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Facenda G, Celis R, Gámiz B, López-Cabeza R. An enantioselective study of the behavior of the herbicide ethofumesate in agricultural soils: Impact of the addition of organoclays and biochar. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115870. [PMID: 38159340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Chiral pesticides that are still commercialized and incorporated into the environment as racemic mixtures of enantiomers require evaluation of the enantioselectivity of their biological activity and environmental fate processes for a better prediction of their field efficacy and environmental risks. In this work, we successfully separated the enantiomers of the chiral herbicide ethofumesate (ETFM), determined their absolute configuration, and characterized their herbicidal activity as well as their adsorption, degradation, enantiomerization, and leaching in Mediterranean agricultural soils. While the herbicidal activity of R-ethofumesate to the sensitive species Portulaca grandiflora was greater than that of S-ethofumesate, the adsorption, degradation, and leaching of the herbicide showed negligible enantioselectivity and enantiomer interconversion did not occur in soils. The adsorption of both enantiomers showed a positive correlation with the soil organic carbon content (r = 0.856, P = 0.015), and their degradation in soils occurred slowly (DT50 > 60 days) and at similar rates independent of their application as individual enantiomers or as a racemic mixture of enantiomers. The addition of three highly adsorptive materials to a scarcely adsorptive soil increased the adsorption of the enantiomers of ETFM and delayed their degradation without affecting the non-enantioselective character of the processes. As a result of their high adsorption capacity, the materials were highly effective in reducing the leaching of both enantiomers of ETFM through soil columns. The results of this work indicate that the application of single-enantiomer ETFM formulations, based on a higher herbicidal activity or a lower toxicity to non-target organisms of the formulated enantiomer, would reduce considerable exposure risks associated with incorporating into the environment the less favorable enantiomer, as this would show long persistence and high leaching potential in soils similar to its optical isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Facenda
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Celis
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gámiz
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Química para la Energía y Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Cabeza
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Pavlović DM, Babić S, Čizmić M, Sertić M, Pinušić T. Simultaneous determination of macrolides in water samples by solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:515-535. [PMID: 38147474 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the determination of macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, tylosin) and tiamulin in water samples was described in this article. These compounds were extracted with different types of sorbents ( Oasis HLB, C18, C8, SDB, and Strata-X) and different masses of sorbents (60 mg, 200 mg, and 500 mg) using different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile) and different pH values of water samples (pH 7.00, 8.00, and 9.00). It was found that the highest extraction efficiency of the studied compounds was obtained with 200 mg/3 mL C18 cartridges with methanol as eluent at pH 9.00 of the water sample. The developed SPE-CE method for macrolide antibiotics and tiamulin was validated for linearity, precision, repeatability, the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), and recovery. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.3-30 mg L-1 depending on the drug, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9958 in all cases except clarithromycin (0.9873). Expanded measurement uncertainties were calculated for each pharmaceutical, accounting for 20.31 % (azithromycin), 38.33 % (tiamulin), 28.95 % (clarithromycin), 26.99 % (roxithromycin), and 21.09 % (tiamulin). Uncertainties associated with precision and calibration curves contributed the most to the combined measurement uncertainty. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of production waste-water from the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- 1University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Babić
- 1University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Čizmić
- 1University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miranda Sertić
- 2University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Pinušić
- 1University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Gao W, Qin Y, Zang Y, Zhu J, Chen W, Tong S, Zeng Y, Chu C. Miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion and solid-phase clear-up combined with capillary electrophoresis for efficient determination of trace bioactive components in complicated sample matrix: Take Wubi Shanyao Pill as an example. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300164. [PMID: 37387568 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantitative analysis of trace analytes in a complicated matrix is a challenge in modern analytical chemistry. An appropriate analytical method is considered to be one of the most common gaps during the whole process. In this study, a green and efficient strategy based on miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion and solid-phase extraction combined with capillary electrophoresis was first proposed for extracting, purifying and determining target analytes from complicated matrix, using Wubi Shanyao Pill as an example. In detail, 60 mg of samples were dispersed on MCM-48 to obtain high yields of analytes, then the extract was purified with a solid-phase extraction cartridge. Finally, four analytes in the purified sample solution were determined by capillary electrophoresis. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of matrix solid-phase dispersion, purification efficiency of solid-phase extraction and separation effect of capillary electrophoresis were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, all analytes demonstrated satisfactory linearity (R2 >0.9983). What's more, the superior green potential of the developed method for the determination of complex samples was confirmed by the Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach. The established method was successfully applied in the accurate determination of target analytes in Wubi Shanyao Pill and thus provided reliable, sensitive, and efficient strategy support for its quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yaxin Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Zang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modern Research, Hangzhou Huqingyutang Pharmaceutical Ltd., Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modern Research, Hangzhou Huqingyutang Pharmaceutical Ltd., Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuqun Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Wuest B, Gavrilović I, Cowan D, Torre XDL, Botrè F, Parr MK. Analysis of doping control samples using supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Ready for routine use. