1
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Szymaszek P, Tyszka-Czochara M, Ortyl J. Application of Photoactive Compounds in Cancer Theranostics: Review on Recent Trends from Photoactive Chemistry to Artificial Intelligence. Molecules 2024; 29:3164. [PMID: 38999115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the number of cancer cases and deaths worldwide is predicted to nearly double by 2030, reaching 21.7 million cases and 13 million fatalities. The increase in cancer mortality is due to limitations in the diagnosis and treatment options that are currently available. The close relationship between diagnostics and medicine has made it possible for cancer patients to receive precise diagnoses and individualized care. This article discusses newly developed compounds with potential for photodynamic therapy and diagnostic applications, as well as those already in use. In addition, it discusses the use of artificial intelligence in the analysis of diagnostic images obtained using, among other things, theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Szymaszek
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Photo4Chem Ltd., Juliusza Lea 114/416A-B, 31-133 Cracow, Poland
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2
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Al-Ghamdi AR, Rahman S, Al-Wabli RI, Al-Mutairi MS, Rahman AFMM. Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and Photophysical Investigations of 2-Amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitriles: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Molecules 2024; 29:1808. [PMID: 38675628 PMCID: PMC11055175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of 2-amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitriles (APNs, 1-6), including their synthesis, cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines, and photophysical properties. Compound 3 demonstrates exceptional cytotoxicity, surpassing the potency of Doxorubicin. The fluorescence spectra of the synthesized 1-6 in different solvents reveal solvent-dependent shifts in the emission maximum values, highlighting the influence of the solvent environment on their fluorescence properties. A quantum chemical TD-DFT analysis provides insights into the electronic structure and fluorescence behavior of 1-6, elucidating HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, electronegativity values, and dipole moments, contributing to a deeper understanding of their electronic properties and potential reactivity. These findings provide valuable knowledge for the development of APNs (1-6) as fluorescent sensors and potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwah R. Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.R.A.-G.); (R.I.A.-W.); (M.S.A.-M.)
| | - Shofiur Rahman
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Reem I. Al-Wabli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.R.A.-G.); (R.I.A.-W.); (M.S.A.-M.)
| | - Maha S. Al-Mutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.R.A.-G.); (R.I.A.-W.); (M.S.A.-M.)
| | - A. F. M. Motiur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.R.A.-G.); (R.I.A.-W.); (M.S.A.-M.)
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3
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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4
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Noworyta M, Topa-Skwarczyńska M, Jamróz P, Oksiuta D, Tyszka-Czochara M, Trembecka-Wójciga K, Ortyl J. Influence of the Type of Nanofillers on the Properties of Composites Used in Dentistry and 3D Printing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10549. [PMID: 37445729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photopolymerization is a growing field with an extensive range of applications and is environmentally friendly owing to its energy-efficient nature. Such light-assisted curing methods were initially used to cure the coatings. However, it has become common to use photopolymerization to produce 3D objects, such as bridges or dental crowns, as well as to cure dental fillings. In this study, polymer nanocomposites containing inorganic nanofillers (such as zinc nano-oxide and zinc nano-oxide doped with two wt.% aluminum, titanium nano-oxide, kaolin nanoclay, zirconium nano-oxide, aluminum nano-oxide, and silicon nano-oxide) were fabricated and studied using Real Time FT-IR to investigate the effects of these nanoadditives on the final conversion rates of the obtained nanocomposites. The effects of the fillers on the viscosity of the produced nanocomposites were also investigated, and 3D prints of the selected nanocomposites were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Noworyta
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Monika Topa-Skwarczyńska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Paweł Jamróz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dawid Oksiuta
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Klaudia Trembecka-Wójciga
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Photo4Chem Ltd., Lea 114, 30-133 Cracow, Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
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5
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Szymaszek P, Tomal W, Świergosz T, Kamińska-Borek I, Popielarz R, Ortyl J. Review of quantitative and qualitative methods for monitoring photopolymerization reactions. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01538b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Authomatic in-situ monitoring and characterization of photopolymerization.
