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Said-Al Ahl HAH, Kačániova M, Mahmoud AA, Hikal WM, Čmiková N, Szczepanek M, Błaszczyk K, Al-Balawi SM, Bianchi A, Smaoui S, Tkachenko KG. Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Satureja montana L., a Medicinal Plant Grown under the Influence of Fertilization and Planting Dates. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:328. [PMID: 38785810 PMCID: PMC11118672 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The rising demand for safe plant compounds and herbal products that contribute positively to human health is in line with current market trends. Plants belonging to the Satureja genus, particularly the aromatic medicinal S. montana L. from the Lamiaceae family, are well suited to these trends as they serve as pharmaceutical raw materials. This research aimed to assess the influence of sowing date and fertilization doses, as well as their interaction, on the fresh weight, essential oil content, and composition of S. montana. Experimental cultivation involved varying nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The second cut had the highest fresh weight and oil production compared to the first cut. The highest total plant biomass was achieved with autumn sowing and fertilization at 55 kg N/ha and 37 kg P/ha, whereas Spring sowing exhibited higher essential oil production, with the maximum oil % with 74 kg P/ha and oil yield after applying 55 kg N/ha and 74 kg P/ha. The GC-MS analysis revealed that carvacrol was the predominant compound, with it being recommended to grow S. montana in Spring at doses of 55 kg N/ha and 74 kg P/ha for the superior oil yield. Additionally, S. montana essential oil demonstrated notable biological and antimicrobial activity, positioning it as a potential alternative to chemical food preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein A. H. Said-Al Ahl
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Behouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Miroslava Kačániova
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Okopowa 59, 01-043 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Abeer A. Mahmoud
- Department of Botany (Plant Physiology Section), Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Wafaa M. Hikal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (W.M.H.); (S.M.A.-B.)
| | - Natália Čmiková
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Małgorzata Szczepanek
- Department of Agronomy, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Karolina Błaszczyk
- Department of Agronomy, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Siham M. Al-Balawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (W.M.H.); (S.M.A.-B.)
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax 3029, Tunisia;
| | - Kirill G. Tkachenko
- Peter the Great Botanical Garden of the V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia;
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Matłok N, Piechowiak T, Kapusta I, Józefczyk R, Balawejder M. Variability of Properties Modulating the Biosynthesis of Biologically Active Compounds in Young Barley Treated with Ozonated Water. Molecules 2023; 28:5038. [PMID: 37446700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the effects of irrigating barley plants with different type of water solutions saturated with gaseous ozone generated from atmospheric air. The study investigated the effects of the applied types of water on the modulation of the biosynthesis of selected bioactive compounds (content of total polyphenols, small molecule antioxidants, vitamin C) in the produced plant material. A number of transformations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen compounds have also been postulated; these are observed during the saturation of water with gaseous O3 and 30 min after the end of the process. It was shown that after the process of water saturation with gaseous O3, the gas later is converted to compounds with high oxidative potential and good stability; these, in turn, lead to the oxidation of oxidates generated from atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which exhibit fertilising properties. Thirty minutes after the process of H2O saturation with gaseous O3 was completed, the tests showed the highest concentrations of nitrates and the relatively high oxidative potential of the solution originating from H2O2 with a low concentration of the dissolved O3. This solution exhibited the highest activity modulating the biosynthesis of polyphenols, small molecule antioxidants and vitamin C in young barley plants. The resulting differences were significant, and they were reflected by 15% higher total polyphenol content, 35% higher antioxidative potential and 57% greater content of vitamin C compared to the control specimens (plants treated with fresh H2O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Matłok
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piechowiak
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Rzeszow University, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Radosław Józefczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maciej Balawejder
