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Wang Y, Lv H, Ren S, Zhang J, Liu X, Chen S, Zhai J, Zhou Y. Biological Functions of Macromolecular Protein Hydrogels in Constructing Osteogenic Microenvironment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39173130 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Irreversible bone defects resulting from trauma, infection, and degenerative illnesses have emerged as a significant health concern. Structurally and functionally controllable hydrogels made by bone tissue engineering (BTE) have become promising biomaterials. Natural proteins are able to establish connections with autologous proteins through unique biologically active regions. Hydrogels based on proteins can simulate the bone microenvironment and regulate the biological behavior of stem cells in the tissue niche, making them candidates for research related to bone regeneration. This article reviews the biological functions of various natural macromolecular proteins (such as collagen, gelatin, fibrin, and silk fibroin) and highlights their special advantages as hydrogels. Then the latest research trends on cross-linking modified macromolecular protein hydrogels with improved mechanical properties and composite hydrogels loaded with exogenous micromolecular proteins have been discussed. Finally, the applications of protein hydrogels, such as 3D printed hydrogels, microspheres, and injectable hydrogels, were introduced, aiming to provide a reference for the repair of clinical bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Huixin Lv
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Sicong Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jiameng Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jingjie Zhai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
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2
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Cheng C, Williamson EJ, Chiu GTC, Han B. Engineering biomaterials by inkjet printing of hydrogels with functional particulates. MED-X 2024; 2:9. [PMID: 38975024 PMCID: PMC11222244 DOI: 10.1007/s44258-024-00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels with particulates, including proteins, drugs, nanoparticles, and cells, enable the development of new and innovative biomaterials. Precise control of the spatial distribution of these particulates is crucial to produce advanced biomaterials. Thus, there is a high demand for manufacturing methods for particle-laden hydrogels. In this context, 3D printing of hydrogels is emerging as a promising method to create numerous innovative biomaterials. Among the 3D printing methods, inkjet printing, so-called drop-on-demand (DOD) printing, stands out for its ability to construct biomaterials with superior spatial resolutions. However, its printing processes are still designed by trial and error due to a limited understanding of the ink behavior during the printing processes. This review discusses the current understanding of transport processes and hydrogel behaviors during inkjet printing for particulate-laden hydrogels. Specifically, we review the transport processes of water and particulates within hydrogel during ink formulation, jetting, and curing. Additionally, we examine current inkjet printing applications in fabricating engineered tissues, drug delivery devices, and advanced bioelectronics components. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for next-generation inkjet printing are also discussed. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Cih Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Eric J Williamson
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - George T.-C. Chiu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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3
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Nandakumar N, Iyyer S, Mohan T, Nair SV, Sathy BN. Smart Design for Hybrid Bioprinting of Scalable and Viable Tissue Constructs. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:342-352. [PMID: 37930736 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid bioprinting uses sequential printing of melt-extruded biodegradable thermoplastic polymer and cell-encapsulated bioink in a predesigned manner using high- and low-temperature print heads for the fabrication of robust three-dimensional (3D) biological constructs. However, the high-temperature print head and melt-extruded polymer cause irreversible thermal damage to the bioprinted cells, and it affects viability and functionality of 3D bioprinted biological constructs. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop innovative approaches to protect the bioprinted cells, coming into contact or at close proximities to the melt-extruded thermoplastic polymer and the high-temperature print head during hybrid bioprinting. Therefore, this study investigated the potential of iterating the structural architecture pattern (SAP) of melt-printed thermoplastic layers and the cell printing pattern (CPP) to protect the cells from temperature-associated damage during hybrid bioprinting. A novel SAP for printing the thermoplastic polymer and an associated CPP for minimizing thermal damage to the 3D bioprinted construct have been developed. The newly developed SAP- and CPP-based hybrid bioprinted biological constructs showed significantly low thermal damage compared to conventionally hybrid bioprinted biological constructs. The results from this study suggest that the newly developed SAP and CPP can be an improved hybrid bioprinting strategy for developing living constructs at the human scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niji Nandakumar
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Subramania Iyyer
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology and Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Thadi Mohan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Shantikumar V Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Binulal N Sathy
