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Estévez-Danta A, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Montes R. Determination of the urinary concentrations of six bisphenols in public servants by online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4469-4480. [PMID: 38888603 PMCID: PMC11294393 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenols are widely used as monomers and additives in plastic production. Thus, bisphenol A (BPA) and its most prominent substitutes have been detected in many environmental and human samples. This study proposes an online solid-phase extraction analytical methodology coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of six bisphenols (BPA and bisphenols F (BPF), S (BPS), AF (BPAF), B (BPB), and E (BPE)) in urine samples as an efficient and automated methodology. The method was developed and validated for all bisphenols with good recoveries (92-112%) and repeatability (RSD ≤ 10%) despite the variable matrix effects, except BPAF (which would require a dedicated internal standard), achieving method quantification limits in the 0.05-2.2 ng mL-1 range. The methodology was subsequently applied to 435 urine samples from a non-occupational exposure population (civil servants for the regional government) from Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain). Only BPA, BPF, and BPS were positively detected; the last two presented higher detection frequencies than BPA. When the urinary concentrations are extrapolated to human intake and compared to the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 × 10-4 µg kg-1 day-1 (TDI), all BPA positively identified samples would surpass this threshold. Although no TDI exists currently for the other two identified bisphenols, it is evident that human exposure to bisphenols should be limited. Finally, the results stratification by gender revealed higher levels of exposure to BPF in the women group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Estévez-Danta
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. R. Constantino Candeira S/N, IIAA Building, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. R. Constantino Candeira S/N, IIAA Building, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. R. Constantino Candeira S/N, IIAA Building, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. R. Constantino Candeira S/N, IIAA Building, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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2
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Lhotská I, Háková M, Erben J, Chvojka J, Švec F, Šatínský D. Stirred discs from polycaprolactone nanofibers highly doped with graphene for straightforward preconcentration of pollutants in environmental waters. Talanta 2024; 266:124975. [PMID: 37487271 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel sorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE) based on hybrid nanofibrous polycaprolactone containing graphene nanoparticles has been prepared. The preparation of hybrid polymer nanofibers with a very high 1:1 polymer/graphene ratio was achieved for the first time using alternating current electrospinning. The final appearance of these nanofibers was a thick porous layer that was cut into the shape of easy-to-handle extraction discs. Based on the preliminary study in which the graphene content varied, 30% graphene-doped nanofibers (w/w) exhibited the highest recoveries and enabled a significant increase in the retention of analytes, 2-25 times in comparison to PCL. The incorporation of graphene resulted in a higher surface area of 12 g/m2 compared to 2 g/m2 determined for the native polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers. This unique material was applied for a simple stirred disc sorptive extraction and preconcentration of trace levels of emerging organic environmental contaminants, bisphenols A, AF, AP, C, S, Z, 3-chlorophenol, and pesticides fenoxycarb, deltamethrin, and kadethrin from surface waters prior to HPLC-DAD determination. This was accomplished by stirring the unsupported nanofiber disc in a large-volume sample with RSD of five extractions of 3-15%. Recoveries yielded 87-120%, except 52% for bisphenol S due to its high polarity. Optimization of the extraction procedure included conditioning, sample volume, extraction time, and elution solvent. Our novel desorption procedure carried out in a vial used for the direct injection into the HPLC system significantly reduced sample handling and minimized potential human error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Lhotská
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Háková
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Erben
- Technical University of Liberec, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Studentská 2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Chvojka
- Technical University of Liberec, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Studentská 2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Šatínský