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Matłok N, Piechowiak T, Kapusta I, Królikowski K, Balawejder M. Induction of Biosynthesis Antioxidant Molecules in Young Barley Plants by Trioxygen. Molecules 2022; 27:7195. [PMID: 36364021 PMCID: PMC9656088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Young barley plants are a good source of bioactive compounds. This paper presents the effects of gaseous O3 (trioxygen or ozone) on the biosynthesis of compounds, determining the antioxidant potential of young barley plants. The total content of polyphenols was determined along with their profile, as well as total antioxidant potential and vitamin C content. The highest contents of these compounds were identified in young barley plants exposed to gaseous O3. The main bioactive compound, representing polyphenols, determined in the examined raw materials was saponarin (isovitexin 7-O-glucoside). The induction of increased biosynthesis of these molecules was directly linked to the modification of the activity of selected enzymes. The increased polyphenol content resulted from the modified activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). On the other hand, the oxidative effect of ozone on barley plants was reduced, owing to the modified activities of catalases (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX). Analysis of the results showed that by applying gaseous O3 at a dose of 50 ppm for 10 min, the contents of bioactive compounds can be maximised in a residue-free way by activating oxidative stress defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Matłok
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piechowiak
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Rzeszow University, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Kamil Królikowski
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maciej Balawejder
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Najar B, Pistelli L, Marchioni I, Pistelli L. Valorization of a Waste Product of Edible Flowers: Volatile Characterization of Leaves. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072172. [PMID: 35408571 PMCID: PMC9000653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The leaves of some plants are reported for their culinary uses, while in edible flowers, they are one of the discarded products in the supply chain. We investigated the volatile profile (VP) and the essential oil (EO) compositions of leaves from 12 Lamiaceae species, of which nine belong to the Mentheae tribe and three to the Ocimeae tribe. (2) Methods: Phytochemical analyses were performed using a GC-MS instrument. (3) Results: More than 53% of the Ocimeae tribe VP was represented by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SH), followed by phenylpropanoids, except for O. × citriodorum, where oxygenated monoterpenes (OM) were the second main class. OM prevailed in six species of the Mentheae tribe except for Agastache ‘Arcado Pink’, Salvia discolor, and S. microphylla, where SH dominated. The EO composition of Ocimeae tribe showed a similar behavior to that of VP concerning the predominant classes. O. basilicum ‘Blue Spice’ (Ob-BS) was an exception, since it showed oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS: 29.6%) as a second principal class. Sesquiterpene compounds were also present in a high amount in two species of the Salviinae subtribe (S. microphylla and S. discolor) and two of the Nepetinae subtribe (Nepeta × faasenii and A. ‘Arcado Pink’). The remaining species of the Mentheae tribe were characterized by OM. (4) Conclusions: Many of the main compounds found were reported for their importance in human health and thus are important as ingredients in several new industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Najar
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali (DISAAA-a), Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali (DISAAA-a), Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (I.M.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NUTRA-FOOD), Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Marchioni
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali (DISAAA-a), Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (I.M.)
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NUTRA-FOOD), Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Matłok N, Kapusta I, Piechowiak T, Zardzewiały M, Gorzelany J, Balawejder M. Characterisation of Some Phytochemicals Extracted from Black Elder ( Sambucus nigra L.) Flowers Subjected to Ozone Treatment. Molecules 2021; 26:5548. [PMID: 34577018 PMCID: PMC8469933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderflowers are a well-known source of bioactive compounds. The amount of isolated bioactive compounds may be increased by applying various abiotic and biotic factors. Gaseous ozone (10 and 100 ppm) was used in the process of preparing flowers. Next, the flowers were treated with sugar syrup to extract bioactive compounds. It was shown that this treatment, including the influence of extraction temperature, significantly affects the contents of polyphenols (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods) and vitamin C, as well as the antioxidant potential (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC method)), the profile of volatile substances (head space-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME methods)) and the colour of the syrup (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* methods). The findings show that an increased dose of ozone and higher extraction temperature applied in the process of syrup production resulted in higher contents and different compositions of bioactive compounds. The highest contents of bioactive compounds were identified in syrup obtained from raw material treated with ozone for 15 min (concentration = 10 ppm) and extraction with sugar syrup at a temperature of 60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Matłok
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Rzeszów University, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Piechowiak
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Collegium of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (T.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Miłosz Zardzewiały
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Józef Gorzelany
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Maciej Balawejder
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Collegium of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (T.P.); (M.B.)