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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Valente S, Galanti A, Maghin E, Najdi N, Piccoli M, Gobbo P. Matching Together Living Cells and Prototissues: Will There Be Chemistry? Chembiochem 2024:e202400378. [PMID: 39031571 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Scientific advancements in bottom-up synthetic biology have led to the development of numerous models of synthetic cells, or protocells. To date, research has mainly focused on increasing the (bio)chemical complexity of these bioinspired micro-compartmentalized systems, yet the successful integration of protocells with living cells remains one of the major challenges in bottom-up synthetic biology. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of the art in hybrid protocell/living cell and prototissue/living cell systems. Inspired by recent breakthroughs in tissue engineering, we review the chemical, bio-chemical, and mechano-chemical aspects that hold promise for achieving an effective integration of non-living and living matter. The future production of fully integrated protocell/living cell systems and increasingly complex prototissue/living tissue systems not only has the potential to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering, but also paves the way for new technologies in (bio)sensing, personalized therapy, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Valente
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Galanti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Edoardo Maghin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Nahid Najdi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Gobbo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Unit of Trieste, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy
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Percival KM, Paul V, Husseini GA. Recent Advancements in Bone Tissue Engineering: Integrating Smart Scaffold Technologies and Bio-Responsive Systems for Enhanced Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6012. [PMID: 38892199 PMCID: PMC11172494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In exploring the challenges of bone repair and regeneration, this review evaluates the potential of bone tissue engineering (BTE) as a viable alternative to traditional methods, such as autografts and allografts. Key developments in biomaterials and scaffold fabrication techniques, such as additive manufacturing and cell and bioactive molecule-laden scaffolds, are discussed, along with the integration of bio-responsive scaffolds, which can respond to physical and chemical stimuli. These advancements collectively aim to mimic the natural microenvironment of bone, thereby enhancing osteogenesis and facilitating the formation of new tissue. Through a comprehensive combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we scrutinize the biocompatibility, osteoinductivity, and osteoconductivity of these engineered scaffolds, as well as their interactions with critical cellular players in bone healing processes. Findings from scaffold fabrication techniques and bio-responsive scaffolds indicate that incorporating nanostructured materials and bioactive compounds is particularly effective in promoting the recruitment and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. The therapeutic potential of these advanced biomaterials in clinical settings is widely recognized and the paper advocates continued research into multi-responsive scaffold systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Percival
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates; (K.M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Vinod Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates; (K.M.P.); (V.P.)
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates; (K.M.P.); (V.P.)
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
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Bonato P, Bagno A. Replace or Regenerate? Diverse Approaches to Biomaterials for Treating Corneal Lesions. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:202. [PMID: 38667213 PMCID: PMC11047895 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The inner structures of the eye are protected by the cornea, which is a transparent membrane exposed to the external environment and subjected to the risk of lesions and diseases, sometimes resulting in impaired vision and blindness. Several eye pathologies can be treated with a keratoplasty, a surgical procedure aimed at replacing the cornea with tissues from human donors. Even though the success rate is high (up to 90% for the first graft in low-risk patients at 5-year follow-up), this approach is limited by the insufficient number of donors and several clinically relevant drawbacks. Alternatively, keratoprosthesis can be applied in an attempt to restore minimal functions of the cornea: For this reason, it is used only for high-risk patients. Recently, many biomaterials of both natural and synthetic origin have been developed as corneal substitutes to restore and replace diseased or injured corneas in low-risk patients. After illustrating the traditional clinical approaches, the present paper aims to review the most innovative solutions that have been recently proposed to regenerate the cornea, avoiding the use of donor tissues. Finally, innovative approaches to biological tissue 3D printing and xenotransplantation will be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Bagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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7