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6
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Ahmad A, Sinha RK, Kulkarni SD, Melroy Lewis P, Bhat P, Shetty NS. Synthesis, photophysical properties and DFT studies of chalcones and their 2-methoxy-3-cyanopyridine derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Szymaszek P, Fiedor P, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Tyszka-Czochara M, Świergosz T, Ortyl J. Molecular interactions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with pyridine derivatives as candidates for non-covalent protein probes: a spectroscopic investigation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Tomal W, Szymaszek P, Bilut M, Popielarz R, Świergosz T, Ortyl J. meta-Terphenyls as versatile fluorescent molecular sensors for monitoring the progress of hybrid polymerization processes. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00525e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
meta-Terphenyl derivatives were used as versatile fluorescent sensors for online monitoring of hybrid photopolymerization that allow seeing the difference between different types of polymerization processes involved in the hybrid polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31 155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Patryk Szymaszek
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31 155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bilut
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31 155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Roman Popielarz
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31 155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31 155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31 155 Kraków, Poland
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9
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Kasprzyk W, Koper F, Flis A, Szreder D, Pamuła E, Bogdał D, Wybraniec S, Ortyl J, Swiergosz T. Fluorescence assay for the determination of glutathione based on a ring-fused 2-pyridone derivative in dietary supplements. Analyst 2021; 146:1897-1906. [PMID: 33480890 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel fluorescent method for the determination of GSH levels in aqueous solutions involving the utilization of citric acid as a derivatization reagent was developed. Therefore, the crucial parameters of the derivatization process were established from what has resulted in the development of a sensitive, reproducible, and accurate GSH assay. The method was validated, and its applicability in the characterization of the GSH concentration in dietary supplements concerning the selectivity in the determination of GSH over GSSG was both confirmed. The chemical structure of the new fluorophore 3-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid - CTPC was elucidated using detailed NMR: one-dimensional (1H, 13C), as well as two-dimensional NMR spectra (1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HSQC, 1H-13C HMBC, 1H-15N HSQC, 1H-15N HMBC) experiments. Besides, the essential optical, biological and antioxidative properties of CTPC were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
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10
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Tomal W, Świergosz T, Pilch M, Kasprzyk W, Ortyl J. New horizons for carbon dots: quantum nano-photoinitiating catalysts for cationic photopolymerization and three-dimensional (3D) printing under visible light. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00228g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid-based carbon dots (CDs) as nano-photoinitiating catalysts for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Maciej Pilch
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
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11
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Fluorescence Assay for the Determination of d-Panthenol Based on Novel Ring-Fused 2-Pyridone Derivative. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218386. [PMID: 33182251 PMCID: PMC7664857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel fluorescent method for the determination of d-panthenol (DP) level in solutions with no separate hydrolysis step has been revealed based on the utilization of citric acid (CA) as a derivatizing agent. Consequently, the essential parameters of the derivatization process were established, resulting in the development of sensitive, repeatable, and accurate determination of panthenol. The method was approved, and its usefulness in characterizing the concentration of DP in pharmaceutical formulations and selectivity in the determination of DP were validated. The chemical structure of the new fluorophore formulating in the reaction in DP with CA, i.e., 6-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H,6H-pyrido[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-8-carboxylic acid (ODPC), was elucidated using detailed NMR experiments: one-dimensional (1H, 13C) as well as two-dimensional NMR spectra (1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HSQC, 1H-13C HMBC, 1H-15N HSQC, 1H-15N HMBC).
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12
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Thioxanthone Derivatives as a New Class of Organic Photocatalysts for Photopolymerisation Processes and the 3D Printing of Photocurable Resins under Visible Light. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, novel thioxanthone-based compounds were synthesised and evaluated as a component of photoredox catalysts/photoinitiating systems for the free-radical polymerisation (FRP) of acrylates and the ring-opening cationic polymerisation (CP) of epoxy monomers. The performance of the obtained thioxanthones in two- and three-component photoinitiating systems, in combination with amines, iodonium or sulphonium salt, as well as with alkyl halide, for photopolymerisation processes upon exposure to light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a maximum emission of 405 nm and 420 nm, was investigated. The studied compounds act also as one-component free-radical photoinitiators. Fourier transform real-time infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the kinetics of disappearance of the functional groups of the monomers during photoinitiated polymerisation. Excellent photoinitiating efficiency and high final conversions of functional groups were observed. Moreover, the influence of thioxanthone skeleton substitution on photoinitiating efficiency was discussed. The photochemical mechanism was also investigated through cyclic voltammetry. It was discovered that thioxanthone derivatives can be used as a metal-free photoredox catalyst active for both oxidative and reductive cycles. Furthermore, a photopolymerizable system based on novel thioxanthone derivatives in a stereolithography three-dimensional (3D) printing technology under visible sources of light was used. The effects of photoinitiator type system and monomer type in photoresins during 3D printing processes were explored. The outcome of this research is the development of high-performance visible photosensitive resins with improved photosensitivity obtained thanks to the development of entirely novel photoinitiating systems specifically adapted for this application.
