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Speer KE, Naumovski N, McKune AJ. Heart rate variability to track autonomic nervous system health in young children: Effects of physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Physiol Behav 2024; 281:114576. [PMID: 38692385 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Evidence for a key role of dysregulated autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in maladaptive stress response/recovery and non-communicable disease development is extensive. Monitoring ANS activity via regular heart rate variability (HRV) measurement is growing in popularity in adult populations given that low HRV has been associated with ANS dysregulation, poor stress response/reactivity, increased cardiometabolic disease risk and early mortality. Although cardiometabolic disease may originate in early life, regular HRV measurement for assessing ANS activity in childhood populations, especially those consisting of children < 6 years of age, remains largely unpractised. A greater understanding of ANS activity modifiers in early life may improve analysis and interpretation of HRV measurements, thereby optimising its usefulness. Taking into consideration that HRV and ANS activity can be improved via daily engagement in physical activity (PA), this review will discuss the ANS and HRV, ANS activity modifiers, cardiometabolic disease risk factors and PA as they relate to childhood/adolescent populations (≤ 18 years old).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Speer
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia; Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia; Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, 2617, Australia.
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia; Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia; Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, 2617, Australia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, 17671, Greece
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia; Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia; Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, 2617, Australia; Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4000, South Africa
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Richardson CE, Tovar AP, Davis BA, Van Loan MD, Keim NL, Casazza GA. An Intervention of Four Weeks of Time-Restricted Eating (16/8) in Male Long-Distance Runners Does Not Affect Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040985. [PMID: 36839342 PMCID: PMC9961388 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Timing of nutrient intake for athletes may affect exercise performance and cardiometabolic factors. Our objective was to examine the effect of time-restricted eating (TRE) on cardiometabolic health. Using a cross-over study design, 15 endurance-trained male runners were randomized to either a normal dietary pattern (ND) first (12 h eating/fasting times) followed by time-restricted eating (TRE) pattern (16 h fast; 8 h eating) or the reverse, with a 4-week washout period between interventions. Body composition, resting energy expenditure, blood pressure and serum insulin, glucose and lipids were measured using standard laboratory methods. Exercise training and dietary intake (calories and macronutrients) were similar across interventions. No significant differences were observed in resting energy expenditure, markers of insulin resistance, serum lipids or blood pressure. Body composition did change significantly (p < 0.05) with whole body fat mass (-0.8 ± 1.3 kg with TRE vs. +0.1 ± 4.3 kg with ND), leg fat mass (-0.3 ± 0.5 kg with TRE vs. +0.1 ± 0.4 kg with ND), and percent body fat (-1.0 ± 1.5% with TRE vs. +0.1 ± 1.3% with ND) declining more in the TRE intervention, with no change in fat-free mass. This study is one of a few to investigate the effects of an isocaloric 16/8 TRE eating pattern in trained endurance athletes and confirms no change in cardiometabolic risk factors. In conclusion, TRE is not detrimental to cardiometabolic health in endurance-trained male runners but could be beneficial on exercise performance by reducing fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Richardson
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ashley P. Tovar
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian A. Davis
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Marta D. Van Loan
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nancy L. Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gretchen A. Casazza
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
- Correspondence:
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Horticultural Therapy May Reduce Psychological and Physiological Stress in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245198. [PMID: 36558357 PMCID: PMC9786778 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in psychiatric populations have found a positive effect of Horticultural therapy (HCT) on reductions in stress levels. The main objective of the present pilot study was to evaluate the impact of the addition of HCT to conventional clinical treatment (Treatment as Usual, TaU) in a sample of six female adolescents with anorexia nervosa restricting type (AN-R), as compared to six AN-R patients, matched for sex and age, under TaU only. This is a prospective, non-profit, pilot study on patients with a previous diagnosis of AN-R and BMI < 16, recruited in 2020 in clinical settings. At enrolment (T0) and after treatment completion (TF), psychiatric assessment was performed. At T0, all the patients underwent: baseline electrocardiogram acquisition with a wearable chest strap for recording heart rate and its variability; skin conductance registration and thermal mapping of the individual’s face. An olfactory identification test was administered both to evaluate the olfactory sensoriality and to assess the induced stress. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed to analyze modifications in clinical and physiological variables, considering time (T0, TF) as a within-subjects factor and group (experimental vs. control) as between-subjects factors. When the ANOVA was significant, post hoc analysis was performed by Paired Sample T-tests. Only in the HCT group, stress response levels, as measured by the biological parameters, improved over time. The body uneasiness level and the affective problem measures displayed a significant improvement in the HCT subjects. HCT seems to have a positive influence on stress levels in AN-R.
