 50) and Polyethylenimine (PEI). The layers were deposited by two laser-based techniques, namely pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the lead-free material and matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) for the sensitive polymer. In order to assay the impact of the thickness, the number of laser pulses was varied, leading to thicknesses between 50 and 350 nm. The influence of BCTZ film's crystallographic features on the characteristics and performance of the SAW device was studied by employing substrates with different crystal structures, more precisely cubic Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3) and orthorhombic Gadolinium Scandium Oxide (GdScO3). The SAW sensors were further integrated into a testing system to evaluate the response of the BCTZ thin films with PEI, and then subjected to tests for N2, CO2 and O2 gases. The influence of the MAPLE's deposited PEI layer on the overall performance was demonstrated. For the SAW sensors based on BCTZ/GdScO3 thin films with a PEI polymer, a maximum frequency shift of 39.5 kHz has been obtained for CO2; eight times higher compared to the sensor without the polymeric layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Enea
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Valentin Ion
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Cristian Viespe
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Izabela Constantinoiu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Anca Bonciu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Maria Luiza Stîngescu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Bîrjega
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Nicu Doinel Scarisoreanu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goncu Y, Ay N. Boron Nitride's Morphological Role in the Design of Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Based Hybrid Artificial Synovial Fluid. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6345-6356. [PMID: 37847245 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The treatment process of osteoarthritis (OA) is challenging as it affects not only cartilage but also subchondral bone, ligament attachment capsules, synovium, and surrounding muscle tissue. Therefore, the search for preventive treatment or methods to slow the onset of the condition. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has a graphite-like lamellar structure and is thought to facilitate cartilage movement for biomedical applications, just like in bearing systems. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the natural polymers that can be used to transport boron nitride and maintain its presence in joints for a long time. In this study, hybrid hydrogels were formulated by using boron nitride nanoparticles and nanosheets. The rheological properties of the hydrogels were evaluated according to the structural differences of hBN. Characterizations have shown that hybrid hydrogels can be produced in injectable form, and the rheological properties are strongly related to the structural properties of the added particle. It has been determined that hBN added to the hydrogel structure reduces the dynamic viscosity of the zero-shear point and the deformation rate of the hydrogel and also changes the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogel depending on boron nitride's structural differences. The suggested mechanism is the hybrid hydrogel that exhibits lower viscosity as the layers detach from each other or disperses the agglomerates under applied shear stress. hBN, which has been proposed as a new strategy for joint injections, is thought to be a promising candidate for the treatment of OA due to its lamellar structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yapıncak Goncu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Meselik Campus, Eskisehir 26480, Turkiye
| | - Nuran Ay
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, Engineering Faculty, Ikieylul Campus, Eskisehir 26555, Turkiye
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Enea N, Ion V, Viespe C, Constantinoiu I, Buiu O, Romanitan C, Scarisoreanu ND. Laser Processed Hybrid Lead-Free Thin Films for SAW Sensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8452. [PMID: 36499949 PMCID: PMC9737208 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study we report the specific interaction of various gases on the modified surface of acoustic wave devices for gas sensor applications, using the piezoelectric ceramic material BaSrTiO3 (BST), with different concentrations of Sr. For enhancing the sensitivity of the sensor, the conductive polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) was deposited on top of BST thin films. Thin films of BST were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique and integrated into a test heterostructure with PEI thin films deposited by matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) and interdigital Au electrodes (IDT). Further on, the layered heterostructures were incorporated into surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, in order to measure the frequency response to various gases (N2, CO2 and O2). The frequency responses of the sensors based on thin films of the piezoelectric material deposited at different pressures were compared with layered structures of PEI/BST, in order to observe differences in the frequency shifts between sensors. The SAW tests performed at room temperature revealed different results based on deposition condition (pressure of oxygen and the percent of strontium in BatiO3 structure). Frequency shift responses were obtained for all the tested sensors in the case of a concentration of Sr x = 0.75, for all the analysed gases. The best frequency shifts among all sensors studied was obtained in the case of BST50 polymer sensor for CO2 detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Enea
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Valentin Ion
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Cristian Viespe
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Izabela Constantinoiu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Octavian Buiu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
| | - Cosmin Romanitan
