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Bekmurzayeva A, Nurlankyzy M, Abdossova A, Myrkhiyeva Z, Tosi D. All-fiber label-free optical fiber biosensors: from modern technologies to current applications [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1453-1473. [PMID: 38495725 PMCID: PMC10942689 DOI: 10.1364/boe.515563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors are established as promising analytical tools for detecting various analytes important in biomedicine and environmental monitoring. Using fiber optic technology as a sensing element in biosensors offers low cost, high sensitivity, chemical inertness, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Optical fiber sensors can be used in in vivo applications and multiplexed to detect several targets simultaneously. Certain configurations of optical fiber technology allow the detection of analytes in a label-free manner. This review aims to discuss recent advances in label-free optical fiber biosensors from a technological and application standpoint. First, modern technologies used to build label-free optical fiber-based sensors will be discussed. Then, current applications where these technologies are applied are elucidated. Namely, examples of detecting soluble cancer biomarkers, hormones, viruses, bacteria, and cells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Bekmurzayeva
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Marzhan Nurlankyzy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Albina Abdossova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhuldyz Myrkhiyeva
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Daniele Tosi
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
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Huang Y, Pu X, Qian H, Chuang CJ, Dong S, Wu J, Xue J, Cheng W, Ding S, Li S. Optical fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor using electroless-plated gold film for thrombin detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1469-1483. [PMID: 38236393 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes the simple and label-free detection of thrombin using optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors based on gold films prepared by the cost-effective method of electroless plating. The plating conditions for simultaneously obtaining gold film on cylindrical core and end surfaces of an optical fiber suitable for measurement were optimized. The fabricated sensor exhibited a linear refractive index sensitivity of 2150 nm/RIU and 7.136 (a.u.)/RIU in the refractive index of 1.3329-1.3605 interrogated by resonance wavelength and amplitude methods respectively and a single wavelength monitoring method was proposed to investigate the sensing performance of this sensor. Polyadenine diblock and thiolated thrombin aptamers were immobilized on gold nanoparticles and gold films respectively to implement a sandwich optical fiber assay for thrombin. The developed optical fiber SPR sensors were successfully used in the determination of thrombin down to 0.56 nM over a wide range from 2 to 100 nM and showed good selectivity for thrombin, which indicated their potential clinical applications for biomedical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Pu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Husun Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Chin-Jung Chuang
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan, China
| | - Shanshan Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jiangling Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jianjiang Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shijia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shengqiang Li
- Clinical Laboratory, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300000, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300000, China.
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Rashidova G, Tilegen M, Pham TT, Bekmurzayeva A, Tosi D. Functionalized optical fiber ball-shaped biosensor for label-free, low-limit detection of IL-8 protein. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:185-198. [PMID: 38223184 PMCID: PMC10783906 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Detection of biomarkers for tracking disease progression is becoming increasingly important in biomedicine. Using saliva as a diagnostic sample appears to be a safe, cost-effective, and non-invasive approach. Salivary interleukin-8 levels demonstrate specific changes associated with diseases such as obstructive pulmonary disease, squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer, and breast cancer. Traditional protein detection methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mass spectrometry, and Western blot are often expensive, complex, and time-consuming. In this study, an optical fiber-based biosensor was developed to detect salivary IL-8 protein in a label-free manner. The biosensor was able to achieve an ultra-low limit detection of 0.91 fM. Moreover, the tested concentration range was wide: from 273 aM to 59 fM. As a proof-of-concept for detecting the protein in real clinical samples, the detection was carried out in artificial saliva. It was possible to achieve high sensitivity for the target protein and minimal signal alterations for the control proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyunel Rashidova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Meruyert Tilegen
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Tri T. Pham
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Bekmurzayeva
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Daniele Tosi
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
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Maiti S, Prakash S, Singh V. Enhanced sensing performance of tapered profile in the apodized fiber Bragg grating for detection of cancerous cells utilizing their refractive index. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300237. [PMID: 37669917 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Tapered profiles are introduced in Bessel and Blackman apodized fiber Bragg grating, and their sensing performance is theoretically estimated. Reflectivity equation of proposed apodized tapered profiles is obtained using transfer matrix method and coupled mode theory. Since the effective refractive index (RI) of proposed waveguides varies with core radius therefore amplitude distribution and penetration depth of light in surroundings are modified. It is found that the exponential tapered profile with Bessel apodization shows a higher sensitivity of 682.5 nm/RIU, detection accuracy of 3858.45, and quality parameter 1718.02/RIU with minimum full width at half maxima (FWHM) 0.3972 nm of the reflection spectra. The spectral response of the tapered fiber Bragg grating is also analyzed through a group delay study. Again, exponential profile was found to be particularly effective, producing less group delay ripples 2.98 ps and is maximum slope of 42.43°. Hence, exponential tapered profile is demonstrated for detection of cancer cells lies between the refractive index of 1.3333-1.4412.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souryadipta Maiti