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Rutkowski S, Szary P, Sacha J, Casaburi R. Immersive Virtual Reality Influences Physiologic Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Trial. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702266. [PMID: 34658904 PMCID: PMC8514762 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This cross-sectional, randomly assigned study aimed to assess the influence of immersive virtual reality (VR) on exercise tolerance expressed as the duration of a submaximal exercise test (ET) on a cycle ergometer. Methods: The study enrolled 70 healthy volunteers aged 22-25years. Each participant performed an ET with and without VR. Time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were analyzed for the first 3min (T1), the last 3min (T2), and the time at which the shorter of the two tests terminated (Tiso). In the time domain, a SD of R-R intervals (SDNN) and a root mean square of successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD) in milliseconds were computed. The following spectral components were considered: low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), total power (TP), and LF/HF ratio. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04197024). Results: Compared to standard ET, tests in immersive VR lasted significantly longer (694 vs. 591s, p<0.00001) and were associated with lower HR response across the range of corresponding exercise levels, averaging 5-8 beats/min. In the multiple regression analysis, the ET duration was positively determined by male sex, immersion in VR, and negatively determined by HRT1 and RMSSDT1. Conclusion: Exercising in VR is associated with lower HR which allowed subjects to exercise for a longer time before reaching target heart rate (HR). In addition, the increase in exercise duration was found to be related to an adjustment in autonomic nervous activity at a given work rate favoring parasympathetic predominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rutkowski
- Department of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Patryk Szary
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sacha
- Department of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Richard Casaburi
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
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Verratti V, Tonacci A, Bondi D, Chiavaroli A, Ferrante C, Brunetti L, Crisafulli A, Cerretelli P. Ethnic Differences on Cardiac Rhythms and Autonomic Nervous System Responses During a High-Altitude Trek: A Pilot Study Comparing Italian Trekkers to Nepalese Porters. Front Physiol 2021; 12:709451. [PMID: 34497537 PMCID: PMC8419438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.709451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Altitude hypoxia exposure results in increased sympathetic activity and heart rate due to several mechanisms. Recent studies have contested the validity of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis on sympathetic activity measurement. But the plethora of HRV metrics may provide meaningful insights, particularly if linked with cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system parameters. However, the population-specific nature of HRV and cardiorespiratory response to altitude hypoxia are still missing. Six Italian trekkers and six Nepalese porters completed 300 km of a Himalayan trek. The ECG analysis was conducted at baseline, and before (bBC) and after (aBC) the high-altitude (HA) circuit. Urine was collected before and after the expedition in Italians, for assessing catecholamines. Heart rate increased with altitude significantly (p < 0.001) in the Italian group; systolic (p = 0.030) and diastolic (p = 0.012) blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure (p = 0.004) increased with altitude. Instead, pulse pressure did not change, although the Nepalese group showed lower baseline values than the Italians. As expected, peripheral oxygen saturation decreased with altitude (p < 0.001), independently of the ethnic groups. Nepalese had a higher respiratory rate (p = 0.007), independent of altitude. The cardiac vagal index increased at altitude, from baseline to bBC (p = 0.008). Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD) showed higher basal values in the Nepalese group (p = 0.041), and a tendency for the highest values at bBC. Regarding the urinary catecholamine response, exposure to HA increased urinary levels, particularly of norepinephrine (p = 0.005, d = 1.623). Our findings suggest a better cardiovascular resilience of the Nepalese group when compared with Italians, which might be due to an intrinsic adaptation to HA, resulting from their job.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittore Verratti
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Pisa, Italy
| | - Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Cerretelli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Italy