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13
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Fiedor P, Ortyl J. A New Approach to Micromachining: High-Precision and Innovative Additive Manufacturing Solutions Based on Photopolymerization Technology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2951. [PMID: 32630285 PMCID: PMC7372441 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The following article introduces technologies that build three dimensional (3D) objects by adding layer-upon-layer of material, also called additive manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, most important features supporting the conscious choice of 3D printing methods for applications in micro and nanomanufacturing are covered. The micromanufacturing method covers photopolymerization-based methods such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), the liquid crystal display-DLP coupled method, two-photon polymerization (TPP), and inkjet-based methods. Functional photocurable materials, with magnetic, conductive, or specific optical applications in the 3D printing processes are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Fiedor
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
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14
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Double Role of Diphenylpyridine Derivatives as Fluorescent Sensors for Monitoring Photopolymerization and the Determination of the Efficiencies of the Generation of Superacids by Cationic Photoinitiators. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113043. [PMID: 32471215 PMCID: PMC7308876 DOI: 10.3390/s20113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel fluorescent sensors with electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents incorporated into a chromophore group based on 2,6-diphenylpyridine were designed and synthesised. The spectroscopic properties of these compounds were studied. Moreover, the positive solvatochromism of 2,6-bis-(4-methylsulphanylphenyl)pyridine (PT-SCH3) in selected solvents was studied by measurement of the absorption and emission spectra and analysed using the Dimroth-Reichardt solvent parameter set. After that, the performance of a series of 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives as fluorescent molecular sensors for monitoring free-radical and cationic photopolymerization processes by the Fluorescence Probe Technique (FPT) was studied. As a consequence of this stage of research, the effect of substituents on the sensitivity of the 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives as sensors during photopolymerization has been evaluated and discussed. It has been found that compounds containing strong electron-donating substituent (PT-SCH3) slightly shift their fluorescence spectrum during the free-radical polymerization of monomer, which enables the monitoring of the polymerization progress using the fluorescence intensity ratio measured at two different wavelengths as the progress indicator. The position of the fluorescence spectrum of 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives with electron-withdrawing substituents is practically insensitive to changes occurring in their environment. Hence, it is recommended to use these compounds with different indicators of the progress of the photopolymerization process based on normalised intensity of fluorescence (Imax/I0). Among the compounds studied, 2,6-bis(4-methylsulphanylphenyl)pyridine (PT-SCH3) turned out to be the best fluorescent sensor for the purpose of monitoring free-radical polymerization by FPT. Consequently, the dual application of the selected 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives is proposed: (a) as fluorescent sensors for monitoring the free-radical photopolymerization progress, and (b) as spectroscopic sensors for the determination of efficiencies of the generation of superacids by cationic photoinitiators during the cationic photopolymerization process. Finally, a new method for determining the relative efficiency of the photogeneration of superacids during the photo cleavage of onium salt has been devised and applied for the evaluation of the performance of 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives.
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15
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Photochemical Study of a New Bimolecular Photoinitiating System for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing Techniques under Visible Light. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we presented a new bimolecular photoinitiating system based on 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives as visible photosensitizers of diphenyliodonium salt. Real-time FTIR and photo-DSC photopolymerization experiments with a cycloaliphatic epoxide and vinyl monomers showed surprisingly good reactivity of the bimolecular photoinitiating systems under UV-A, as well as under visible light sources. Steady-state photolysis, fluorescence experiments, theoretical calculations of molecular orbitals, and electrochemical analysis demonstrated photo-redox behavior as well as the ability to form initiating species via photo-reduction or photo-oxidation pathways, respectively. Therefore, the 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives were also investigated as a type II free-radical photoinitiator with amine. It was confirmed that the 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives, in combination with different types of additives, e.g., amine as a co-initiator or the presence of onium salt, can act as bimolecular photoinitiating systems for cationic, free-radical, and thiol-ene photopolymerization processes by hydrogen abstraction and/or electron transfer reactions stimulated by either near-UV or visible light irradiation. Finally, the 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives were selected for 3D printing rapid prototyping experiments. Test objects were successfully printed using purely cationic photosensitive resin, created on a 3D printer with a visible LED light source.