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Bharti S, Kumar A. Synergies in stem cell research: Integrating technologies, strategies, and bionanomaterial innovations. Acta Histochem 2024; 126:152119. [PMID: 38041895 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1960 s, there has been a substantial amount of research directed towards investigating the biology of several types of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, brain cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. In contemporary times, a wide array of stem cells has been utilized to treat several disorders, including bone marrow transplantation. In recent years, stem cell treatment has developed as a very promising and advanced field of scientific research. The progress of therapeutic methodologies has resulted in significant amounts of anticipation and expectation. Recently, there has been a notable proliferation of experimental methodologies aimed at isolating and developing stem cells, which have emerged concurrently. Stem cells possess significant vitality and exhibit vigorous proliferation, making them suitable candidates for in vitro modification. This article examines the progress made in stem cell isolation and explores several methodologies employed to promote the differentiation of stem cells. This study also explores the method of isolating bio-nanomaterials and discusses their viewpoint in the context of stem cell research. It also covers the potential for investigating stem cell applications in bioprinting and the usage of bionanomaterial in stem cell-related technologies and research. In conclusion, the review article concludes by highlighting the importance of incorporating state-of-the-art methods and technological breakthroughs into the future of stem cell research. Putting such an emphasis on constant innovation highlights the ever-changing character of science and the never-ending drive toward unlocking the maximum therapeutic potential of stem cells. This review would be a useful resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers in the stem cell research area, guiding the next steps in this fast-developing scientific concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Bharti
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, CG, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, CG, India.
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8
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Lin H, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Wang X, Yan G. Mechanism and application of 3D-printed degradable bioceramic scaffolds for bone repair. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7034-7050. [PMID: 37782081 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01214j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioceramics have attracted considerable attention in the field of bone repair because of their excellent osteogenic properties, degradability, and biocompatibility. To resolve issues regarding limited formability, recent studies have introduced 3D printing technology for the fabrication of bioceramic bone repair scaffolds. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which bioceramics promote bone repair and clinical applications of 3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds remain elusive. This review provides an account of the fabrication methods of 3D-printed degradable bioceramic scaffolds. In addition, the types and characteristics of degradable bioceramics used in clinical and preclinical applications are summarized. We have also highlighted the osteogenic molecular mechanisms in biomaterials with the aim of providing a basis and support for future research on the clinical applications of degradable bioceramic scaffolds. Finally, new developments and potential applications of 3D-printed degradable bioceramic scaffolds are discussed with reference to experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Guangqi Yan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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9
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Shopova D, Mihaylova A, Yaneva A, Bakova D. Advancing Dentistry through Bioprinting: Personalization of Oral Tissues. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:530. [PMID: 37888196 PMCID: PMC10607235 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in dental tissue restoration and the use of prostheses for addressing tooth loss, the prevailing clinical approaches remain somewhat inadequate for replicating native dental tissue characteristics. The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a promising innovation within the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This technology offers notable precision and efficiency, thereby introducing a fresh avenue for tissue regeneration. Unlike the traditional framework encompassing scaffolds, cells, and signaling factors, 3D bioprinting constitutes a contemporary addition to the arsenal of tissue engineering tools. The ongoing shift from conventional dentistry to a more personalized paradigm, principally under the guidance of bioprinting, is poised to exert a significant influence in the foreseeable future. This systematic review undertakes the task of aggregating and analyzing insights related to the application of bioprinting in the context of regenerative dentistry. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, an exhaustive literature survey spanning the years 2019 to 2023 was performed across prominent databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The landscape of regenerative dentistry has ushered in novel prospects for dentoalveolar treatments and personalized interventions. This review expounds on contemporary accomplishments and avenues for the regeneration of pulp-dentin, bone, periodontal tissues, and gingival tissues. The progressive strides achieved in the realm of bioprinting hold the potential to not only enhance the quality of life but also to catalyze transformative shifts within the domains of medical and dental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobromira Shopova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Mihaylova
- Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria (D.B.)
| | - Antoniya Yaneva
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biostatistics and eLearning, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Desislava Bakova
- Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria (D.B.)