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Suraj Prakash
- Department of Physics, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Vivek Singh
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Wang R, Yan M, Jiang M, Li Y, Kang X, Hu M, Liu B, He Z, Kong D. Label-free and selective cholesterol detection based on multilayer functional structure coated fiber fabry-perot interferometer probe. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341051. [PMID: 36935139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
A reflective fiber-optic Fabry-Perot cavity probe sensor is proposed to selectively measure cholesterol concentration by insert single mode fiber into ceramic tube and immobilize epoxy resin (ER)/graphene oxide (GO)/beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) multi-layer film onto end face of ceramic tube. EDC/NHS activated GO is selected to form chemical binding with β-CD, and β-CD is the sensitive materials to bind with cholesterol molecules. With multi-layer film assisted, the sensitivity of sensor to cholesterol concentration can reach 3.92 nm/mM and the limit of detection reaches 3.48 μ M. In addition, 4 mM hemoglobin, glucose and ascorbic acid are doped into a set cholesterol sample and verified the highly selectivity of sensing cholesterol. Furthermore, the reproducibility was proved by measure the spectrum of four sensors with same fabrication process, and the reusability was also proved by repeated measurements. Overall, the sensor features with high mechanical strength, ease of fabrication, real-time monitoring, low cost and ease for measurement that given by probe structure. Therefore, the sensor provides a remarkable analytical platform for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiduo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Institute of Photonics&Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Institute of Photonics&Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Institute of Photonics&Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aperture Array and Space Application, 38th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, HeFei, 230000, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Mingxuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Institute of Photonics&Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Institute of Photonics&Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengquan He
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Depeng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
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Mustapha Kamil Y, Abu Bakar MH, Zainuddin NH, Yaacob MH, Mahdi MA. Progress and Trends of Optical Microfiber-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:270. [PMID: 36832036 PMCID: PMC9954031 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are central to diagnostic and medicinal applications, especially in terms of monitoring, managing illness, and public health. Microfiber-based biosensors are known to be capable of measuring both the presence and behavior of biological molecules in a highly sensitive manner. In addition, the flexibility of microfiber in supporting a variety of sensing layer designs and the integration of nanomaterials with biorecognition molecules brings immense opportunity for specificity enhancement. This review paper aims to discuss and explore different microfiber configurations by highlighting their fundamental concepts, fabrication processes, and performance as biosensors.
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Chen S, Zhang C, Wang J, Li N, Song Y, Wu H, Liu Y. A Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Based on Cladding Mode Resonance for Label-Free Biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010097. [PMID: 36671932 PMCID: PMC9855977 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A fiber-optic biosensing platform based on ultra-narrowband cladding mode resonances was developed on a high-reflectivity fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for targeting biomolecular detection. The multiple cladding modes with a high sensitivity to the refractive index (RI) were excited in the FBG by coupling between the forward-propagating guided core mode of the multimode fiber and the backward-propagating guided cladding mode of the FBG without any damage to the fiber structure or any change to the standard FBG manufacturing process. The full width at half maximum and the Q-factor of the typical cladding mode resonance operation of the proposed sensor are 80 pm and 19,270, respectively, which are better than those of most fiber-optic biosensors reported to date. In addition, the FBG sensor demonstrated a high sensitivity in protein detection and a high selectivity in serum sample assays. The sensitivity of this sensor was further increased simply by coating it with graphene oxide (GO) sheets on the sensing surface without using a signal amplification strategy. Furthermore, an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 32 pM was obtained by the GO-coated FBG sensor for IgG detection. The proposed FBG sensor provides a competitive fiber-optic platform for biomolecular detection. It has a great potential for applications in label-free biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Chen
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Haojun Wu
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Cai J, Liu Y, Shu X. Long-Period Fiber Grating Sensors for Chemical and Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:542. [PMID: 36617140 PMCID: PMC9823881 DOI: 10.3390/s23010542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber biosensors (OFBS) are being increasingly proposed due to their intrinsic advantages over conventional sensors, including their compactness, potential remote control and immunity to electromagnetic interference. This review systematically introduces the advances of OFBS based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) for chemical and biomedical applications from the perspective of design and functionalization. The sensitivity of such a sensor can be enhanced by designing the device working at or near the dispersion turning point, or working around the mode transition, or their combination. In addition, several common functionalization methods are summarized in detail, such as the covalent immobilization of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) silanization and graphene oxide (GO) functionalization, and the noncovalent immobilization of the layer-by-layer assembly method. Moreover, reflective LPFG-based sensors with different configurations have also been introduced. This work aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of LPFG-based biosensors and to suggest some future directions for exploration.