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Ingrassia EB, Fiorentini EF, Wuilloud RG, da Silva SM, Escudero LB. Novel bionanomaterial based on Spirulina maxima algae and graphene oxide for lead microextraction and determination in water and infant beverages. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5475-5486. [PMID: 37394522 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A new hybrid bionanomaterial composed of graphene oxide (GO) and Spirulina maxima (SM) algae was synthesized and applied to develop a preconcentration method based on the dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μ-SPE) technique for the determination of Pb in water and infant beverages. In this work, Pb(II) was extracted with 3 mg of the hybrid bionanomaterial (GO@SM) followed by a back-extraction step using 500 µL of 0.6 mol L-1 HCl. Then, a 1.5 × 10-3 mol L-1 dithizone solution was added to the sample containing the analyte to form a purplish red-colored complex for its detection by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 553 nm. An extraction efficiency of 98% was obtained after optimization of experimental variables such as GO@SM mass, pH, sample volume, type, and time of agitation. A detection limit of 1 μg L-1 and a relative standard deviation of 3.5% (at 5 μg L-1 Pb(II), n = 10) were achieved. The calibration linear range was obtained between 3.3 and 95 µg L-1 Pb(II). The proposed method was successfully applied for the preconcentration and determination of Pb(II) in infant beverages. Finally, the greenness degree of the D-µ-SPE method was evaluated using the Analytical GREEnness calculator (AGREE), obtaining a score of 0.62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía B Ingrassia
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (BioTA), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Interdisciplinary Institute of Basic Sciences (ICB), UNCUYO-CONICET, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Emiliano F Fiorentini
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (BioTA), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Interdisciplinary Institute of Basic Sciences (ICB), UNCUYO-CONICET, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo G Wuilloud
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Research and Development (QUIANID), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Interdisciplinary Institute of Basic Sciences (ICB), UNCUYO-CONICET, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Stela M da Silva
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Almirante Brown Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Leticia B Escudero
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (BioTA), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Interdisciplinary Institute of Basic Sciences (ICB), UNCUYO-CONICET, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Nkoh JN, Oderinde O, Etafo NO, Kifle GA, Okeke ES, Ejeromedoghene O, Mgbechidinma CL, Oke EA, Raheem SA, Bakare OC, Ogunlaja OO, Sindiku O, Oladeji OS. Recent perspective of antibiotics remediation: A review of the principles, mechanisms, and chemistry controlling remediation from aqueous media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163469. [PMID: 37061067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic pollution is an ever-growing concern that affects the growth of plants and the well-being of animals and humans. Research on antibiotics remediation from aqueous media has grown over the years and previous reviews have highlighted recent advances in antibiotics remediation technologies, perspectives on antibiotics ecotoxicity, and the development of antibiotic-resistant genes. Nevertheless, the relationship between antibiotics solution chemistry, remediation technology, and the interactions between antibiotics and adsorbents at the molecular level is still elusive. Thus, this review summarizes recent literature on antibiotics remediation from aqueous media and the adsorption perspective. The review discusses the principles, mechanisms, and solution chemistry of antibiotics and how they affect remediation and the type of adsorbents used for antibiotic adsorption processes. The literature analysis revealed that: (i) Although antibiotics extraction and detection techniques have evolved from single-substrate-oriented to multi-substrates-oriented detection technologies, antibiotics pollution remains a great danger to the environment due to its trace level; (ii) Some of the most effective antibiotic remediation technologies are still at the laboratory scale. Thus, upscaling these technologies to field level will require funding, which brings in more constraints and doubts patterning to whether the technology will achieve the same performance as in the laboratory; and (iii) Adsorption technologies remain the most affordable for antibiotic remediation. However, the recent trends show more focus on developing high-end adsorbents which are expensive and sometimes less efficient compared to existing adsorbents. Thus, more research needs to focus on developing cheaper and less complex adsorbents from readily available raw materials. This review will be beneficial to stakeholders, researchers, and public health professionals for the efficient management of antibiotics for a refined decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Nkoh Nkoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China; Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Olayinka Oderinde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Nelson Oshogwue Etafo
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Ing. J. Cárdenas Valdez S/N Republica, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Ghebretensae Aron Kifle
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Mai Nefhi College of Science, National Higher Education and Research Institute, Asmara 12676, Eritrea
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science & Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Onome Ejeromedoghene
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211189, PR China
| | - Chiamaka Linda Mgbechidinma
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Development Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State 200243, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel A Oke
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395007, India
| | - Saheed Abiola Raheem