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200880. [PMID: 36739523 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography is proving to be a good separation and sample preparation tool for various analytical applications and, as such, has gained the attention of the anti-doping community. Here, the applicability of supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry for routine doping control analysis was tested. A multi-analyte method was developed to cover 197 drugs and metabolites that are prohibited in sport. More than 1000 samples were analyzed by applying a "dilute and inject" approach after hydrolysis of glucuronide metabolites. Additionally, a comparison with routinely used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with 250 of the 1000 samples and a number of past positive anti-doping samples. It revealed some features where supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was found to be complementary or advantageous to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for anti-doping purposes, such as better retention of analytes that are poorly retained in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Our results suggest that supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is sensitive (limit of detection <50% relevant minimum required performance level required by the World Anti-Doping Agency for anti-doping analysis), reproducible, robust, precise (analytes of interest area coefficient of variation <5%; retention time difference coefficient of variation <1%) and complementary to existing techniques currently used for routine analysis in the World Anti-Doping Agency accredited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Gavrilović
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Cowan
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy.,Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, Institute de sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Łukaszewicz P, Stepnowski P, Haliński ŁP. The first fully optimized and validated SPE-LC-MS/MS method for determination of the new-generation neonicotinoids in surface water samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136868. [PMID: 36265709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of the new generation neonicotinoids (NQs) results in their constant inflow to water bodies. Both their persistence in waters and mechanism of action similar to older compounds already banned in the EU raise concerns about potential ecotoxicological effects. Information about presence of the new NQs in the aquatic environment is still sparse, and the consequences for aquatic organisms remain mostly unknown, due to the lack of sensitive and selective analytical tools. Therefore, a method utilizing solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) has been developed and optimized, enabling the monitoring of EU-approved NQs: acetamiprid (ACT), sulfoxaflor (SFX) and flupyradifurone (FLU), and common NQ metabolite 6-chloronicotinoic acid (6-CNA) in surface waters. To optimize their extraction from natural water samples, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used. An increase in pH value favored higher absolute recoveries (AR) of ACT, SFX and FLU, while the opposite effect was observed for 6-CNA. Increasing water sample volume had adverse effect on the extraction of all compounds. The optimal conditions for simultaneous extraction of all compounds included the use of Oasis HLB sorbent, 200 mL of a water sample at pH of 4.6, and application of 0.3% HCOOH in acetonitrile as an eluent, allowing to obtain AR values above 80% in most cases. Further increase in pH value had positive impact on extraction effectiveness of ACT, SFX and FLU. The method was subjected to full matrix-matched validation and was proven to be fully reliable for the analysis of ACT, SFX and FLU, while the successful isolation of 6-CNA depends on the matrix composition. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of NQs in surface water samples, proving its sensitivity and selectivity. It can be easily adapted as a tool for trace analysis of NQs and for NQ-associated risk assessment in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Łukaszewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz P Haliński
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Zhou HX, Chen MH, Gu WJ, Hu MF, Liu XY, Zhou J, Song YQ, Zha HG. Identification and quantitation of the novel insecticide sulfoxaflor and its metabolites in floral nectar from Salvia splendens Ker Gawl. (Lamiaceae). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1310-1320. [PMID: 36149570 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxaflor is a new systemic insecticide developed as a replacement for older neonicotinoids which are known to be toxic to pollinators. However, its metabolism in nectar and effect on nectar biosynthesis have not been investigated. After soil and foliar application, sulfoxaflor and its main metabolites in soil, leaf and Salvia splendens nectar, were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The chemical composition between the clean and sulfoxaflor spiked nectar were also compared. The activities of two possible sulfoxaflor detoxifying enzymes in S. splendens nectar, nitrile hydratase and glutathione-s-transferase, were measured by LC-MS and spectrophotometry. S. splendens nectar proteome was investigated by high-resolution orbitrap-based MS/MS to screen for sulfoxaflor detoxifying relevant proteins. S. splendens could absorb sulfoxaflor through root or leaf surface and secrete a proportion of sulfoxaflor along with its metabolites into the nectar. After soil application, sulfoxaflor's low toxic metabolite X11719474 was dominant in the nectar and reached an average concentration of 8905 ppb. However, after foliar application, sulfoxaflor was dominant over its metabolites in the nectar. S. splendens nectar has no nitrile hydratase and glutathione-s-transferase activity and none of the 106 proteins identified in the nectar were predicted to function in detoxifying sulfoxaflor. Soil and foliar sulfoxaflor application can result in different profiles of sulfoxaflor and its metabolites presented in the nectar. However, sulfoxaflor had no effects on S. splendens nectar secretion and chemical composition and cannot be directly detoxified by components in the nectar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhou
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Mang-Huang Chen
- Instrumental Analysis Centre, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Wen-Jing Gu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Meng-Fang Hu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Xin-Yue Liu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Yue-Qin Song
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Hong-Guang Zha
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China.
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