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Li B, Zhang R, Bi R, Olivo M. Applications of Optical Fiber in Label-Free Biosensors and Bioimaging: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:64. [PMID: 36671899 PMCID: PMC9855469 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biosensing and bioimaging are essential in understanding biological and pathological processes in a living system, for example, in detecting and understanding certain diseases. Optical fiber has made remarkable contributions to the biosensing and bioimaging areas due to its unique advantages of compact size, immunity to electromagnetic interference, biocompatibility, fast response, etc. This review paper will present an overview of seven common types of optical fiber biosensors and optical fiber-based ultrasound detection in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and the applications of these technologies in biosensing and bioimaging areas. Of course, there are many types of optical fiber biosensors. Still, this paper will review the most common ones: optical fiber grating, surface plasmon resonance, Sagnac interferometer, Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Michelson interferometer, Fabry-Perot Interferometer, lossy mode resonance, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Furthermore, different optical fiber techniques for detecting ultrasound in PAI are summarized. Finally, the main challenges and future development direction are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renzhe Bi
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (M.O.); Tel.: +65-6824-7003 (M.O.)
| | - Malini Olivo
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (M.O.); Tel.: +65-6824-7003 (M.O.)
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Pioz MJ, Espinosa RL, Laguna MF, Santamaria B, Murillo AMM, Hueros ÁL, Quintero S, Tramarin L, Valle LG, Herreros P, Bellido A, Casquel R, Holgado M. A review of Optical Point-of-Care devices to Estimate the Technology Transfer of These Cutting-Edge Technologies. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121091. [PMID: 36551058 PMCID: PMC9776401 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable development related to Point-of-Care devices based on optical technology, their difficulties when used outside of research laboratories are notable. In this sense, it would be interesting to ask ourselves what the degree of transferability of the research work to the market is, for example, by analysing the relation between the scientific work developed and the registered one, through patent. In this work, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in the sector of optical Point-of-Care devices, not only in the research area but also regarding their transfer to market. To this end, we explored a methodology for searching articles and patents to obtain an indicator that relates to both. This figure of merit to estimate this transfer is based on classifying the relevant research articles in the area and the patents that have been generated from these ones. To delimit the scope of this study, we researched the results of a large enough number of publications in the period from 2015 to 2020, by using keywords "biosensor", "optic", and "device" to obtain the most representative articles from Web of Science and Scopus. Then, we classified them according to a particular classification of the optical PoC devices. Once we had this sampling frame, we defined a patent search strategy to cross-link the article with a registered patent (by surfing Google Patents) and classified them accordingly to the categories described. Finally, we proposed a relative figure called Index of Technology Transference (IoTT), which estimates to what extent our findings in science materialized in published articles are protected by patent.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Pioz
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- University of Nebrija, C/del Hostal, Campus Berzosa, 28248 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío L. Espinosa
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fe Laguna
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Santamaria
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Metch, Chem & Industrial Design Engineering Department, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ronda de Valencia 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María M. Murillo
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Lavín Hueros
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Quintero
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Tramarin
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis G Valle
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Herreros
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Bellido
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Multiplex Molecular Diagnostics S.L. C/ Munner 10, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Casquel
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Holgado
- Optics, Photonics and Biophotonics Group, Center for Biomedical Technology, Optics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Group of Organ and Tissue on-a-Chip and In-Vitro Detection, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª _Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Leitão C, Pereira SO, Marques C, Cennamo N, Zeni L, Shaimerdenova M, Ayupova T, Tosi D. Cost-Effective Fiber Optic Solutions for Biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:575. [PMID: 36004971 PMCID: PMC9405647 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, optical fiber sensors have proven to be a reliable and versatile biosensing tool. Optical fiber biosensors (OFBs) are analytical devices that use optical fibers as transducers, with the advantages of being easily coated and biofunctionalized, allowing the monitorization of all functionalization and detection in real-time, as well as being small in size and geometrically flexible, thus allowing device miniaturization and portability for point-of-care (POC) testing. Knowing the potential of such biosensing tools, this paper reviews the reported OFBs which are, at the moment, the most cost-effective. Different fiber configurations are highlighted, namely, end-face reflected, unclad, D- and U-shaped, tips, ball resonators, tapered, light-diffusing, and specialty fibers. Packaging techniques to enhance OFBs' application in the medical field, namely for implementing in subcutaneous, percutaneous, and endoscopic operations as well as in wearable structures, are presented and discussed. Interrogation approaches of OFBs using smartphones' hardware are a great way to obtain cost-effective sensing approaches. In this review paper, different architectures of such interrogation methods and their respective applications are presented. Finally, the application of OFBs in monitoring three crucial fields of human life and wellbeing are reported: detection of cancer biomarkers, detection of cardiovascular biomarkers, and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Leitão
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.O.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Sónia O. Pereira
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.O.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlos Marques
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.O.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Nunzio Cennamo
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (N.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luigi Zeni
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (N.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Madina Shaimerdenova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Takhmina Ayupova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Daniele Tosi
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (T.A.)