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Omonike Christianah Bakare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa O Ogunlaja
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Omotayo Sindiku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Sunday Oladeji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
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Suwanvecho C, Krčmová LK, Švec F. Effective, convenient, and green sample preparation for the determination of retinol and retinol acetate in human serum using pipette tip microextraction. Talanta 2023; 262:124689. [PMID: 37220691 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An efficient sample preparation based on pipette tip microextraction that can be used for the analysis of retinol in human serum has been developed. Altogether, nine commercial pipette tips were compared based on recovery, sample volume, use of organic solvent, handling difficulty, duration of the preparation process, price, and greenness of the method. Retinol acetate was used as the internal standard. The extraction efficiency for both compounds was evaluated to optimize and select the best pipette tip for sample preparation, which was the WAX-S XTR pipette tip containing an ion exchanger and salt. This tip combined solid phase extraction and salting-out assisted liquid‒liquid extraction. Satisfying recoveries of 100 and 80% for retinol and retinol acetate, respectively, and good repeatability were demonstrated. The action of this pipette tip was based on the clean-up workflow in which the interferences were retained on the sorbent. The presence of residual interferences in the extracted samples did not affect the HPLC separation of compounds of interest. The simplicity of the clean-up workflow reduced the time of the sample preparation compared to the bind-wash-elute counterpart workflow. The advantages of our technique are its environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness. The selected pipette tip with an excellent microextraction efficiency enables sample preparation in both clinical research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaweewan Suwanvecho
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - František Švec
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Soares S, Rosado T, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Solid Phase-Based Microextraction Techniques in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041055. [PMID: 37111541 PMCID: PMC10142207 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring is an established practice for a small group of drugs, particularly those presenting narrow therapeutic windows, for which there is a direct relationship between concentration and pharmacological effects at the site of action. Drug concentrations in biological fluids are used, in addition to other clinical observation measures, to assess the patient's status, since they are the support for therapy individualization and allow assessing adherence to therapy. Monitoring these drug classes is of great importance, as it minimizes the risk of medical interactions, as well as toxic effects. In addition, the quantification of these drugs through routine toxicological tests and the development of new monitoring methodologies are extremely relevant for public health and for the well-being of the patient, and it has implications in clinical and forensic situations. In this sense, the use of new extraction procedures that employ smaller volumes of sample and organic solvents, therefore considered miniaturized and green techniques, is of great interest in this field. From these, the use of fabric-phase extractions seems appealing. Noteworthy is the fact that SPME, which was the first of these miniaturized approaches to be used in the early '90s, is still the most used solventless procedure, providing solid and sound results. The main goal of this paper is to perform a critical review of sample preparation techniques based on solid-phase microextraction for drug detection in therapeutic monitoring situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Soares
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
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Yao W, Ge J, Hu Q, Ma J, Yuan D, Fu X, Qi Y, Volmer DA. An advanced LC-MS/MS protocol for simultaneous detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9397. [PMID: 36098176 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The development of appropriate analytical screening techniques for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is the basis for studying the distribution and environmental impact of emerging contaminants (ECs). Mass spectrometry-based screening methods vary with the complexity of the target compounds. It is challenging to balance both positive and negative ion quantification with a low detection limit. To establish a set of experimental methods including extraction, chromatography-separation and mass spectrometry screening is one of the most important topics in PPCP research. This paper describes a universal and efficient qualification and quantification protocol for the simultaneous detection of 34 PPCPs in different environmental samples in a single analytical data acquisition run. METHODS Thirty-four representative PPCPs, which are widely distributed in the environment with high ecological toxicity and complex chemical structures, were selected as representative target ECs. The extraction of the target PPCPs was achieved using only one solid-phase extraction cartridge without the need to adjust the pH of samples. The enriched samples were detected by LC-MS/MS in both positive and negative ion modes simultaneously. The protocol was evaluated based on the accuracy, precision, detection limits and