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Farkas Z, Puškárová A, Šišková AO, Poljovka A, Zámocký M, Vadkertiová E, Urík M, Farkas B, Bučková M, Kraková L, Pangallo D. Evaluation of enzymatic stamp removal strategies on handmade (cellulose-based) and machine-made (lignin-containing) papers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124599. [PMID: 37116835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Two different biocleaning techniques for stamp removal from different paper samples (handmade and machine-made) were investigated. Cellulose is the main component of handmade paper, while higher concentration of lignin is present in machine-made paper. Biocleaning methods included the direct application on paper surfaces of the extracellular enzymatic mixture (EEM) extracted from the yeast Sporidiobolus metaroseus and the recombinant protein CthediskatG of Chaetomium thermophilum var. dissitum. The produced microbial enzymes (EEM or CthediskatG) were also combined with agarose hydrogels. The effectiveness of the cleaning ability of the individual methods was determined using different spectrophotometer measurements based on colorimetric analysis and by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Some tested samples were also subjected to microstructural and chemical analysis using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The analysis showed that the EEM-based approaches were the most suitable, mainly they are less time-consuming and easy to produce, and moreover slight differences were displayed between EEM and CthediskatG during the removal of the stamp by hydrogel-enzyme approaches. Both EEM applications (direct and hydrogel) speed up the stamp removal process from real paper samples. However, for the complete elimination of the stamp smears a quick N,N-dimethylformamide post-treatment is advised too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Farkas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Puškárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alena Opálková Šišková
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Poljovka
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcel Zámocký
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Vadkertiová
- University Library in Bratislava, Michalská 1, 81417 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Urík
- Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Bence Farkas
- Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Bučková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kraková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 85101 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Pavlović J, Bosch-Roig P, Rusková M, Planý M, Pangallo D, Sanmartín P. Long-amplicon MinION-based sequencing study in a salt-contaminated twelfth century granite-built chapel. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4297-4314. [PMID: 35596787 PMCID: PMC9200699 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The irregular damp dark staining on the stonework of a salt-contaminated twelfth century granite-built chapel is thought to be related to a non-homogeneous distribution of salts and microbial communities. To enhance understanding of the role of microorganisms in the presence of salt and damp stains, we determined the salt content and identified the microbial ecosystem in several paving slabs and inner wall slabs (untreated and previously bio-desalinated) and in the exterior surrounding soil. Soluble salt analysis and culture-dependent approaches combined with archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS fragment as well as with the functional genes nirK, dsr, and soxB long-amplicon MinION-based sequencing were performed. State-of-the-art technology was used for microbial identification, providing information about the microbial diversity and phylogenetic groups present and enabling us to gain some insight into the biological cycles occurring in the community key genes involved in the different geomicrobiological cycles. A well-defined relationship between microbial data and soluble salts was identified, suggesting that poorly soluble salts (CaSO4) could fill the pores in the stone and lead to condensation and dissolution of highly soluble salts (Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2) in the thin layer of water formed on the stonework. By contrast, no direct relationship between the damp staining and the salt content or related microbiota was established. Further analysis regarding organic matter and recalcitrant elements in the stonework should be carried out. KEY POINTS : • Poorly (CaSO4) and highly (Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2) soluble salts were detected • Halophilic and mineral weathering microorganisms reveal ecological impacts of salts • Microbial communities involved in nitrate and sulfate cycles were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pavlović
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pilar Bosch-Roig
- Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Magdalena Rusková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Planý
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 851 01, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Boniek D, de Abreu CS, Dos Santos AFB, de Resende Stoianoff MA. Evaluation of microbiological air parameters and the fungal community involved in the potential risks of biodeterioration in a cultural heritage of humanity, Ouro Preto, Brazil. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:797-807. [PMID: 34131829 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The research of the microbiological air quality of a building considered a human historical and cultural heritage site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization is fundamental for preventive conservation action, mainly because it identifies cultivable fungal species around the collections and suggests the appropriate treatment choice. This study investigated the air microbiological parameters inside the Nossa Senhora da Conceição Church and identified the population of airborne fungi. Sixty filamentous fungal isolates were detected with ten distinct taxa. The counts of colony forming units (CFUs) performed at 10 different points were in accordance with Brazilian legislation. In addition, the presence of two fungal species was detected colonizing artworks covered with gold leaves: Cladosporium cladosporioides and Aspergillus versicolor. Air quality monitoring inside the church was in accordance with the required Brazilian legislation standards. The composition of the filamentous fungal community included the presence of human fungal pathogens; for this reason, the use of personal protective equipment was recommended during the restoration work. Thus, characterization of the air microbiological parameters helps to preserve not only the building's collection, but also the health of the faithful, conservators-restorers, tourists, and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Boniek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Crísia Santos de Abreu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fernando Batista Dos Santos
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Education and Culture Foundation of Minas Gerais, FUMEC University, Cobre Street 200, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30310-190, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida de Resende Stoianoff
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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High Dimension Granite Pavement Bio-Desalination Practical Implementation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biocleaning technology is based on the use of safe environmental microorganisms for green cultural heritage (CH) restoration. Compared with traditional cleaning products, this biological technique is very specific, effective, and nontoxic. This innovative biotechnological application has been used for recovering diverse monuments and artworks. Most CH in situ surfaces that are treated with microorganisms are small areas; however, some important pathologies, such as salt contamination, can affect high dimension artistic surfaces. The purpose of this study is to analyze and overcome the problems and limitations of scaling up the bio-desalination protocol for in situ applications. Three water-based gel delivery systems and three heating systems were tested in situ and evaluated in terms of performance difficulty, efficacy, and costs. The tests were carried out on the salt contaminated granite pavement of Cristo Chapel of Sta Ma de Conxo in Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Ground agar 2% and a heating electric mat were selected as the best performing systems. The implemented protocol was applied for the bio-desalination of the 233 m2 Chapel pavement. Conductivity, nitrate–nitrite measurements, biological monitoring, and digital image analysis were performed to determine the efficacy of the treatment. This research allowed for the development of an innovative and optimized in situ, high dimension bio-desalination application protocol transferable to other large scale, in situ biocleaning strategies.