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, National Laboratory Astana, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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12
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A Review of Apta-POF-Sensors: The Successful Coupling between Aptamers and Plastic Optical Fibers for Biosensing Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers represent the next frontier as biorecognition elements in biosensors thanks to a smaller size and lower molecular weight with respect to antibodies, more structural flexibility with the possibility to be regenerated, reduced batch-to-batch variation, and a potentially lower cost. Their high specificity and small size are particularly interesting for their application in optical biosensors since the perturbation of the evanescent field are low. Apart from the conventional plasmonic optical sensors, platforms based on silica and plastic optical fibers represent an interesting class of devices for point-of-care testing (POCT) in different applications. The first example of the coupling between aptamers and silica optical fibers was reported by Pollet in 2009 for the detection of IgE molecules. Six years later, the first example was published using a plastic optical fiber (POF) for the detection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The excellent flexibility, great numerical aperture, and the large diameter make POFs extremely promising to be coupled to aptamers for the development of a sensitive platform easily integrable in portable, small-size, and simple devices. Starting from silica fiber-based surface plasmon resonance devices, here, a focus on significant biological applications based on aptamers, combined with plasmonic-POF probes, is reported.
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13
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Optimization of Cladding Diameter for Refractive Index Sensing in Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062259. [PMID: 35336430 PMCID: PMC8953173 DOI: 10.3390/s22062259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an experimental investigation of the effect of chemical etching on the refractive index (RI) sensitivity of tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs). Hydrofluoric acid (HF) was used stepwise in order to reduce the optical fiber diameter from 125 µm to 13 µm. After each etching step, TFBGs were calibrated using two ranges of RI solutions: the first one with high RI variation (from 1.33679 RIU to 1.37078 RIU) and the second with low RI variation (from 1.34722 RIU to 1.34873 RIU). RI sensitivity was analyzed in terms of wavelength shift and intensity change of the grating resonances. The highest amplitude sensitivities obtained are 1008 dB/RIU for the high RI range and 8160 dB/RIU for the low RI range, corresponding to the unetched TFBG. The highest wavelength sensitivities are 38.8 nm/RIU for a fiber diameter of 100 µm for the high RI range, and 156 nm/RIU for a diameter of 40 µm for the small RI range. In addition, the effect of the etching process on the spectral intensity of the cladding modes, their wavelength separation and sensor linearity (R2) were studied as well. As a result, an optimization of the etching process is provided, so that the best trade-off between sensitivity, intensity level, and fiber thickness can be obtained.
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14
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Vidal M, Soares MS, Loyez M, Costa FM, Caucheteur C, Marques C, Pereira SO, Leitão C. Relevance of the Spectral Analysis Method of Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Biosensors: A Case-Study for Heart Failure Monitoring. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062141. [PMID: 35336312 PMCID: PMC8954114 DOI: 10.3390/s22062141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber technology has rapidly progressed over the years, providing valuable benefits for biosensing purposes such as sensor miniaturization and the possibility for remote and real-time monitoring. In particular, tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs) are extremely sensitive to refractive index variations taking place on their surface. The present work comprises a case-study on the impact of different methods of analysis applied to decode spectral variations of bare and plasmonic TFBGs during the detection of N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a heart failure biomarker, namely by following the most sensitive mode, peaks of the spectral envelopes, and the envelopes’ crossing point and area. Tracking the lower envelope resulted in the lowest limits of detection (LOD) for bare and plasmonic TFBGs, namely, 0.75 ng/mL and 0.19 ng/mL, respectively. This work demonstrates the importance of the analysis method on the outcome results, which is crucial to attain the most reliable and sensitive method with lower LOD sensors. Furthermore, it makes the scientific community aware to take careful attention when comparing the performance of different biosensors in which different analysis methods were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Vidal
- Physics Department & I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.V.); (M.S.S.); (F.M.C.); (C.M.); (S.O.P.)
| | - Maria Simone Soares
- Physics Department & I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.V.); (M.S.S.); (F.M.C.); (C.M.); (S.O.P.)
| | - Médéric Loyez
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, 31 Bld Dolez, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Florinda M. Costa
- Physics Department & I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.V.); (M.S.S.); (F.M.C.); (C.M.); (S.O.P.)
| | - Christophe Caucheteur
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, 31 Bld Dolez, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlos Marques
- Physics Department & I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.V.); (M.S.S.); (F.M.C.); (C.M.); (S.O.P.)
| | - Sónia O. Pereira
- Physics Department & I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.V.); (M.S.S.); (F.M.C.); (C.M.); (S.O.P.)