matrix effects. RESULTS This method achieved simultaneous detection of PPCPs in both positive and negative ion modes, with a single analytical cycle of 12 min. The observed SPE recoveries were between 40% and 115%. The instrumental detection limits (IDL) varied from 0.01 to 1 pg, and the method detection limits (MDL) were between 0.002 and 3.323 ng/l in different matrices. Most of the PPCPs were subjected to matrix suppression below 30%. The method was successfully applied for quantitative analysis of the PPCPs in different environmental samples, including river samples, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) samples and soil samples. CONCLUSIONS This protocol developed a rapid and efficient detection method to simultaneous qualitative and quantitative 34 representative PPCPs in the environment. The IDL ranged from 0.01 to 1 pg and the MDL ranged from 0.002 to 3.323 ng/l in different matrices. The detection limit was one order of magnitude lower compared to previous studies. The protocol also provided a wide application range for different environmental matrices, which permitted the migration and transformation of PPCPs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Yao
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinfeng Ge
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiaozhuan Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingying Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Daohe Yuan
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Bohai Rim Coastal Earth Critical Zone National Observation and Research Station, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Stratulat A, Sousa ÉM, Calisto V, Lima DL. Solid phase extraction using biomass-based sorbents for the quantification of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Sowa I, Wójciak M, Tyszczuk-Rotko K, Klepka T, Dresler S. Polyaniline and Polyaniline-Based Materials as Sorbents in Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8881. [PMID: 36556687 PMCID: PMC9786183 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the best known and widely studied conducting polymers with multiple applications and unique physicochemical properties. Due to its porous structure and relatively high surface area as well as the affinity toward many analytes related to the ability to establish different types of interactions, PANI has a great potential as a sorbent in sample pretreatment before instrumental analyses. This study provides an overview of the applications of polyaniline and polyaniline composites as sorbents in sample preparation techniques based on solid-phase extraction, including conventional solid-phase extraction (SPE) and its modifications, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE), magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). The utility of PANI-based sorbents in chromatography was also summarized. It has been shown that polyaniline is willingly combined with other components and PANI-based materials may be formed in a variety of shapes. Polyaniline alone and PANI-based composites were successfully applied for sample preparation before determination of various analytes, both metal ions and organic compounds, in different matrices such as environmental samples, food, human plasma, urine, and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wójciak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tyszczuk-Rotko
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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10
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Chi Z, Wu X, Zhang Q, Zhai F, Xu Z, Zhang D, Chen Q. Titanium-based metal-organic framework MIL-125(Ti) for the highly selective isolation and purification of immunoglobulin G from human serum. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3754-3762. [PMID: 35933591 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Titanium-based metal-organic framework MIL-125(Ti) was synthesized by the hydrothermal method of terephthalic acid and tetra butyl titanate in N-N dimethylformamide and methanol. MIL-125(Ti) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, zeta potential, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed MIL-125(Ti) could be used as a potential adsorbent for protein separation and purification due to the high specific surface area, high stability and strong hydrophobicity. As a result, MIL-125(Ti) had adsorption selectivity for immunoglobulin G, which was due to hydrogen bond between MIL-125(Ti) and protein. At pH 8.0, the maximum adsorption efficiency of 0.25 mg MIL-125(Ti) for 300 μL 100 μg mL-1 immunoglobulin G was 98.3%, and its maximum adsorption capacity was 232.56 mg g-1 . The elution efficiency of immunoglobulin G was 92.4% by 0.1% SDS. SDS-PAGE result demonstrated the successful isolation of highly purified immunoglobulin G from the human serum. Therefore, a new method of separation and purification of immunoglobulin G in human serum using titanium-based metal-organic framework MIL-125(Ti) as a solid-phase adsorbent was established, which broadened the application scope of metal-organic frameworks. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Chi
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wu
- Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyang Zhai
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
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11