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alfe M, Minopoli G, Tartaglia M, Gargiulo V, Caruso U, Pepe GP, Ausanio G. Coating of Flexible PDMS Substrates through Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) with a New-Concept Biocompatible Graphenic Material. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3663. [PMID: 36296853 PMCID: PMC9610489 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) was used to deposit graphene-like materials (GL), a new class of biocompatible graphene-related materials (GRMs) obtained from a controlled top-down demolition of a carbon black, on silicone slices to test their potential use as functional coating on invasive medical devices as indwelling urinary catheters. Results indicate that the relevant chemical-physical features of the deposit (controlled by FTIR and AFM) were maintained after MAPLE deposition. After deposition, GL films underwent a biological survey toward target cellular lines (murine fibroblast NIH3T3, human keratinocytes HaCAT and the human cervical adenocarcinoma epithelial-like HeLa). Results indicate that the GL films did not lead to any perturbations in the different biological parameters evaluated. The presented results and the possibility to further functionalize the GL or combine them with other functional materials in a hybrid fashion to assure a tighter adhesion onto the substrate for use in harsh conditions open the door to practical applications of these new-concept medical devices (drug delivery, next generation flexible devices, multifunctional coatings) paving the way to the prevention of nosocomial infections driven by catheterization through antibiotics-free approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Alfe
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (CNR-STEMS), P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Minopoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tartaglia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Gargiulo
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (CNR-STEMS), P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Caruso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piero Pepe
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ausanio
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tutunaru O, Mihailescu CM, Savin M, Tincu BC, Stoian MC, Muscalu GS, Firtat B, Dinulescu S, Craciun G, Moldovan CA, Ficai A, Ion AC. Acetylcholinesterase entrapment onto carboxyl-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite, film electrosynthesis characterization, and sensor application for dichlorvos detection in apple juice. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
Since their development, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices have attracted much research attention due to their unique functional characteristics, which make them appropriate for the detection of chemical species. The scientific community has directed its efforts toward the development and integration of new materials as sensing elements in SAW sensor technology with a large area of applications, such as for example the detection of volatile organic compounds, warfare chemicals, or food spoilage, just to name a few. Thin films play an important role and are essential as recognition elements in sensor structures due to their wide range of capabilities. In addition, other requisites are the development and application of new thin film deposition techniques as well as the possibility to tune the size and properties of the materials. This review article surveys the latest progress in engineered complex materials, i.e., polymers or functionalized carbonaceous materials, for applications as recognizing elements in miniaturized SAW sensors. It starts with an overview of chemoselective polymers and the synthesis of functionalized carbon nanotubes and graphene, which is followed by surveys of various coating technologies and routes for SAW sensors. Different coating techniques for SAW sensors are highlighted, which provides new approaches and perspective to meet the challenges of sensitive and selective gas sensing.
Collapse
|
8
|
Constantinoiu I, Viespe C. ZnO Metal Oxide Semiconductor in Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors: A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185118. [PMID: 32911800 PMCID: PMC7570870 DOI: 10.3390/s20185118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensors are of continuous development interest to researchers due to their sensitivity, short detection time, and reliability. Among the most used materials to achieve the sensitive film of SAW sensors are metal oxide semiconductors, which are highlighted by thermal and chemical stability, by the presence on their surface of free electrons and also by the possibility of being used in different morphologies. For different types of gases, certain metal oxide semiconductors are used, and ZnO is an important representative for this category of materials in the field of sensors. Having a great potential for the development of SAW sensors, the discussion related to the development of the sensitivity of metal oxide semiconductors, especially ZnO, by the synthesis method or by obtaining new materials, is suitable and necessary to have an overview of the latest results in this domain.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The modification of implant devices with biocompatible coatings has become necessary as a consequence of premature loosening of prosthesis. This is caused mainly by chronic inflammation or allergies that are triggered by implant wear, production of abrasion particles, and/or release of metallic ions from the implantable device surface. Specific to the implant tissue destination, it could require coatings with specific features in order to provide optimal osseointegration. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) became a well-known physical vapor deposition technology that has been successfully applied to a large variety of biocompatible inorganic coatings for biomedical prosthetic applications. Matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) is a PLD-derived technology used for depositions of thin organic material coatings. In an attempt to surpass solvent related difficulties, when different solvents are used for blending various organic materials, combinatorial MAPLE was proposed to grow thin hybrid coatings, assembled in a gradient of composition. We review herein the evolution of the laser technological process and capabilities of growing thin bio-coatings with emphasis on blended or multilayered biomimetic combinations. These can be used either as implant surfaces with enhanced bioactivity for accelerating orthopedic integration and tissue regeneration or combinatorial bio-platforms for cancer research.