| | - Cátia Leitão
- Physics Department & I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.V.); (M.S.S.); (F.M.C.); (C.M.); (S.O.P.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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16
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Loyez M, DeRosa MC, Caucheteur C, Wattiez R. Overview and emerging trends in optical fiber aptasensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 196:113694. [PMID: 34637994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical fiber biosensors have attracted growing interest over the last decade and quickly became a key enabling technology, especially for the detection of biomarkers at extremely low concentrations and in small volumes. Among the many and recent fiber-optic sensing amenities, aptamers-based sensors have shown unequalled performances in terms of ease of production, specificity, and sensitivity. The immobilization of small and highly stable bioreceptors such as DNA has bolstered their use for the most varied applications e.g., medical diagnosis, food safety and environmental monitoring. This review highlights the recent advances in aptamer-based optical fiber biosensors. An in-depth analysis of the literature summarizes different fiber-optic structures and biochemical strategies for molecular detection and immobilization of receptors over diverse surfaces. In this review, we analyze the features offered by those sensors and discuss about the next challenges to be addressed. This overview investigates both biochemical and optical parameters, drawing the guiding lines for forthcoming innovations and prospects in this ever-growing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médéric Loyez
- Proteomics and Microbiology Department, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, 7000, Mons, Belgium; Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, Bld. Dolez 31, 7000, Mons, Belgium.
| | - Maria C DeRosa
- Department of Chemistry, 203 Steacie Building, Carleton University, 1125, Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christophe Caucheteur
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, Bld. Dolez 31, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Proteomics and Microbiology Department, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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17
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Sypabekova M, Tosi D, Vangelista L. Perspectives on Assembling Coronavirus Spikes on Fiber Optics to Reveal Broadly Recognizing Antibodies and Generate a Universal Coronavirus Detector. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:637715. [PMID: 34900951 PMCID: PMC8661133 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.637715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In time of COVID-19 biological detection technologies are of crucial relevance. We propose here the use of state of the art optical fiber biosensors to address two aspects of the fight against SARS-CoV-2 and other pandemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Fiber optic biosensors functionalized with HCoV spikes could be used to discover broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) effective against known HCoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and likely future ones. In turn, identified bnAbs, once immobilized onto fiber optic biosensors, should be capable to detect HCoVs as diagnostic and environmental sensing devices. The therapeutic and preventative value of bnAbs is immense as they can be used for passive immunization and for the educated development of a universal vaccine (active immunization). Hence, HCoV bnAbs represent an extremely important resource for future preparedness against coronavirus-borne pandemics. Furthermore, the assembly of bnAb-based biosensors constitutes an innovative approach to counteract public health threats, as it bears diagnostic competence additional to environmental detection of a range of pandemic strains. This concept can be extended to different pandemic viruses, as well as bio-warfare threats that entail existing, emerging and extinct viruses (e.g., the smallpox-causing Variola virus). We report here the forefront fiber optic biosensor technology that could be implemented to achieve these aims.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Tosi
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, National Laboratory Astana, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Luca Vangelista
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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18
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Gan W, Xu Z, Li Y, Bi W, Chu L, Qi Q, Yang Y, Zhang P, Gan N, Dai S, Xu T. Rapid and sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus by using a long-period fiber grating immunosensor coated with egg yolk antibody. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113860. [PMID: 34890885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and reliable detection of bacteria plays an important role in clinical and veterinary practice. A stable, label free, compact, and sensitive long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensor based on egg yolk antibody (IgY) was proposed for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). LPFG was fabricated with laser writing technology, and specific IgY was further immobilized on the grating region and then combined with the corresponding bacteria. S. aureus was detected by tracking the change of resonance wavelength in the LPFG transmission spectrum caused by bacteria-antibody interaction induced by the increase of biological cover thickness and density after the immune reaction. The testing results showed that the proposed sensor was selective and sensitive to S. aureus measurement, and the detection limit is approximately 33 CFU/ml. The proposed antibody immobilization method is very simple, and the optical fiber can be manufactured in batch to reduce the cost. The detection time of the sensor is around 20 min, which is fast and suitable for detection. The assay was successfully applied for the quantitative analysis of S. aureus in natural waters and met the needs of on-site screening trace pathogenic bacteria in food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Gan
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhenli Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wenchao Bi
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Luoyao Chu
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qianyu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yitao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Peiqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Ning Gan
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Shixun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Oceanography, Ningbo, 315832, China
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19
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Design and Manufacturing Optoelectronic Sensors for the Measurement of Refractive Index Changes under Unknown Polarization State. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217318. [PMID: 34770625 PMCID: PMC8586981 DOI: 10.3390/s21217318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes a new method for detecting slight refractive index changes under conditions of unknown polarization state. It is argued that an insignificant modification of the tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) structure and selecting the appropriate spectral region allows us to accurately track changes in the refractive index. It has also been proven that the method can be easily made insensitive to temperature and that the sensitivity to changes in the polarization plane of the input light can be significantly reduced, which is crucial in later practical applications. Analytes in the form of an aqueous glucose solution were used to calibrate the sensor. The proposed method, based on perpendicular tilted fiber Bragg grating (P-TFBG), has a wide range of universality because its development and slight modification will enable the detection of glucose, pathogens, and viruses.