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Sikorska-Zimny K, Lisiecki P, Gonciarz W, Szemraj M, Ambroziak M, Suska O, Turkot O, Stanowska M, Rutkowski KP, Chmiela M, Mielicki W. Influence of Agronomic Practice on Total Phenols, Carotenoids, Chlorophylls Content, and Biological Activities in Dry Herbs Water Macerates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041047. [PMID: 33671275 PMCID: PMC7923153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) have long been known for their organoleptic properties. Both plants are widely used in cuisine worldwide in fresh and dried form and as a pharmaceutical raw material. The study aimed to assess if the type of cultivation influenced chosen chemical parameters (total polyphenols by Folin-Ciocalteu method; carotenoids and chlorophyll content by Lichtenthaler method), antimicrobial activity (with chosen reference microbial strains) and shaped cytotoxicity (with L929 mouse fibroblasts cell line) in water macerates of dry oregano and thyme. Polyphenols content and antimicrobial activity were higher in water macerates obtained from conventional cultivation (independently from herb species), unlike the pigments in a higher amount in macerates from organic herbs cultivation. Among all tested macerates stronger antimicrobial properties (effective in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enteritidis) and higher cytotoxicity (abilities to diminish the growth of L929 fibroblasts cytotoxicity) characterized the conventionally cultivated thyme macerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Sikorska-Zimny
- Skierniewice, Fruit and Vegetables Storage and Processing Department, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Postharvest Physiology, Research Institute of Horticulture, Pomologiczna 13a Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland;
- Stefan Batory State University, Batorego 64c Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.A.); (O.S.); (O.T.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-53-4800-418
| | - Paweł Lisiecki
- Stefan Batory State University, Batorego 64c Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.A.); (O.S.); (O.T.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, The Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 137 Street, 90-235 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Weronika Gonciarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, The University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16 Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (W.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Magdalena Szemraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, The Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 137 Street, 90-235 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Maja Ambroziak
- Stefan Batory State University, Batorego 64c Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.A.); (O.S.); (O.T.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Olga Suska
- Stefan Batory State University, Batorego 64c Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.A.); (O.S.); (O.T.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Oliwia Turkot
- Stefan Batory State University, Batorego 64c Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.A.); (O.S.); (O.T.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Małgorzata Stanowska
- Stefan Batory State University, Batorego 64c Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.A.); (O.S.); (O.T.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Krzysztof P. Rutkowski
- Skierniewice, Fruit and Vegetables Storage and Processing Department, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Postharvest Physiology, Research Institute of Horticulture, Pomologiczna 13a Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, The University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16 Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (W.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Wojciech Mielicki
- Stefan Batory State University, Batorego 64c Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.A.); (O.S.); (O.T.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, The Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1 Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Impact of Ozonation Process on the Content of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Properties in Scots Pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) Shoots as Well as Yield and Composition of Essential Oils. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2020-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study examined the impact of the ozonation procedure on the content of bioactive compounds in young shoots of Pinus sylvestris L. as well as on the yield and the composition of the essential oils and volatile fraction. The ozonation process consisted of exposure of the raw material during 5, 15 and 30 min to the ozone gas with the concentration of 10 and 100 ppm, and then it was stored for 24 hours. In the ozonated pine shoots, the content of vitamin C overall content of polyphenol content and antioxidant potential were determined. It was found that the investigated parameters increased as a result of the utilized procedure. The observed increase in the content of tested bioactive compounds was dependent on exposition time and was found to be highest for ozonated material for 15 min with ozone gas at a concentration of 10 ppm. As a result of the ozonation procedure the content of polyphenolic compounds and vitamin C content increased. Whereas it, did not have a significant effect on composition of the obtained essential oils. It was found that ozone is an effective elicitor, which allows increasing the content of bioactive compounds in pine shoots.