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Kisová Z, Pavlović J, Šefčiková L, Bučková M, Puškárová A, Kraková L, Šišková AO, Kleinová A, Machatová Z, Pangallo D. Removal of overpainting from an historical painting of the XVIII Century: A yeast enzymatic approach. J Biotechnol 2021; 335:55-64. [PMID: 34090948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biocleaning of cultural heritage items is mainly performed using living microorganisms. Approaches utilizing the enzymes of isolated microorganisms have not been frequently investigated. To find an enzymatic alternative for the removal of an oil-based overpainting, we focused on the characterization and use of a yeast Extracellular Enzymatic Mixture (EEM). A historical silk yeast was selected for its lipolytic properties and its EEM was extracted after cultivation on a medium supplemented with linseed oil. The EEM protein content was visualized by SDS-PAGE, its concentration assessed by fluorimeter and the enzymatic activity evaluated by p-NPP spectrophotometric lipase assay. The yeast growth was suppressed by adding diverse metal ions (Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu) in Reasoner's 2A (R2A) broth, while the quantity and activity of EEM were affected by adding Fe and Pb. Various delivery systems (agar-agar, tylose and klucel G) alone or in a combination with EEM were assayed on the historical painting surface. The colorimetric measurements and the ATR-FTIR analysis indicated that the combinations tylose-EEM and klucel G-EEM can be easily and effectively applied as biocleaning procedures to remove oil-based overpainting from fragile and valuable historical painting surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kisová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jelena Pavlović
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Šefčiková
- Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava, Hviezdoslavovo námestie 18, 814 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Bučková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Puškárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kraková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alena Opálková Šišková
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Angela Kleinová
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Machatová
- Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava, Hviezdoslavovo námestie 18, 814 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 851 01 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Ranalli G, Zanardini E. Biocleaning on Cultural Heritage: new frontiers of microbial biotechnologies. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:583-603. [PMID: 33404159 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the biotechnologies applied to Cultural heritage (CH) have become a successful novel alternative to the traditional approaches in the CH conservation and preservation. From these new perspectives, microorganisms and their metabolisms can be used for the safeguarding of artworks. Biocleaning is a field with a growing interest, based on eco-friendly processes and safe procedures, where biological reactions occurring in natural habitats are optimized in artificial conditions with the aim of CH conservation. This represents a new tool and opportunity for the development and improvement of the sector, with a great advantage for the CH conservation-restoration, in terms of safety, effectiveness, costs and environmental sustainability. This review focuses on the use of microbes and enzymes involved in biocleaning of CH artworks. The aim is to provide a comprehensive, critical and chronological view of the scientific works published until now where 'virtuous' microorganisms are applied on different CH materials, pointing out strength and drawback of the biocleaning treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ranalli
- Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - E Zanardini
- Department of Sciences and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
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Pyzik A, Ciuchcinski K, Dziurzynski M, Dziewit L. The Bad and the Good-Microorganisms in Cultural Heritage Environments-An Update on Biodeterioration and Biotreatment Approaches. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:E177. [PMID: 33401448 PMCID: PMC7795576 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cultural heritage objects constitute a very diverse environment, inhabited by various bacteria and fungi. The impact of these microorganisms on the degradation of artworks is undeniable, but at the same time, some of them may be applied for the efficient biotreatment of cultural heritage assets. Interventions with microorganisms have been proven to be useful in restoration of artworks, when classical chemical and mechanical methods fail or produce poor or short-term effects. The path to understanding the impact of microbes on historical objects relies mostly on multidisciplinary approaches, combining novel meta-omic technologies with classical cultivation experiments, and physico-chemical characterization of artworks. In particular, the development of metabolomic- and metatranscriptomic-based analyses associated with metagenomic studies may significantly increase our understanding of the microbial processes occurring on different materials and under various environmental conditions. Moreover, the progress in environmental microbiology and biotechnology may enable more effective application of microorganisms in the biotreatment of historical objects, creating an alternative to highly invasive chemical and mechanical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pyzik
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.D.); (L.D.)
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