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Batista JM, Diniz MLV, da Silva WM, Glória MBA, de Sousa EMB, Fernandes C. Boron nitride nanotubes for extraction of angiotensin receptor blockers from human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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A Core-Shell Amino-Functionalized Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based on Glycidyl Methacrylate for Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction of Aniline. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A core-shell amino-functionalized glycidyl methacrylate magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by the suspension polymerization/surface imprinting method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimetry, nitrogen gas adsorption–desorption, and elemental analysis. This MIP was used as the sorbent in dispersive solid-phase microextraction (DSPME) of aniline from textile wastewater prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) measurements. Since aniline is toxic and a probable human carcinogen, its determination in water is of great significance. This is a challenging task because aniline is usually present at trace levels. The effects of different DSPME variables on the preconcentration efficiency have been studied by using the Plackett–Burman screening design of experiments (DoE) followed by response surface methodology optimization using the Box-Behnken design. Thus, DoE enabled the investigation of several variables simultaneously. Under optimized conditions, aniline was effectively and selectively separated by a small amount of the DSPME sorbent and detected in real textile wastewater samples. The method detection limit of 1 ng mL−1 was attained, with good method linearity and acceptable recovery and precision. The results showed that the studied MIP could be a reliable DSPME sorbent for efficiently analyzing trace aniline in real wastewater samples.
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Effects of Impregnated Amidophosphonate Ligand Concentration on the Uranium Extraction Behavior of Mesoporous Silica. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144342. [PMID: 35889214 PMCID: PMC9316337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of solid-phase uranium extractants were prepared by post-synthesis impregnation of a mesoporous silica support previously functionalized with octyl chains by direct silanization. Five materials were synthesized with 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mmol of the amidophosphonate ligand DEHCEBP per gram of functionalized solid, and the effect of the ligand concentration on the uranium extraction efficiency and selectivity of the materials was investigated. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption data show that with increasing ligand loadings, the specific surface area and average pore volume decrease as the amidophosphonate ligand fills first the micropores and then the mesopores of the support. Acidic uranium solutions with a high sulfate content were used to replicate the conditions in ore treatment leaching solutions. Considering the extraction kinetics, the equilibration time was found to increase with the ligand concentration, which can be explained by the clogging of micropores and the multilayer arrangement of the DEHCEBP molecules in the materials with their highest ligand contents. The fact that the equilibrium ligand/uranium ratio is about 2 mol/mol regardless of the ligand concentration in the material suggests that all the ligand molecules remain accessible for extraction. The maximum uranium extraction capacities ranged from 30 mg∙g−1 at 0.2 mmol∙g−1 DEHCEBP to 54 mg∙g−1 in the material with 0.5 mmol∙g−1 DEHCEBP. These materials could therefore potentially be used as solid-phase uranium extractants in acidic solutions with high sulfate concentrations.
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Sequential combination of solid-phase sorbents to enhance the selectivity of organosulfur compounds for flavour analysis. Talanta 2022; 241:123234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Fu Y, Pessagno F, Manesiotis P, Borrull F, Fontanals N, Maria Marcé R. Preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers as selective SPE sorbents for the determination of cathinones in river water. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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The Crosslinker Matters: Vinylimidazole-Based Anion Exchange Polymer for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction of Phenolic Acids. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosslinkers are indispensable constituents for the preparation of SPE materials with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) among the most prominent representatives. A crosslinker that has not yet been used for the preparation of SPE sorbents is 3,3’-(hexane-1,6-diyl)bis(1-vinylimidazolium) bromide [C6-bis-VIM] [Br]. In this study, we synthesized differently crosslinked vinylimidazole polymers with EGDMA, DVB and [C6-bis-VIM] [Br] and evaluated their extraction efficiencies towards phenolic acids. Dispersive SPE experiments performed with the [C6-bis-VIM] [Br] crosslinked polymers exhibited significantly higher extraction recoveries for the majority of analytes. Due to these promising results, the [C6-bis-VIM] [Br] crosslinked polymer was optimized in terms of the monomer to crosslinker ratio and an efficient dispersive SPE protocol was developed, with maximum recoveries ranging from 84.1–92.5% and RSD values ˂ 1%. The developed extraction procedure was also applied to cartridges resulting in recoveries between 97.2 and 98.5%, which were on average 5% higher than with the commercial anion exchange sorbent Oasis® MAX. Furthermore, the sorbent was regenerated showing a good reusability for the majority of analytes. In conclusion, this study clearly highlights the yet untapped potential of the crosslinker, [C6-bis-VIM] [Br], with respect to the synthesis of efficient anion exchange polymers for SPE.