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Matłok N, Piechowiak T, Zardzewiały M, Gorzelany J, Balawejder M. Effects of Ozone Treatment on Microbial Status and the Contents of Selected Bioactive Compounds in Origanum majorana L. Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1637. [PMID: 33255448 PMCID: PMC7761249 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the effects of ozone treatment on microbial status and contents of selected bioactive compounds in marjoram plants. Origanum majorana L. is a widely used plant which in the course of production is affected by microbial infections. One of the ways to reduce microbial load involves application of a strong oxidant, such as ozone. In order to determine the effects of ozonation, a number of analyses were carried out including microbiological tests (aerobic colony count, yeast and mould count, and mesophilic lactic acid bacteria count) and chemical tests assessing total antioxidant potential, total polyphenols, and volatile fraction composition. Ultimately, the findings showed considerable (6-log) reduction in microbial load, with unchanged composition of headspace volatile compounds. Furthermore, the raw material obtained presented elevated the contents of the selected bioactive compounds. It was shown that the most beneficial effects are achieved when ozone treatment is applied at a rate of 1 ppm for a duration of 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Matłok
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Tomasz Piechowiak
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (T.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Miłosz Zardzewiały
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Józef Gorzelany
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Maciej Balawejder
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (T.P.); (M.B.)
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Effects of Organic and Mineral Fertilization on Yield and Selected Quality Parameters for Dried Herbs of Two Varieties of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the conducted study was to determine the effect of the applied organic and mineral fertilizer on the yield and the selected quality parameters of the obtained dried mass of Origanum vulgare L. A pot experiment was carried out involving two varieties of oregano (Aureum and Hot & Spicy), which were fertilized using organic and mineral fertilizer. The produced raw material underwent a drying process using the CPD-VMFD combination method, which involved convective pre-drying (40 °C and 0.8 m s−1) and vacuum-microwave finish drying at 240 W magnetron power. The resulting dry products were assessed in terms of color in CIE L * a * b * (Colour Ques spectrophotometer) and spectrophotometric analyses in order to determine the total content of polyphenols and antioxidant properties (ABTS and DPPH). Headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) from the obtained products was carried out, and their composition was determined by gas chromatography (GC-MS). The organic fertilizers used have resulted in the production of dry oregano herbs with a much higher bioactive potential than that of the herbs treated with material fertilizer. This phenomenon could be recognized as an elicitation effect associated with the use of common nettle extract. The organically fertilized oregano also contained an increased carvacrol content in the headspace, which resulted in a more intense odor of the dry herbs. The use of organic fertilizers in the cultivation of Origanum vulgare L. contributes to the production of raw material for direct consumption and drying, which has a higher bioactive potential and better organoleptic properties.
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Matłok N, Lachowicz S, Gorzelany J, Balawejder M. Influence of Drying Method on Some Bioactive Compounds and the Composition of Volatile Components in Dried Pink Rock Rose ( Cistus creticus L.). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112596. [PMID: 32503115 PMCID: PMC7321255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of various drying methods applied to leaves of Cistus creticus L. on the contents of polyphenols and the composition of the volatile fraction. The following four drying methods were used: convection drying at a temperature of 40 °C (CD 40 °C), 50 °C (CD 50 °C), and 60 °C (CD 60 °C); vacuum-microwave (VMD 240 W); combined drying, involving convection pre-drying (50 °C) and vacuum-microwave (240 W) finish drying (CPD-VMFD) as well as freeze-drying (FD). Polyphenols in the dried leaves were determined using chromatography-photodiode detector-quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-Q/TOF-MS). The contents of odoriferous substances in the dry material were determined by means of head space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with the use of a gas chromatograph (GC). Thirty-seven polyphenol components including 21 flavonols, eight flavan-3-ols, and eight hydrolyzed tannins in dry Pink Rock Rose material were found for the first time. The highest contents of polyphenols, totaling 2.8 g 100 g−1 dry matter (d.m.), were found in the samples subjected to the CPD/VMFD drying method. Pink Rock Rose subjected to this drying method was characterized by large quantities of odoriferous compounds, mainly eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol, which contribute to its antiseptic properties. By using CPD/VMFD methods, it is possible to obtain fine quality dry material from the leaves of C. creticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Matłok