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Mazzoni E, Iaquinta MR, Mosaico M, De Pace R, D'Agostino A, Tognon M, Martini F. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Innovative Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023; 29:514-531. [PMID: 37212264 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is a significant topic in regenerative medicine, with a predominant role being played by human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The hMSCs have been shown to be suitable in regenerative medicine for the treatment of bone tissue. In the last few years, the average lifespan of our population has gradually increased. The need of biocompatible materials, which exhibit high performances, such as efficiency in bone regeneration, has been highlighted by aging. Current studies emphasize the benefit of using biomimetic biomaterials, also known as scaffolds, for bone grafts to speed up bone repair at the fracture site. For the healing of injured bone and bone regeneration, regenerative medicine techniques utilizing a combination of these biomaterials, together with cells and bioactive substances, have drawn a great interest. Cell therapy, based on the use of hMSCs, alongside materials for the healing of damaged bone, has obtained promising results. In this work, several aspects of cell biology, tissue engineering, and biomaterials applied to bone healing/regrowth will be considered. In addition, the role of hMSCs in these fields and recent progress in clinical applications are discussed. Impact Statement The restoration of large bone defects is both a challenging clinical issue and a socioeconomic problem on a global scale. Different therapeutic approaches have been proposed for human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), considering their paracrine effect and potential differentiation into osteoblasts. However, different limitations are still to be overcome in using hMSCs as a therapeutic opportunity in bone fracture repair, including hMSC administration methods. To identify a suitable hMSC delivery system, new strategies have been proposed using innovative biomaterials. This review provides an update of the literature on hMSC/scaffold clinical applications for the management of bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mazzoni
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Iaquinta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Mosaico
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raffaella De Pace
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Agostino
- Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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11
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Li W, Liu Z, Tang F, Jiang H, Zhou Z, Hao X, Zhang JM. Application of 3D Bioprinting in Liver Diseases. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1648. [PMID: 37630184 PMCID: PMC10457767 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases are the primary reason for morbidity and mortality in the world. Owing to a shortage of organ donors and postoperative immune rejection, patients routinely suffer from liver failure. Unlike 2D cell models, animal models, and organoids, 3D bioprinting can be successfully employed to print living tissues and organs that contain blood vessels, bone, and kidney, heart, and liver tissues and so on. 3D bioprinting is mainly classified into four types: inkjet 3D bioprinting, extrusion-based 3D bioprinting, laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB), and vat photopolymerization. Bioinks for 3D bioprinting are composed of hydrogels and cells. For liver 3D bioprinting, hepatic parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) and liver nonparenchymal cells (hepatic stellate cells, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells) are commonly used. Compared to conventional scaffold-based approaches, marked by limited functionality and complexity, 3D bioprinting can achieve accurate cell settlement, a high resolution, and more efficient usage of biomaterials, better mimicking the complex microstructures of native tissues. This method will make contributions to disease modeling, drug discovery, and even regenerative medicine. However, the limitations and challenges of this method cannot be ignored. Limitation include the requirement of diverse fabrication technologies, observation of drug dynamic response under perfusion culture, the resolution to reproduce complex hepatic microenvironment, and so on. Despite this, 3D bioprinting is still a promising and innovative biofabrication strategy for the creation of artificial multi-cellular tissues/organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Department of Radiology, Yancheng Third People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Zhaoyue Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Fengwei Tang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- Nanjing Hangdian Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiuqing Hao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Jia Ming Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
- Nanjing Hangdian Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China
- Yangtze River Delta Intelligent Manufacturing Innovation Center, Nanjing 210014, China
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12
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Tharakan S, Raja I, Pietraru A, Sarecha E, Gresita A, Petcu E, Ilyas A, Hadjiargyrou M. The Use of Hydrogels for the Treatment of Bone Osteosarcoma via Localized Drug-Delivery and Tissue Regeneration: A Narrative Review. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040274. [PMID: 37102886 PMCID: PMC10137556 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor of bone that leads to poor mortality and morbidity. Management of this cancer through conventional methods involves invasive treatment options that place patients at an increased risk of adverse events. The use of hydrogels to target osteosarcoma has shown promising results both in vitro and in vivo to eradicate tumor cells while promoting bone regeneration. The loading of hydrogels with chemotherapeutic drugs provides a route for site-specific targeted therapy for osteosarcoma. Current studies demonstrate tumor regression in vivo and lysis of tumor cells in vitro when exposed to doped hydrogel scaffolds. Additionally, novel stimuli-responsive hydrogels are able to react with the tissue microenvironment to facilitate the controlled release of anti-tumor drugs and with biomechanical properties that can be modulated. This narrative review of the current literature discusses both in vitro and in vivo studies of different hydrogels, including stimuli-responsive, designed to treat bone osteosarcoma. Future applications to address patient treatment for this bone cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shebin Tharakan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA (I.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Iman Raja