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16
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Topa M, Hola E, Galek M, Petko F, Pilch M, Popielarz R, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Lalevée J, Ortyl J. One-component cationic photoinitiators based on coumarin scaffold iodonium salts as highly sensitive photoacid generators for 3D printing IPN photopolymers under visible LED sources. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00677g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of new coumarin chromophore-based iodonium salts as efficient one-component cationic photoinitiators upon LEDs irradiation with maximum emission under the UV-A region at 365 nm and under visible light at 405 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Topa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Emilia Hola
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | | | | | - Maciej Pilch
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Roman Popielarz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd
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17
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Tomal W, Pilch M, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Galek M, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Dietlin C, Lalevée J, Ortyl J. Photoinitiator-catalyst systems based on meta-terphenyl derivatives as photosensitisers of iodonium and thianthrenium salts for visible photopolymerization in 3D printing processes. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00597e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Application of new photoinitiator-catalyst systems based on meta-terphenyl derivatives as photosensitisers of iodonium and thianthrenium salts for visible photopolymerization in 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Maciej Pilch
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | | | | | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institute de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- UHA
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institute de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- UHA
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Céline Dietlin
- Institute de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- UHA
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institute de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- UHA
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
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18
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Hola E, Topa M, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Pilch M, Fiedor P, Galek M, Ortyl J. New, highly versatile bimolecular photoinitiating systems for free-radical, cationic and thiol–ene photopolymerization processes under low light intensity UV and visible LEDs for 3D printing application. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7509-7522. [PMID: 35492177 PMCID: PMC9049847 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10212d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Amino-4-methyl-naphthalene-2-carbonitrile derivatives are proposed for the role of photosensitizers of iodonium salt during the photopolymerization processes upon near UV-A and visible ranges. Remarkably, 1-amino-4-methyl-naphthalene-2-carbonitrile derivatives are highly versatile allowing access to photoinitiating systems for (i) the cationic photopolymerization of epoxide monomers with a ring opening mechanism and vinyl ether monomers with chain growth mechanisms (ii) the free-radical photopolymerization of acrylate monomers, (iii) the photopolymerization of interpenetrated polymer networks (IPNs) based on epoxide and acrylate monomers under air and under laminate in an oxygen-free atmosphere (iv) the thiol–ene photopolymerization processes. Excellent polymerization profiles are obtained during all types of photopolymerization processes. The initiation mechanisms are analyzed through steady state photolysis, cyclic voltammetry and fluorescence experiments. Moreover, the newly developed bimolecular photoinitiating systems were investigated by applying an additive manufacturing process under visible light sources. Furthermore, vat photopolymerization processes using IPN compositions, which are polymerizable by using new photoinitiating systems, provide high resolution and speeds. For these reasons, new bimolecular photoinitiating systems are promising initiators for photopolymerization-based 3D printing process to fabricate 3D structures. 1-Amino-4-methyl-naphthalene-2-carbonitrile derivatives are proposed for the role of photosensitizers of iodonium salt during the photopolymerization processes upon near UV-A and visible ranges.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Hola
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Monika Topa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | | | - Maciej Pilch
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Paweł Fiedor
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | | | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd
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19
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Applicability of 1,6-Diphenylquinolin-2-one Derivatives as Fluorescent Sensors for Monitoring the Progress of Photopolymerisation Processes and as Photosensitisers for Bimolecular Photoinitiating Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111756. [PMID: 31731521 PMCID: PMC6918307 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The applicability of new 1,6-diphenylquinolin-2-oneas derivatives as fluorescent molecular sensors for monitoring the progress of photopolymerisation processes by Fluorescence Probe Technique (FPT) has been tested. The progress of cationic, free-radical and thiol-ene photopolymerisation for commercially available monomers: triethylene glycol divinyl ether (TEGDVE), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and trimethylpropane tris(3-mercaptopropropionate) (MERCAPTO) was monitored. It was found that new derivatives of 1,6-diphenylquinolin-2-one shifted their fluorescence spectra towards shorter wavelengths with the progress of polymerisation, which enabled monitoring the progress in terms of fluorescence intensity ratios as the progress indicator. Derivatives of 1,6-diphenylquinolin-2-one show sensitivity to changes in both polarity and viscosity in the surrounding microenvironment during photopolymerisation processes. Therefore, it was shown that they are good candidates to act as fluorescent sensors for monitoring the kinetics of very quick processes, such as photopolymerisation processes. Furthermore, the effect of the nature of substituents attached to the 1,6-diphenylquinolin-2-one ring on the characteristics of emission spectra was identified. Moreover, the sensitivity of fluorescent sensors was compared with commercially available model sensors, such as 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin (Coumarin 1) and trans-2-(2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzene (25ST). Moreover, it was also proven that selected derivatives of 1,6-diphenylquinolin-2-one exhibit an accelerating effect on the progress of cationic photopolymerisation of vinyl monomers (TEGDVE). Thus, the new 1,6-diphenylquinolin-2-one derivatives can be successfully used both as molecular fluorescence sensors to monitor the progress of photopolymerisation processes and as diaryliodonium salt photosensitisers to initiate cationic photopolymerisation processes in a UV-A range of 365 nm.
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