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Zatrochová S, Martínez-Pérez-Cejuela H, Catalá-Icardo M, Simó-Alfonso EF, Lhotská I, Šatínský D, Herrero-Martínez JM. Development of hybrid monoliths incorporating metal–organic frameworks for stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with liquid chromatography for determination of estrogen endocrine disruptors in water and human urine samples. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:92. [PMID: 35132465 PMCID: PMC8821068 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel coating based on hybrid monolith with metal–organic framework (MOF) onto conventional Teflon-coated magnetic stir bars was developed. For this purpose, the external surface of the Teflon stir bar was firstly vinylized in order to immobilize a glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)–based polymer onto the magnet. Then, an amino-modified MOF of type MIL-101 (NH2-MIL-101(Al)) was covalently attached to the GMA-based monolith. After the synthesis process, several parameters affecting extraction of target estrogens by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) including pH, ionic strength, extraction time, stirring rate, desorption solvent, and desorption time were also investigated. The resulting hybrid monolith was evaluated as SBSE sorbent for extraction of three estrogens (estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol) and synthetic 17β-ethinylestradiol from water and human urine samples followed by HPLC with fluorescence detection (excitation and emission wavelengths, 280 and 310 nm, respectively). Under the optimal experimental conditions, the analytical figures of the method were established, achieving satisfactory limits of detection in the range of 0.015–0.58 µg L−1, recovery results ranging from 70 to 95% with RSD less than 6%, and precision values (intra- and inter-extraction units) below 6%.
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18
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Zhang C, Xing H, Yang L, Fei P, Liu H. Development trend and prospect of solid phase extraction technology. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Canpolat G, Dolak İ, Keçili R, Hussain CG, Amiri A, Hussain CM. Conductive Polymer-Based Nanocomposites as Powerful Sorbents: Design, Preparation and Extraction Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1419-1432. [PMID: 35040725 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2025334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers as composite materials have been attracted tremendous attention due to their versatile and excellent features such as tunable conductivity, facile synthesis and fabrication, high chemical and thermal stability etc. These characteristics make them versatile and let them being used in numerous fields including microelectronics, optics and biosensors. Throughout the mentioned fields, conductive polymers particularly perform as effective sorbents. Although tremendous efforts have been put into this topic, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive up-to-date review on the applications of conductive polymers as efficient sorbents has not been reported. The main objective of this paper is to make a significant contribution to the recent literature toward the synthesis and extraction applications of conductive polymers as efficient sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - İbrahim Dolak
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Rüstem Keçili
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | | | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Fontanals N, Zohar J, Borrull F, Ronka S, Marcé RM. Development of a maleic acid-based material to selectively solid-phase extract basic compounds from environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462165. [PMID: 33945931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a novel mixed-mode weak cation-exchange (WCX) material. This material was prepared by means of the functionalization of a mesoporous divinylbenzene (DVB) resin with maleic acid (maleic acid-DVB), which yielded a high carboxylic moiety content resulting in WCX interactions as well as suitable specific surface area for reversed-phase interactions. After the optimization of the solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol to enhance the selectivity of the sorbent, this material was evaluated as a novel WCX sorbent in the SPE of a group of drugs from environmental water samples. The method is based on SPE followed by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with an Orbitrap analyzer, and was validated and applied for the determination of basic drugs in river, effluent and influent wastewater samples. Maleic acid-DVB sorbent yielded suitable recovery rates (57% to 89%) and an acceptable matrix effect (<32%) thanks to the effective washing step included when these environmental waters were loaded through the novel resin. The method was applied to different environmental water samples and some basic drugs were suitably quantified in these environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fontanals
