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Hackett L, Koppa M, Smith B, Miller M, Santillan S, Weatherred S, Arterburn S, Friedmann TA, Otterstrom N, Eichenfield M. Giant electron-mediated phononic nonlinearity in semiconductor-piezoelectric heterostructures. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01882-4. [PMID: 38702414 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and deterministic nonlinear phononic interactions could revolutionize classical and quantum information processing at radio frequencies in much the same way that nonlinear photonic interactions have at optical frequencies. Here we show that in the important class of phononic materials that are piezoelectric, deterministic nonlinear phononic interactions can be enhanced by orders of magnitude via the heterogeneous integration of high-mobility semiconductor materials. To this end, a lithium niobate and indium gallium arsenide heterostructure is utilized to produce the most efficient three- and four-wave phononic mixing to date, to the best of our knowledge. We then show that the conversion efficiency can be further enhanced by applying semiconductor bias fields that amplify the phonons. We present a theoretical model that accurately predicts the three-wave mixing efficiencies in this work and extrapolate that these nonlinearities can be enhanced far beyond what is demonstrated here by confining phonons to smaller dimensions in waveguides and optimizing the semiconductor material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hackett
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew Koppa
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Brandon Smith
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Steven Santillan
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Scott Weatherred
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shawn Arterburn
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Thomas A Friedmann
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nils Otterstrom
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Hossein F, Angeli P. A review of acoustofluidic separation of bioparticles. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:2005-2025. [PMID: 38192342 PMCID: PMC10771489 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Acoustofluidics is an emerging interdisciplinary research field that involves the integration of acoustics and microfluidics to address challenges in various scientific areas. This technology has proven to be a powerful tool for separating biological targets from complex fluids due to its label-free, biocompatible, and contact-free nature. Considering a careful designing process and tuning the acoustic field particles can be separated with high yield. Recently the advancement of acoustofluidics led to the development of point-of-care devices for separations of micro particles which address many of the limitations of conventional separation tools. This review article discusses the working principles and different approaches of acoustofluidic separation and provides a synopsis of its traditional and emerging applications, including the theory and mechanism of acoustofluidic separation, blood component separation, cell washing, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, circulating tumor cell isolation, and exosome isolation. The technology offers great potential for solving clinical problems and advancing scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fria Hossein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, London, UK
| | - Panagiota Angeli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, London, UK
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de Jong MHJ, Ganesan A, Cupertino A, Gröblacher S, Norte RA. Mechanical overtone frequency combs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1458. [PMID: 36928349 PMCID: PMC10020424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical frequency combs are poised to bring the applications and utility of optical frequency combs into the mechanical domain. So far, their main challenge has been strict requirements on drive frequencies and power, which complicate operation. We demonstrate a straightforward mechanism to create a frequency comb consisting of mechanical overtones (integer multiples) of a single eigenfrequency, by monolithically integrating a suspended dielectric membrane with a counter-propagating optical trap. The periodic optical field modulates the dielectrophoretic force on the membrane at the overtones of a membrane's motion. These overtones share a fixed frequency and phase relation, and constitute a mechanical frequency comb. The periodic optical field also creates an optothermal parametric drive that requires no additional power or external frequency reference. This combination of effects results in an easy-to-use mechanical frequency comb platform that requires no precise alignment, no additional feedback or control electronics, and only uses a single, mW continuous wave laser beam. This highlights the overtone frequency comb as the straightforward future for applications in sensing, metrology and quantum acoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs H J de Jong
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD, Delft, The Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adarsh Ganesan
- Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andrea Cupertino
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Norte
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD, Delft, The Netherlands. .,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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Biomechanical Sensing Using Gas Bubbles Oscillations in Liquids and Adjacent Technologies: Theory and Practical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080624. [PMID: 36005019 PMCID: PMC9406219 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gas bubbles present in liquids underpin many natural phenomena and human-developed technologies that improve the quality of life. Since all living organisms are predominantly made of water, they may also contain bubbles—introduced both naturally and artificially—that can serve as biomechanical sensors operating in hard-to-reach places inside a living body and emitting signals that can be detected by common equipment used in ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging procedures. This kind of biosensor is the focus of the present article, where we critically review the emergent sensing technologies based on acoustically driven oscillations of bubbles in liquids and bodily fluids. This review is intended for a broad biosensing community and transdisciplinary researchers translating novel ideas from theory to experiment and then to practice. To this end, all discussions in this review are written in a language that is accessible to non-experts in specific fields of acoustics, fluid dynamics and acousto-optics.
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