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Jenkins ZM, Eikelis N, Phillipou A, Castle DJ, Wilding HE, Lambert EA. Autonomic Nervous System Function in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682208. [PMID: 34262430 PMCID: PMC8273292 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction has been suggested to contribute to the high prevalence of cardiovascular complications in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), yet has not been thoroughly investigated. The current review aimed to synthesize the evidence of basal ANS function in individuals with a current diagnosis of AN and those with a previous diagnosis who had achieved weight restoration, as compared to controls. Methods: A systematic review of nine databases was conducted and studies that were published in a peer-review journal, in English, that included at least one assessment of ANS function in individuals with a current or previous diagnosis of AN were selected. Forty-six studies were included with a total of 811 participants with a current diagnosis of AN and 123 participants with a previous diagnosis of AN. Results: ANS function was assessed through heart rate variability (n = 27), orthostatic challenge, blood pressure variability or baroreflex sensitivity (n = 11), adrenergic activity (n = 14), skin conductance level (n = 4), and pupillometry (n = 1). Individuals with AN demonstrated increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity, suggestive of autonomic dysregulation. Following weight restoration, autonomic function trended toward, or was equivalent to, control levels. Discussion: Autonomic dysregulation is indicated through a range of assessments in individuals with AN. Future investigations should utilize a variety of assessments together in order to conclusively establish the nature of autonomic dysfunction in AN, and following extended weight restoration. Moreover, investigation into the co-occurrence of ANS function and cardiovascular risk is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Jenkins
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina Eikelis
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Phillipou
- Department of Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Mental Health, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Castle
- Department of Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E Wilding
- Library Service, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisabeth A Lambert
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Lonigro A, Pallini S, Zanna V, Marech L, Rosa M, Criscuolo M, Chianello I, Laghi F. Autonomic response to the Adult Attachment Projective in anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:1799-1804. [PMID: 31650387 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiovascular complications associated with anorexia nervosa (AN) are well recognized. Whether a wide array of studies has investigated autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning at rest in people with AN, few is yet known on their reactivity ability during stress conditions. The aim of the current study is testing ANS reactivity to a stressful task activating attachment system among adolescents with AN. METHODS Heart rate (HR) and its variability, as derived by high-frequency-heart rate variability (HF-HRV), were continuously assessed while 13 AN patients and 12 healthy controls (HCs) responded to a set of attachment-related drawings (Adult Attachment Projective, AAP). RESULTS Findings showed that patients with AN displayed a stronger parasympathetic activity, as indicated by generally a lower heart rate (HR) during the entire task and a higher HF-HRV for drawings eliciting dyadic interactions compared to HCs. CONCLUSION The study findings suggest a novel understanding of cardiovascular functioning in AN. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lonigro
- Department of Human Sciences, Università Europea di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Pallini
- Department of Education, University of Rome Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Zanna
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience-I.R.C.C.S., Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Marech
- Department of Education, University of Rome Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Rosa
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Criscuolo
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience-I.R.C.C.S., Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Chianello
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience-I.R.C.C.S., Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Role of Neuroendocrine, Immune, and Autonomic Nervous System in Anorexia Nervosa-Linked Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197302. [PMID: 33023273 PMCID: PMC7582625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa represents a severe mental disorder associated with food avoidance and malnutrition. In patients suffering from anorexia nervosa, cardiovascular complications are the main reason leading to morbidity and mortality. However, the origin and pathological mechanisms leading to higher cardiovascular risk in anorexia nervosa are still unclear. In this aspect, the issue of exact pathological mechanisms as well as sensitive biomarkers for detection of anorexia nervosa-linked cardiovascular risk are discussed. Therefore, this review synthesised recent evidence of dysfunction in multiple neuroendocrine axes and alterations in the immune system that may represent anorexia nervosa-linked pathological mechanisms contributing to complex cardiovascular dysregulation. Further, this review is focused on identification of non-invasive biomarkers for the assessment of increased cardiovascular risk in anorexia nervosa that can be linked to a clinical application. Complex non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular autonomic regulation—cardiac vagal control (heart rate variability), sympathetic vascular activity (blood pressure variability), and cardiovascular reflex control (baroreflex sensitivity)—could represent a promising tool for early diagnosis, personalized therapy, and monitoring of therapeutic interventions in anorexia nervosa particularly at a vulnerable adolescent age.