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA (I.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Annette Pietraru
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Elina Sarecha
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Andrei Gresita
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA (I.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Eugen Petcu
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA (I.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Azhar Ilyas
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-516-686-7738
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13
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Lei C, Song JH, Li S, Zhu YN, Liu MY, Wan MC, Mu Z, Tay FR, Niu LN. Advances in materials-based therapeutic strategies against osteoporosis. Biomaterials 2023; 296:122066. [PMID: 36842238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is caused by the disruption in homeostasis between bone formation and bone resorption. Conventional management of osteoporosis involves systematic drug administration and hormonal therapy. These treatment strategies have limited curative efficacy and multiple adverse effects. Biomaterials-based therapeutic strategies have recently emerged as promising alternatives for the treatment of osteoporosis. The present review summarizes the current status of biomaterials designed for managing osteoporosis. The advantages of biomaterials-based strategies over conventional systematic drug treatment are presented. Different anti-osteoporotic delivery systems are concisely addressed. These materials include injectable hydrogels and nanoparticles, as well as anti-osteoporotic bone tissue engineering materials. Fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, electrostatic spinning and artificial intelligence are appraised in the context of how the use of these adjunctive techniques may improve treatment efficacy. The limitations of existing biomaterials are critically analyzed, together with deliberation of the future directions in biomaterials-based therapies. The latter include discussion on the use of combination strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy in the osteoporosis niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jing-Han Song
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Song Li
- School of Stomatology, Xinjiang Medical University. Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yi-Na Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ming-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Mei-Chen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhao Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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14
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Tharakan S, Khondkar S, Lee S, Ahn S, Mathew C, Gresita A, Hadjiargyrou M, Ilyas A. 3D Printed Osteoblast-Alginate/Collagen Hydrogels Promote Survival, Proliferation and Mineralization at Low Doses of Strontium Calcium Polyphosphate. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010011. [PMID: 36678641 PMCID: PMC9865428 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of biomaterials via 3D printing is an emerging biotechnology with novel methods that seeks to enhance bone regeneration. Alginate and collagen are two commonly used biomaterials for bone tissue engineering and have demonstrated biocompatibility. Strontium (Sr) and Calcium phosphate (CaP) are vital elements of bone and their incorporation in composite materials has shown promising results for skeletal repair. In this study, we investigated strontium calcium polyphosphate (SCPP) doped 3D printed alginate/collagen hydrogels loaded with MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. These cell-laden scaffolds were crosslinked with different concentrations of 1% SCPP to evaluate the effect of strontium ions on cell behavior and the biomaterial properties of the scaffolds. Through scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, we showed that the scaffolds had a granular surface topography with the banding pattern of alginate around 1100 cm-1 and of collagen around 1430 cm-1. Our results revealed that 2 mg/mL of SCPP induced the greatest scaffold degradation after 7 days and least amount of swelling after 24 h. Exposure of osteoblasts to SCPP induced severe cytotoxic effects after 1 mg/mL. pH analysis demonstrated acidity in the presence of SCPP at a pH between 2 and 4 at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL, which can be buffered with cell culture medium. However, when the SCPP was added to the scaffolds, the overall pH increased indicating intrinsic activity of the scaffold to buffer the SCPP. Moreover, cell viability was observed for up to 21 days in scaffolds with early mineralization at 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL of SCPP. Overall, low doses of SCPP proved to be a potential additive in biomaterial approaches for bone tissue engineering; however, the cytotoxic effects due to its pH must be monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shebin Tharakan
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Biomaterials (BNB) Lab, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Shams Khondkar
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Biomaterials (BNB) Lab, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Sally Lee
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Biomaterials (BNB) Lab, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Serin Ahn
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Biomaterials (BNB) Lab, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Chris Mathew
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Biomaterials (BNB) Lab, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Andrei Gresita
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.I.)
| | - Azhar Ilyas
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Biomaterials (BNB) Lab, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Department Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.I.)