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20
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Optical Fiber Ball Resonator Sensor Spectral Interrogation through Undersampled KLT: Application to Refractive Index Sensing and Cancer Biomarker Biosensing. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206721. [PMID: 34695934 PMCID: PMC8537289 DOI: 10.3390/s21206721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical fiber ball resonators based on single-mode fibers in the infrared range are an emerging technology for refractive index sensing and biosensing. These devices are easy and rapid to fabricate using a CO2 laser splicer and yield a very low finesse reflection spectrum with a quasi-random pattern. In addition, they can be functionalized for biosensing by using a thin-film sputtering method. A common problem of this type of device is that the spectral response is substantially unknown, and poorly correlated with the size and shape of the spherical device. In this work, we propose a detection method based on Karhunen−Loeve transform (KLT), applied to the undersampled spectrum measured by an optical backscatter reflectometer. We show that this method correctly detects the response of the ball resonator in any working condition, without prior knowledge of the sensor under interrogation. First, this method for refractive index sensing of a gold-coated resonator is applied, showing 1594 RIU−1 sensitivity; then, this concept is extended to a biofunctionalized ball resonator, detecting CD44 cancer biomarker concentration with a picomolar-level limit of detection (19.7 pM) and high specificity (30–41%).
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21
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Bekmurzayeva A, Ashikbayeva Z, Myrkhiyeva Z, Nugmanova A, Shaimerdenova M, Ayupova T, Tosi D. Label-free fiber-optic spherical tip biosensor to enable picomolar-level detection of CD44 protein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19583. [PMID: 34599251 PMCID: PMC8486867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased level of CD44 protein in serum is observed in several cancers and is associated with tumor burden and metastasis. Current clinically used detection methods of this protein are time-consuming and use labeled reagents for analysis. Therefore exploring new label-free and fast methods for its quantification including its detection in situ is of importance. This study reports the first optical fiber biosensor for CD44 protein detection, based on a spherical fiber optic tip device. The sensor is easily fabricated from an inexpensive material (single-mode fiber widely used in telecommunication) in a fast and robust manner through a CO2 laser splicer. The fabricated sensor responded to refractive index change with a sensitivity of 95.76 dB/RIU. The spherical tip was further functionalized with anti-CD44 antibodies to develop a biosensor and each step of functionalization was verified by an atomic force microscope. The biosensor detected a target of interest with an achieved limit of detection of 17 pM with only minor signal change to two control proteins. Most importantly, concentrations tested in this work are very broad and are within the clinically relevant concentration range. Moreover, the configuration of the proposed biosensor allows its potential incorporation into an in situ system for quantitative detection of this biomarker in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Bekmurzayeva
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Zhannat Ashikbayeva
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Zhuldyz Myrkhiyeva
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigerim Nugmanova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Madina Shaimerdenova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Takhmina Ayupova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Daniele Tosi
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
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22
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Shallow-Tapered Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Dual Refractive Index and Temperature Sensing. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21113635. [PMID: 34073669 PMCID: PMC8197150 DOI: 10.3390/s21113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a gold-coated shallow-tapered chirped fiber Bragg grating (stCFBG) for dual refractive index (RI) and temperature sensing. The stCFBG has been fabricated on a 15-mm long chirped FBG, by tapering a 7.29-mm region with a waist of 39 μm. The spectral analysis shows two distinct regions: a pre-taper region, in which the stCFBG is RI-independent and can be used to detect thermal changes, and a post-taper region, in which the reflectivity increases significantly when the RI increments. We estimate the RI and thermal sensitivities as 382.83 dB/RIU and 9.893 pm/°C, respectively. The cross-talk values are low (−1.54 × 10−3 dB/°C and 568.1 pm/RIU), which allows an almost ideal separation between RI and thermal characteristics. The stCFBG is a compact probe, suitable for long-term and temperature-compensated biosensing and detection of chemical analytes.
