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Mechanical sensors based on two-dimensional materials: Sensing mechanisms, structural designs and wearable applications. iScience 2022; 25:103728. [PMID: 35072014 PMCID: PMC8762477 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with bulk materials, atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) crystals possess a range of unique mechanical properties, including relatively high in-plane stiffness and large bending flexibility. The atomic 2D building blocks can be reassembled into precisely designed heterogeneous composite structures of various geometries with customized mechanical sensing behaviors. Due to their small specific density, high flexibility, and environmental adaptability, mechanical sensors based on 2D materials can conform to soft and curved surfaces, thus providing suitable solutions for functional applications in future wearable devices. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in mechanical sensors based on 2D materials from the perspective of function-oriented applications. First, typical mechanical sensing mechanisms are introduced. Second, we attempt to establish a correspondence between typical structure designs and the performance/multi-functions of the devices. Afterward, several particularly promising areas for potential applications are discussed, following which we present perspectives on current challenges and future opportunities
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Grosinger P, Rybář J, Dunaj Š, Ďuriš S, Hučko B. A New Payload Swing Angle Sensing Device and Its Accuracy. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196612. [PMID: 34640932 PMCID: PMC8512306 DOI: 10.3390/s21196612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the swing angle of a crane load is a relatively well-known but unsatisfactorily solved problem in technical practice. This measurement is necessary for the automatic stabilization of load swing without human intervention. This article describes a technically simple and new approach to solving this problem. The focus of this work is to determine the accuracy of the measuring device. The focus of this work remains on the design, the principle of operation of the equipment, and the determination of accuracy. The basic idea is to apply the strain gauge on an elastic, easily deformable component that is part of the device. One part of the elastic component is fixedly connected to the frame; the other part is connected to the crane rope by means of pulleys close to the rope. In this way, the bending of the elastic component in proportion to the swing angle of the payload is ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Rybář
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-949-611-537
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Collomb D, Li P, Bending S. Frontiers of graphene-based Hall-effect sensors. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:243002. [PMID: 33853045 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abf7e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hall sensors have become one of the most used magnetic sensors in recent decades, performing the vital function of providing a magnetic sense that is naturally absent in humans. Various electronic applications have evolved from circuit-integrated Hall sensors due to their low cost, simple linear magnetic field response, ability to operate in a large magnetic field range, high magnetic sensitivity and low electronic noise, in addition to many other advantages. Recent developments in the fabrication and performance of graphene Hall devices promise to open up the realm of Hall sensor applications by not only widening the horizon of current uses through performance improvements, but also driving Hall sensor electronics into entirely new areas. In this review paper we describe the evolution from the traditional selection of Hall device materials to graphene Hall devices, and explore the various applications enabled by them. This includes a summary of the selection of materials and architectures for contemporary micro-to nanoscale Hall sensors. We then turn our attention to introducing graphene and its remarkable physical properties and explore how this impacts the magnetic sensitivity and electronic noise of graphene-based Hall sensors. We summarise the current state-of-the art of research into graphene Hall probes, demonstrating their record-breaking performance. Building on this, we explore the various new application areas graphene Hall sensors are pioneering such as magnetic imaging and non-destructive testing. Finally, we look at recent encouraging results showing that graphene Hall sensors have plenty of room to improve, before then discussing future prospects for industry-level scalable fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Collomb
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Penglei Li
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bending
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Liu H, Zhang H, Han W, Lin H, Li R, Zhu J, Huang W. 3D Printed Flexible Strain Sensors: From Printing to Devices and Signals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004782. [PMID: 33448066 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The revolutionary and pioneering advancements of flexible electronics provide the boundless potential to become one of the leading trends in the exploitation of wearable devices and electronic skin. Working as substantial intermediates for the collection of external mechanical signals, flexible strain sensors that get intensive attention are regarded as indispensable components in flexible integrated electronic systems. Compared with conventional preparation methods including complicated lithography and transfer printing, 3D printing technology is utilized to manufacture various flexible strain sensors owing to the low processing cost, superior fabrication accuracy, and satisfactory production efficiency. Herein, up-to-date flexible strain sensors fabricated via 3D printing are highlighted, focusing on different printing methods based on photocuring and materials extrusion, including Digital Light Processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and direct ink writing (DIW). Sensing mechanisms of 3D printed strain sensors are also discussed. Furthermore, the existing bottlenecks and future prospects are provided for further progressing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ruizi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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Kim JH, Jin JH, Min NK. Enhanced Stability and Amplified Signal Output of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube-Based NH 3-Sensitive Electrode after Dual Plasma Treatment. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061026. [PMID: 32471170 PMCID: PMC7352858 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pristine nanomaterials are normally prepared using finely controlled fabrication processes. Because no imperfect nanostructure remains, they cannot be used directly as electrode substrates of functional devices. This is because perfectly organized nanostructures or nanomaterials commonly require posttreatment to generate intentionally, the kinds of desirable defects inside or on their surfaces that enable effective functionalization. Plasma treatment is an easier, simpler and more widely used way (relative to other methods) to modify a variety of nanomaterials, although plasma-functionalized nano surfaces commonly have a short lifetime. We present herein a dual plasma treatment (DPT) that significantly enhances the degree and lifetime of plasma-induced surface functional groups on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The DPT process consists of two individually optimized oxygen-plasma treatments. The DPT-modified SWCNT functioned as a sensing material for ammonia gas for more than a month. It also provided more than three times the degree of functionality for amplified signal output than with a single-plasma-treated SWCNT electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyub Kim
- Department of Nanomechatronics Engineering, Pusan University, Busan, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Joon-Hyung Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosna-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.J.); (N.K.M.)
| | - Nam Ki Min
- Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.J.); (N.K.M.)
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Park H, Kim JW, Hong SY, Lee G, Lee H, Song C, Keum K, Jeong YR, Jin SW, Kim DS, Ha JS. Dynamically Stretchable Supercapacitor for Powering an Integrated Biosensor in an All-in-One Textile System. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10469-10480. [PMID: 31461268 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Textile-based electronics have attracted much attention as they can perfectly combine the functionality of wearable devices with the soft and comfortable properties of flexible textile fibers. In this work, we report a dynamically stretchable high-performance supercapacitor for powering an integrated sensor in an all-in-one textile system to detect various biosignals. The supercapacitor fabricated with MWCNT/MoO3 nanocomposite electrodes and nonaqueous gel electrolyte, along the course direction of the fabric, exhibits stable and high electrochemical performance under dynamic and static deformation, including stretching in real time, regardless of the strain rate. The strain sensor created along the wale direction of the fabric shows a high sensitivity of 46.3 under an applied strain up to 60%, a fast response time of 50 ms, and high stability over 10 000 cycles of stretching/releasing. Finally, the supercapacitor and strain sensor are integrated into an all-in-one textile system via liquid-metal interconnections, and the sensor is powered by the stored energy in the supercapacitor. This system sewed into cloth successfully detects strain due to joint movement and the wrist pulse. This work demonstrates the high feasibility of utilizing the fabricated stretchable all-in-one textile system for real-time health monitoring in everyday wearable devices.
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