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15
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Chen C, Huang B, Liu Y, Liu F, Lee IS. Functional engineering strategies of 3D printed implants for hard tissue replacement. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac094. [PMID: 36683758 PMCID: PMC9845531 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology with the rapid development of printing materials are widely recognized as a promising way to fabricate bioartificial bone tissues. In consideration of the disadvantages of bone substitutes, including poor mechanical properties, lack of vascularization and insufficient osteointegration, functional modification strategies can provide multiple functions and desired characteristics of printing materials, enhance their physicochemical and biological properties in bone tissue engineering. Thus, this review focuses on the advances of functional engineering strategies for 3D printed biomaterials in hard tissue replacement. It is structured as introducing 3D printing technologies, properties of printing materials (metals, ceramics and polymers) and typical functional engineering strategies utilized in the application of bone, cartilage and joint regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, PR China
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16
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A Novel Cell Delivery System Exploiting Synergy between Fresh Titanium and Fibronectin. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142158. [PMID: 35883601 PMCID: PMC9317518 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivering and retaining cells in areas of interest is an ongoing challenge in tissue engineering. Here we introduce a novel approach to fabricate osteoblast-loaded titanium suitable for cell delivery for bone integration, regeneration, and engineering. We hypothesized that titanium age influences the efficiency of protein adsorption and cell loading onto titanium surfaces. Fresh (newly machined) and 1-month-old (aged) commercial grade 4 titanium disks were prepared. Fresh titanium surfaces were hydrophilic, whereas aged surfaces were hydrophobic. Twice the amount of type 1 collagen and fibronectin adsorbed to fresh titanium surfaces than aged titanium surfaces after a short incubation period of three hours, and 2.5-times more fibronectin than collagen adsorbed regardless of titanium age. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were incubated on protein-adsorbed titanium surfaces for three hours, and osteoblast loading was most efficient on fresh titanium adsorbed with fibronectin. The number of osteoblasts loaded using this synergy between fresh titanium and fibronectin was nine times greater than that on aged titanium with no protein adsorption. The loaded cells were confirmed to be firmly attached and functional. The number of loaded cells was strongly correlated with the amount of protein adsorbed regardless of the protein type, with fibronectin simply more efficiently adsorbed on titanium surfaces than collagen. The role of surface hydrophilicity of fresh titanium surfaces in increasing protein adsorption or cell loading was unclear. The hydrophilicity of protein-adsorbed titanium increased with the amount of protein but was not the primary determinant of cell loading. In conclusion, the osteoblast loading efficiency was dependent on the age of the titanium and the amount of protein adsorption. In addition, the efficiency of protein adsorption was specific to the protein, with fibronectin being much more efficient than collagen. This is a novel strategy to effectively deliver osteoblasts ex vivo and in vivo using titanium as a vehicle.
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17
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Khondkar S, Tharakan S, Badran A, Hadjiargyrou M, Ilyas A. Controlled Biodegradation and Swelling of Strontium-doped Alginate/Collagen Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:1561-1564. [PMID: 36086517 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for critical size defects (CSDs) in bone often use bone grafts to act as a scaffold to help complete healing. Biological scaffolds require bone extraction from the individual or an outside donor while synthetic grafts mostly suffer from poor degradation kinetics and decreased bioactivity. In this study, we investigated a 3D printed scaffold derived from a novel composite bioink composed of alginate and collagen augmented with varying doses from 2 m g/ m L to 20 m g/ m L of 1% strontium-calcium polyphosphate (SCPP) to control biodegradability and fluid uptake. Scaffolds with increased SCPP concentrations showed higher particle density, lesser swelling ratio and greater biodegradability indicating that these critically important properties for bone healing are fine-tunable and highly dependent on SCPP dosing. Clinical Relevance- The dosing of 1% SCPP into porous alginate/collagen scaffolds provides adjustable long-term degradation and material properties suitable for potential in vivo CSD applications.