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23
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Juste-Dolz A, Delgado-Pinar M, Avella-Oliver M, Fernández E, Pastor D, Andrés MV, Maquieira Á. BIO bragg gratings on microfibers for label-free biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 176:112916. [PMID: 33401145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Discovering nanoscale phenomena to sense biorecognition events introduces new perspectives to exploit nanoscience and nanotechnology for bioanalytical purposes. Here we present Bio Bragg Gratings (BBGs), a novel biosensing approach that consists of diffractive structures of protein bioreceptors patterned on the surface of optical waveguides, and tailored to transduce the magnitude of biorecognition assays into the intensity of single peaks in the reflection spectrum. This work addresses the design, fabrication, and optimization of this system by both theoretical and experimental studies to explore the fundamental physicochemical parameters involved. Functional biomolecular gratings are fabricated by microcontact printing on the surface of tapered optical microfibers, and their structural features were characterized. The transduction principle is experimentally demonstrated, and its quantitative bioanalytical prospects are assessed in a representative immunoassay, based on patterned protein probes and selective IgG targets, in label-free conditions. This biosensing system involves appealing perspectives to avoid unwanted signal contributions from non-specific binding, herein investigated in human serum samples. The work also proves how the optical response of the system can be easily tuned, and it provides insights into the relevance of this feature to conceive multiplexed BBG systems capable to perform multiple label-free biorecognition assays in a single device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Juste-Dolz
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martina Delgado-Pinar
- Department of Applied Physics and Electromagnetism-ICMUV, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Miquel Avella-Oliver
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Estrella Fernández
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Pastor
- Photonics Research Labs, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46021, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel V Andrés
- Department of Applied Physics and Electromagnetism-ICMUV, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Suhito IR, Koo KM, Kim TH. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Biomolecules and Whole Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 9:15. [PMID: 33375330 PMCID: PMC7824644 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors are considered an auspicious tool to detect biomolecules (e.g., DNA, proteins, and lipids), which are valuable sources for the early diagnosis of diseases and disorders. Advances in electrochemical sensing platforms have enabled the development of a new type of biosensor, enabling label-free, non-destructive detection of viability, function, and the genetic signature of whole cells. Numerous studies have attempted to enhance both the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors, which are the most critical parameters for assessing sensor performance. Various nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, and metal oxide nanoparticles, have been used to improve the electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic properties of working electrodes, increasing sensor sensitivity. Further modifications have been implemented to advance sensor platform selectivity and biocompatibility using biomaterials such as antibodies, aptamers, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and peptide composites. This paper summarizes recent electrochemical sensors designed to detect target biomolecules and animal cells (cancer cells and stem cells). We hope that this review will inspire researchers to increase their efforts to accelerate biosensor progress-enabling a prosperous future in regenerative medicine and the biomedical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Rosalina Suhito
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (I.R.S.); (K.-M.K.)
| | - Kyeong-Mo Koo
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (I.R.S.); (K.-M.K.)
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (I.R.S.); (K.-M.K.)
- Integrative Research Center for Two-Dimensional Functional Materials, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Chung Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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Fiber Optic Refractive Index Sensors Based on a Ball Resonator and Optical Backscatter Interrogation. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216199. [PMID: 33143287 PMCID: PMC7662276 DOI: 10.3390/s20216199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduced fabrication and interrogation of simple and highly sensitive fiber-optic refractive index (RI) sensors based on ball resonators built on the tip of single-mode fibers. The probes have been fabricated through a CO2 fiber splicer, with a fast (~600 s) and repeatable method. The ball resonator acted as a weak interferometer with a return loss below −50 dB and was interrogated with an optical backscatter reflectometer measuring the reflection spectrum. The ball resonators behaved as weak interferometers with a shallow fringe and a spectrum that appeared close to a random signal, and RI sensitivity could be measured either through wavelength shift or amplitude change. In this work, we reported four samples having sensitivity ranges 48.9–403.3 nm/RIU and 256.0–566.2 dB/RIU (RIU = refractive index unit). Ball resonators appeared as a sensitive and robust platform for RI sensing in liquid and can be further functionalized for biosensing.
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Sypabekova M, Aitkulov A, Blanc W, Tosi D. Reflector-less nanoparticles doped optical fiber biosensor for the detection of proteins: Case thrombin. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112365. [PMID: 32729497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A miniature biosensing platform based on MgO-based nanoparticle doped optical fiber was developed for the biomolecule detection. The technology used a single mode fiber with MgO-based nanoparticles doped core. The detection was based on collecting the Rayleigh backscattering signatures with increased gain upon the etching of the fiber 1-2 mm away from the tip. The shift from the backscattered signal with the maximum value of the cross-correlation was used to report the results. The sensor exhibited a sensitivity range from 0.75 nm/refractive index unit up to 19.63 nm/refractive index unit for a refractive index range from 1.3329 up to 1.37649. The deposition of the thin gold layer increased the overall sensitivity of the biosensor by 3.7 times for the etched part of the fiber with diameter 8-9 μm. The proposed biosensor was tested for the detection of thrombin molecule concentrations ranging from 0.625 μg/ml to 20 μg/ml. Thiol modified DNA specific aptamers were used to functionalize the gold coated surface of the fiber for the detection. The sensor showed detectable sensitivity and specificity as compared to the other control proteins. The proposed biosensing platform could be multiplexed and can be used in vivo for the detection in clinical settings due to its miniature size, biocompatibility of silica glass and reflector less set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzhan Sypabekova