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabina Lachowicz
- Department of Technology Fermentation and Cereals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, 37 Chelmonskiego Street, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Józef Gorzelany
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Maciej Balawejder
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Collegium of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 1a Ćwiklińskiej St., 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Bioactive Compounds and Aroma Profile of Some Lamiaceae Edible Flowers. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060691. [PMID: 32481758 PMCID: PMC7356345 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Edible flowers are consumed for their appearance, colours, nutritional and healthy properties, but the use is limited by the actual number of the species. Seven edible flowers of the Lamiaceae family (Ocimeae and Mentheae tribes) were investigated: Monarda didyma ‘Fireball’, Nepeta × faassenii ‘Six Hills Giant’, Ocimum basilicum ‘Blue Spice’, O. basilicum ‘Cinnamon’, Ocimum × citriodorum, Salvia discolor, and Salvia microphylla ‘Hot Lips’. Total soluble sugars, proteins, polyphenols, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were detected. The species of the Mentheae tribe contained higher sugar content than Ocimeae flowers, the opposite with regard to protein content. Ocimeae tribe flowers showed high polyphenols and carotenoids content. The Ocimeae tribe together with two specie of the Mentheae tribe showed an aroma profile dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (58.0% in S. discolor to 77.9% in Ocimum × citriodorum). Oxygenated monoterpenes prevailed in Nepeta and Monarda, also present in the essential oil of this latter species (84.5%). By contrast, Nepeta and S. discolor evidenced non-terpenes as the principal class (41.2% and 77.5%, respectively), while the oxygenated sesquiterpene was the main one in S. microphylla. The two varieties of Ocimum spp. showed oxygenated monoterpenes as the main class of volatiles.
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Kolega S, Miras-Moreno B, Buffagni V, Lucini L, Valentinuzzi F, Maver M, Mimmo T, Trevisan M, Pii Y, Cesco S. Nutraceutical Profiles of Two Hydroponically Grown Sweet Basil Cultivars as Affected by the Composition of the Nutrient Solution and the Inoculation With Azospirillum brasilense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:596000. [PMID: 33224175 PMCID: PMC7674207 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.596000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most produced aromatic herbs in the world, exploiting hydroponic systems. It has been widely assessed that macronutrients, like nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S), can strongly affect the organoleptic qualities of agricultural products, thus influencing their nutraceutical value. In addition, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been shown to affect plant growth and quality. Azospirillum brasilense is a PGPR able to colonize the root system of different crops, promoting their growth and development and influencing the acquisition of mineral nutrients. On the bases of these observations, we aimed at investigating the impact of both mineral nutrients supply and rhizobacteria inoculation on the nutraceutical value on two different sweet basil varieties, i.e., Genovese and Red Rubin. To these objectives, basil plants have been grown in hydroponics, with nutrient solutions fortified for the concentration of either S or N, supplied as SO4 2- or NO3 -, respectively. In addition, plants were either non-inoculated or inoculated with A. brasilense. At harvest, basil plants were assessed for the yield and the nutraceutical properties of the edible parts. The cultivation of basil plants in the fortified nutrient solutions showed a general increasing trend in the accumulation of the fresh biomass, albeit the inoculation with A. brasilense did not further promote the growth. The metabolomic analyses disclosed a strong effect of treatments on the differential accumulation of metabolites in basil leaves, producing the modulation of more than 400 compounds belonging to the secondary metabolism, as phenylpropanoids, isoprenoids, alkaloids, several flavonoids, and terpenoids. The primary metabolism that resulted was also influenced by the treatments showing changes in the fatty acid, carbohydrates, and amino acids metabolism. The amino acid analysis revealed that the treatments induced an increase in arginine (Arg) content in the leaves, which has been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. In conclusion, between the two cultivars studied, Red Rubin displayed the most positive effect in terms of nutritional value, which was further enhanced following A. brasilense inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simun Kolega
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Begona Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Valentina Buffagni
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Fabio Valentinuzzi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mauro Maver
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Youry Pii
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Youry Pii,
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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