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18
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Hart DA, Nakamura N. Creating an Optimal In Vivo Environment to Enhance Outcomes Using Cell Therapy to Repair/Regenerate Injured Tissues of the Musculoskeletal System. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1570. [PMID: 35884875 PMCID: PMC9313221 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following most injuries to a musculoskeletal tissue which function in unique mechanical environments, an inflammatory response occurs to facilitate endogenous repair. This is a process that usually yields functionally inferior scar tissue. In the case of such injuries occurring in adults, the injury environment no longer expresses the anabolic processes that contributed to growth and maturation. An injury can also contribute to the development of a degenerative process, such as osteoarthritis. Over the past several years, researchers have attempted to use cellular therapies to enhance the repair and regeneration of injured tissues, including Platelet-rich Plasma and mesenchymal stem/medicinal signaling cells (MSC) from a variety of tissue sources, either as free MSC or incorporated into tissue engineered constructs, to facilitate regeneration of such damaged tissues. The use of free MSC can sometimes affect pain symptoms associated with conditions such as OA, but regeneration of damaged tissues has been challenging, particularly as some of these tissues have very complex structures. Therefore, implanting MSC or engineered constructs into an inflammatory environment in an adult may compromise the potential of the cells to facilitate regeneration, and neutralizing the inflammatory environment and enhancing the anabolic environment may be required for MSC-based interventions to fulfill their potential. Thus, success may depend on first eliminating negative influences (e.g., inflammation) in an environment, and secondly, implanting optimally cultured MSC or tissue engineered constructs into an anabolic environment to achieve the best outcomes. Furthermore, such interventions should be considered early rather than later on in a disease process, at a time when sufficient endogenous cells remain to serve as a template for repair and regeneration. This review discusses how the interface between inflammation and cell-based regeneration of damaged tissues may be at odds, and outlines approaches to improve outcomes. In addition, other variables that could contribute to the success of cell therapies are discussed. Thus, there may be a need to adopt a Precision Medicine approach to optimize tissue repair and regeneration following injury to these important tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Bone & Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB T5J 3E4, Canada
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute of Medical Science in Sport, Osaka Health Science University, 1-9-27 Tenma, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0043, Japan;
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19
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Teng C, Tong Z, He Q, Zhu H, Wang L, Zhang X, Wei W. Mesenchymal Stem Cells–Hydrogel Microspheres System for Bone Regeneration in Calvarial Defects. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050275. [PMID: 35621573 PMCID: PMC9141522 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of large bone defects in clinic is a challenge and urgently needs to be solved. Tissue engineering is a promising therapeutic strategy for bone defect repair. In this study, hydrogel microspheres (HMs) were fabricated to act as carriers for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to adhere and proliferate. The HMs were produced by a microfluidic system based on light-induced gelatin of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA). The HMs were demonstrated to be biocompatible and non-cytotoxic to stem cells. More importantly, the HMs promoted the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. In vivo, the ability of bone regeneration was studied by way of implanting a BMSC/HM system in the cranial defect of rats for 8 weeks. The results confirmed that the BMSC/HM system can induce superior bone regeneration compared with both the HMs alone group and the untreated control group. This study provides a simple and effective research idea for bone defect repair, and the subsequent optimization study of HMs will provide a carrier material with application prospects for tissue engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Teng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 32200, China; (C.T.); (Z.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhicheng Tong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 32200, China; (C.T.); (Z.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qiulin He
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huangrong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 32200, China; (C.T.); (Z.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 32200, China;
| | - Xianzhu Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 32200, China; (C.T.); (Z.T.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (W.W.)
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