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Backstage of Eating Disorder-About the Biological Mechanisms behind the Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092604. [PMID: 32867089 PMCID: PMC7551451 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) represents a disorder with the highest mortality rate among all psychiatric diseases, yet our understanding of its pathophysiological components continues to be fragmentary. This article reviews the current concepts regarding AN pathomechanisms that focus on the main biological aspects involving central and peripheral neurohormonal pathways, endocrine function, as well as the microbiome–gut–brain axis. It emerged from the unique complexity of constantly accumulating new discoveries, which hamper the ability to look at the disease in a more comprehensive way. The emphasis is placed on the mechanisms underlying the main symptoms and potential new directions that require further investigation in clinical settings.
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Can YS, Gokay D, Kılıç DR, Ekiz D, Chalabianloo N, Ersoy C. How Laboratory Experiments Can Be Exploited forMonitoring Stress in the Wild: A Bridge BetweenLaboratory and Daily Life. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E838. [PMID: 32033238 PMCID: PMC7038725 DOI: 10.3390/s20030838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress leads to poor well-being, and it has effects on life quality and health. Societymay have significant benefits from an automatic daily life stress detection system using unobtrusivewearable devices using physiological signals. However, the performance of these systems is notsufficiently accurate when they are used in unrestricted daily life compared to the systems testedin controlled real-life and laboratory conditions. To test our stress level detection system thatpreprocesses noisy physiological signals, extracts features, and applies machine learning classificationtechniques, we used a laboratory experiment and ecological momentary assessment based datacollection with smartwatches in daily life. We investigated the effect of different labeling techniquesand different training and test environments. In the laboratory environments, we had more controlledsituations, and we could validate the perceived stress from self-reports. When machine learningmodels were trained in the laboratory instead of training them with the data coming from daily life,the accuracy of the system when tested in daily life improved significantly. The subjectivity effectcoming from the self-reports in daily life could be eliminated. Our system obtained higher stresslevel detection accuracy results compared to most of the previous daily life studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekta Said Can
- Computer Engineering Department, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey; (D.G.); (D.R.K.); (D.E.); (N.C.); (C.E.)
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Speer KE, Naumovski N, Semple S, McKune AJ. Lifestyle Modification for Enhancing Autonomic Cardiac Regulation in Children: The Role of Exercise. CHILDREN-BASEL 2019; 6:children6110127. [PMID: 31744115 PMCID: PMC6915468 DOI: 10.3390/children6110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decreased physical activity (PA) is a global concern contributing to the rise in cardiometabolic diseases. One potential mechanism linking insufficient PA and poor health is dysregulated autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. This relationship is established in adults and PA recommendations, with specific exercise prescription guidelines, have been proposed to overcome this societal health burden. However, research on the benefits and underlying mechanisms of exercise on ANS activity in children <18 years old is limited. This review aimed to describe the optimal exercise “dose” and potential mechanisms of action that exercise may pose on enhancing child ANS activity, represented by heart rate variability (HRV). PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for articles examining the influence of exercise on child HRV. Various exercise duration and frequency combinations appear to improve HRV indices, primarily those representing parasympathetic influence. Furthermore, both aerobic and resistance training benefit HRV through potentially different mechanisms with intensity proposed to be important for exercise prescription. Findings indicate that exercise is a crucial lifestyle modification with protective and therapeutic effects on cardiometabolic health associated with improvements in child ANS activity. Exercise programming must consider the various components including mode, intensity and population characteristics to optimize ANS health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Speer
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia; (S.S.); (A.J.M.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia;
| | - Stuart Semple
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia; (S.S.); (A.J.M.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia; (S.S.); (A.J.M.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban (KwaZulu-Natal) 4041, South Africa
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