- National Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; Nazarbayev University, School of Medicine, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Arman Aitkulov
- Nazarbayev University, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Wilfried Blanc
- Université Côte d'Azur, INPHYNI-CNRS UMR 7010, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Daniele Tosi
- National Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; Nazarbayev University, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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27
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Gauglitz G. Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3317-3349. [PMID: 32313998 PMCID: PMC7214504 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct optical detection has proven to be a highly interesting tool in biomolecular interaction analysis to be used in drug discovery, ligand/receptor interactions, environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, screening of large data volumes in immunology, cancer therapy, or personalized medicine. In this review, the fundamental optical principles and applications are reviewed. Devices are based on concepts such as refractometry, evanescent field, waveguides modes, reflectometry, resonance and/or interference. They are realized in ring resonators; prism couplers; surface plasmon resonance; resonant mirror; Bragg grating; grating couplers; photonic crystals, Mach-Zehnder, Young, Hartman interferometers; backscattering; ellipsometry; or reflectance interferometry. The physical theories of various optical principles have already been reviewed in detail elsewhere and are therefore only cited. This review provides an overall survey on the application of these methods in direct optical biosensing. The "historical" development of the main principles is given to understand the various, and sometimes only slightly modified variations published as "new" methods or the use of a new acronym and commercialization by different companies. Improvement of optics is only one way to increase the quality of biosensors. Additional essential aspects are the surface modification of transducers, immobilization strategies, selection of recognition elements, the influence of non-specific interaction, selectivity, and sensitivity. Furthermore, papers use for reporting minimal amounts of detectable analyte terms such as value of mass, moles, grams, or mol/L which are difficult to compare. Both these essential aspects (i.e., biochemistry and the presentation of LOD values) can be discussed only in brief (but references are provided) in order to prevent the paper from becoming too long. The review will concentrate on a comparison of the optical methods, their application, and the resulting bioanalytical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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28
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Continuous Detection of Increasing Concentrations of Thrombin Employing a Label-Free Photonic Crystal Aptasensor. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050464. [PMID: 32354154 PMCID: PMC7281654 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin generation is a complex and finely regulated pathway that provokes dynamical changes of thrombin concentration in blood when a vascular injury occurs. In order to characterize the initiation phase of such process, when thrombin concentration is in the nM range, a label-free optical aptasensor is proposed here. This aptasensor combines a 1D photonic crystal structure consisting of a silicon corrugated waveguide with thrombin binding aptamers on its surface as bioreceptors. As a result, this aptasensor has been demonstrated to specifically detect thrombin concentrations ranging from 270 pM to 27 nM with an estimated detection limit of 33.5 pM and a response time of ~2 min. Furthermore, it has also been demonstrated that this aptasensor is able to continuously respond to consecutive increasing concentrations of thrombin and to detect binding events as they occur. All these features make this aptasensor a good candidate to continuously study how thrombin concentration progressively increases during the initiation phase of the coagulation cascade.
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Gu H, Li X, Wang X, Liu X. High-precision differential measurement of dye concentration based on two cascaded fiber Bragg gratings. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:413-417. [PMID: 32225321 DOI: 10.1364/ao.376631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A high-precision differential detection system based on two cascaded fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is proposed to detect dye concentration. In this system, two low-quality common FBGs are connected in a series, and one is corroded by 20% hydrofluoric solutions for 210 min. A novel demodulation method-differential measurement-is proposed to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The working point is not in the central but in the waist region of the reflection spectra of the etched FBG, which has the best sensitivity and minimal nonlinearity (∼0.018%). After adopting the differential measurement, the detection precision of the dye concentration has been obviously improved. According to our analysis, the theoretical limit sensitivity of the sensor can reach 7×10-4ppm.
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Sypabekova M, Korganbayev S, González-Vila Á, Caucheteur C, Shaimerdenova M, Ayupova T, Bekmurzayeva A, Vangelista L, Tosi D. Functionalized etched tilted fiber Bragg grating aptasensor for label-free protein detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 146:111765. [PMID: 31606689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An aptasensor based on etched tilted fiber Bragg grating (eTFBG) is developed on a single-mode optical fiber targeting biomolecule detection. TFBGs were chemically etched using hydrofluoric acid (HF) to partially remove the fiber cladding. The sensor response was coarsely interrogated, resulting on a sensitivity increase from 1.25 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) at the beginning of the process, up to 23.38 nm/RIU at the end of the etching, for a RI range from 1.3418 to 1.4419 RIU. The proposed aptasensor showed improved RI sensitivity as compared to the unetched TFBG, without requiring metal depositions on the fiber surface or polarization control during the measurements. The proposed sensor was tested for the detection of thrombin-aptamer interactions based on silane-coupling surface chemistry, with thrombin concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 40 nM. Functionalized eTFBGs provided a competitive platform for biochemical interaction measurements, showing sensitivity values ranging from 2.3 to 3.3 p.m./nM for the particular case of thrombin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzhan Sypabekova
- PI National Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Sanzhar Korganbayev
- PI National Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Álvaro González-Vila
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Christophe Caucheteur
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Madina Shaimerdenova
- PI National Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Takhmina Ayupova
- PI National Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Bekmurzayeva
- PI National Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Luca Vangelista
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Daniele Tosi
- PI National Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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