Collapse
|
10
|
Constantinoiu I, Viespe C. Development of Pd/TiO 2 Porous Layers by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Surface Acoustic Wave H 2 Gas Sensor. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040760. [PMID: 32326639 PMCID: PMC7221725 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of sensitive porous films obtained by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on the response of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors on hydrogen at room temperature (RT) was studied. Monolayer films of TiO2 and bilayer films of Pd/TiO2 were deposited on the quartz substrates of SAW sensors. By varying the oxygen and argon pressure in the PLD deposition chamber, different morphologies of the sensitive films were obtained, which were analyzed based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. SAW sensors were realized with different porosity degrees, and these were tested at different hydrogen concentrations. It has been confirmed that the high porosity of the film and the bilayer structure leads to a higher frequency shift and allow the possibility to make tests at lower concentrations. Thus, the best sensor, Pd-1500/TiO2-600, with the deposition pressure of 600 mTorr for TiO2 and 1500 mTorr for Pd, had a frequency shift of 1.8 kHz at 2% hydrogen concentration, a sensitivity of 0.10 Hz/ppm and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1210 ppm. SAW sensors based on such porous films allow the detection of hydrogen but also of other gases at RT, and by PLD method such sensitive porous and nanostructured films can be easily developed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Diauudin FN, Rashid JIA, Knight VF, Wan Yunus WMZ, Ong KK, Kasim NAM, Abdul Halim N, Noor SAM. A review of current advances in the detection of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents based biosensor approaches. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
12
|
Love Wave Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor with Laser-Deposited Nanoporous Gold Sensitive Layer. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204492. [PMID: 31623258 PMCID: PMC6833045 DOI: 10.3390/s19204492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Laser-deposited gold immobilization layers with different porosities were incorporated into Love Wave Surface Acoustic Wave sensors (LW-SAWs). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme was immobilized onto three gold interfaces with different morphologies, and the sensor response to chloroform was measured. The response of the sensors to various chloroform concentrations indicates that their sensing properties (sensitivity, limit of detection) are considerably improved when the gold layers are porous, in comparison to a conventional dense gold layer. The results obtained can be used to improve properties of SAW-based biosensors by controlling the nanostructure of the gold immobilization layer, in combination with other enzymes and proteins, since the design of the present sensor is the same as that for a Love Wave biosensor.
Collapse
|
13
|
Macrophage in vitro Response on Hybrid Coatings Obtained by Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The improvement in the research area of the implant by surface functionalization when correlated with the biological response is of major interest in the biomedical field. Based on the fact that the inflammatory response is directly involved in the ultimate response of the implant within the body, it is essential to study the macrophage-material interactions. Within this context, we have investigated the composite material-macrophage cell interactions and the inflammatory response to these composites with amorphous hydroxyapatite (HA), Lactoferrin (Lf), and polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (PEG-PCL) copolymer. All materials are obtained by Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique and characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells proliferation and metabolic activity were assessed by qualitative and quantitative methods. The secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine, in the presence and absence of the inflammatory stimuli (bacterial endotoxin; lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), was measured using an ELISA assay. Our results revealed that the cellular response depended on the physical-chemical characteristics of the coatings. Copolymer-HA-Lf coatings led to low level of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, the increased level of anti-inflammatory IL-10, and the polarization of THP-1 cells towards an M2 pro-reparative phenotype in the presence of LPS. These findings could have important potential for the development of composite coatings in implant applications.
Collapse
|