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo, 1, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - J Zohar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - F Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo, 1, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - S Ronka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże, Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - R M Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo, 1, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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21
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Birer AM, Gözmen B, Sönmez Ö, Kalderis D. Evaluation of sewage sludge biochar and modified derivatives as novel SPE adsorbents for monitoring of bisphenol A. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128866. [PMID: 33172672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is abundant biomass, the sustainable management of which remains a big issue worldwide. It was demonstrated that pyrolysis of sewage sludge using simple and cost-effective apparatus can produce biochars, suitable for solid-phase extraction applications of hydrophobic analytes. Detailed characterization showed that modification lead to three more hydrophobic and one more hydrophilic sample, compared to the original biochar. All samples were evaluated in the solid-phase extraction of the emerging contaminant Bisphenol A from aqueous solutions. KOH-SSB and KOH/MeOH-SSB exhibited the most promising behavior, with the latter achieving recoveries of 88.1%, at a quantity of 0.1 g at the natural pH of the BPA solution (6.5). The effect of solution pH was insignificant in the range of 4-7, whereas the initial BPA concentration had no effect in the recovery within the range of 1-100 μg L-1. The mechanism of interaction between the optimum sample and BPA was based on hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions, establishing earlier observations that the type (and not concentration) of individual surface groups and the total surface area play a significant role in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Mulla Birer
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Belgin Gözmen
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Özgür Sönmez
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Dimitrios Kalderis
- Department of Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, Crete, 73100, Greece.
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22
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Temerdashev ZA, Vinitskaya EA, Milevskaya VV, Statkus MA. Preconcentration of Phenolic Compounds on Carbon Sorbents and Their Chromatographic Determination in Aqueous Extracts of Medicinal Plants. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193482103014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Trujillo-Rodríguez MJ, Pacheco-Fernández I, Taima-Mancera I, Díaz JHA, Pino V. Evolution and current advances in sorbent-based microextraction configurations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Separation of Benzene/Cyclohexane Mixtures by Pervaporation Using Poly (Ethylene-Co-Vinylalcohol) and Carbon Nanotube-Filled Poly (Vinyl Alcohol-Co-Ethylene) Membranes. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene-co-vinylalcohol) (E-VOH) and carbon nanotube-filled poly (vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (E-VOH/CNT) were used as membranes to separate benzene/cyclohexane mixtures by pervaporation technique. To reach this goal, E-VOH and E-VOH/CNT membranes were prepared by solvent casting method and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling tests were used to study the mass transfer of the benzene/cyclohexane mixture and their pure components. The separation by pervaporation process was carried out at 25 °C in which the effect of CNTs incorporated into E-VOH matrix and the initial concentration of benzene in the feed on the permeate flux, j, and separation factor, β, performance was investigated. The results obtained were very promising, in which the integration of CNTs through E-VOH chains increased the absorption area and raised the flux to 740 g/m2∙h. The separation factor increased to 9.03 and the pervaporation separation reached an index of 5942.2 g/m2∙h for the azeotropic mixture during 3 h of the separation process. In contrast, for the unfilled E-VOH membrane, it was found that these parameters were a rise of 280 g∙m−2∙h−1, separation factor of 12.90 and pervaporation separation index of 3332.0 g/m2∙h, under the same conditions. Likewise, the calculation of the performance of the E-VOH/CNT membrane with regard to that of the unfilled membrane indicated 2.64 for the total flux and 0.70 for the separation factor. It was also revealed that the best compromise of the filled membrane in terms of total cumulative flux and separation factor is obtained for the feed containing the azeotropic mixture.
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González-Sálamo J, Jiménez-Skrzypek G, Ortega-Zamora C, González-Curbelo MÁ, Hernández-Borges J. Covalent Organic Frameworks in Sample Preparation. Molecules 2020; 25:E3288. [PMID: 32698393 PMCID: PMC7397186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be classified as emerging porous crystalline polymers with extremely high porosity and surface area size, and good thermal stability. These properties have awakened the interests of many areas, opening new horizons of research and applications. In the Analytical Chemistry field, COFs have found an important application in sample preparation approaches since their inherent properties clearly match, in a good number of cases, with the ideal characteristics of any extraction or clean-up sorbent. The review article is meant to provide a detailed overview of the different COFs that have been used up to now for sample preparation (i.e., solid-phase extraction in its most relevant operational modes-conventional, dispersive, magnetic/solid-phase microextraction and stir-bar sorptive extraction); the extraction devices/formats in which they have been applied; and their performances and suitability for this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (G.J.-S.); (C.O.-Z.)
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Gabriel Jiménez-Skrzypek
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (G.J.-S.); (C.O.-Z.)
| | - Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (G.J.-S.); (C.O.-Z.)
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 n° 11-45, 110221 Bogotá D.C., Colombia;
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (G.J.-S.); (C.O.-Z.)
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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GC-MS Analysis and Hemolytic, Antipyretic and Antidiarrheal Potential of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a spice widely used for its medical properties, though the species lacks scientific evidence regarding its toxicity and biologic effects. The aim of this study was the chemical identification by GC-MS analysis and evaluation of the hemolytic, anticoagulant, antidiarrheal and antipyretic activities of the essential oil from S. aromaticum (EOSa) in adult male mice. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and provided 9.8% v/w yield. GC-MS analyses allowed the identification of nine constituents, with eugenol (84.63%) as the majority. EOSa was diluted in several concentrations (0.005–2 mg/mL) for hemolytic assays, showing hemolytic activity above 20% in concentrations higher than 0.625 mg/mL. Different concentrations of EOSa induced a coagulation time 100% higher than control blood. 50 and 100 mg/kg of EOSa caused additional intestinal motility induced by castor oil by 90–100%. Fever, induced by Saccharomyces cerevisae 15% (s.c.), was controlled by 50 and 100 mg/kg EOSa (p.o.), effects similar to 100 mg/kg dypirone. Results showed that when used orally, EOSa may have a certain degree of toxicity in high dosages, but with antipyretic and intestinal motility properties.
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Fontanals N, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Overview of mixed-mode ion-exchange materials in the extraction of organic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1117:89-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Analytical Scheme for Simultaneous Determination of Phthalates and Bisphenol A in Honey Samples Based on Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by GC-IT/MS. Effect of the Thermal Stress on PAE/BP-A Levels. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3010023. [PMID: 32213842 PMCID: PMC7189663 DOI: 10.3390/mps3010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an analytical protocol was developed for the simultaneous determination of phthalates (di-methyl phthalate DMP, di-ethyl phthalate DEP, di-isobutyl phthalate DiBP, di-n-butyl phthalate DBP, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP, di-n-octyl phthalate DNOP) and bisphenol A (BPA). The extraction technique used was the ultrasound vortex assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UVA-DLLME). The method involves analyte extraction using 75 µL of benzene and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography combined with ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS). The method is sensitive, reliable, and reproducible with a limit of detection (LOD) below 13 ng g−1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) below 22 ng g−1 and the intra- and inter-day errors below 7.2 and 9.3, respectively. The method developed and validated was applied to six honey samples (i.e., four single-use commercial ones and two home-made ones. Some phthalates were found in the samples at concentrations below the specific migration limits (SMLs). Furthermore, the commercial samples were subjected to two different thermal stresses (24 h and 48 h at 40 °C) for evidence of the release of plastic from the containers. An increase in the phthalate concentrations was observed, especially during the first phase of the shock, but the levels were still within the limits of the regulations.
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