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Yu Z, Xie C, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Zhou J, Wang C. Microbial fermentation and black soldier fly feeding to enhance maize straw degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141498. [PMID: 38382720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This study used an innovative synergistic microbial and insect approach to treat maize straw and kitchen waste substrates, including cyclic microbial fermentation and feeding of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) using the fermented substrate. Increasing cycle numbers led to significantly increased cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin degradation rates (DR) in the maize straw, which increased by 68.28%, 81.43% and 99.95%, respectively, compared to those in the blank group without frass addition. Moreover, according to the experimental results, it was revealed that the structure of lignocellulose, the composition and structure of the bacterial community in the BSFL gut and frass changed significantly after the addition of the previous cycle of frass treatment. Moreover, the differences in amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) between the gut and frass further increased. The relative abundances of Enterococcus and Actinobacteria in the gut and Gammaproteobacteria_unclassified and Dysgonomonas in the frass increased significantly, which may play a more positive role in lignocellulose degradation. In conclusion, this study showed that frass fermentation + BSFL feeding to degrade straw is a promising method and that frass fermentation is beneficial for the whole cycle. Furthermore, these findings underscore the beneficial impact of frass fermentation on the entire cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojian Yu
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology of Hubei Province, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Chenyang Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology of Hubei Province, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Zezhao Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Xingfa School of Mining Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, PR China.
| | - Cunwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology of Hubei Province, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
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2
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Cui J, Yang Z, Xu Y, Tan CP, Zhang W. Lipidomics insight on differences in lipid profiles and phytosterol compositions of coconut oils extracted by classical and green solvents. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113653. [PMID: 37981374 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Searching for green and ecofriendly solvents to replace classical solvents for industrial scale extraction of coconut oil is of great interest. To explore these possibilities, this study performed comprehensive comparative analyses of lipid profiles and phytosterol compositions in coconut oils obtained by extraction with n-hexane, absolute ethyl alcohol, deep eutectic solvent/n-hexane, dimethyl carbonate (DME) and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) using a foodomics approach. Results indicated that CPME (64.23 g/100 g dry matter) and DME (65.64 g/100 g dry matter) showed comparable capacity for total lipid extraction of total lipids to classical solvents (63.5-65.66 g/100 g dry matter). Considering the phytosterol yield, CPME (644.26 mg/kg) exhibited higher selectivity than other solvents (535.64-622.13 mg/kg). No significant difference was observed in the fatty acid composition of coconut oil by the different solvents assayed. Additionally, total 468 lipid molecules were identified in the samples. For glycerolipid and sphingolipid, the five solvents showed comparable extraction capabilities. However, CPME exhibited higher extraction efficiency of polar lipids (glycerophospholipid and saccharolipid) than other solvents. Overall, these results may be a useful guide for the application of green solvents in industrial production of coconut oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chin-Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor 410500, Malaysia
| | - Weimin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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3
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Sitepu EK, Perangin-angin S, Ginting GJ, Machmudah S, Sari RN, Tarigan JB. Controlled crushing device-intensified direct biodiesel production of Black Soldier Fly larvae. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16402. [PMID: 37292359 PMCID: PMC10245166 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect larvae contain sufficient oil comparable with oleaginous biomass, and hence have potency as alternative biodiesel resources. The direct transesterification of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae have conducted using a controllable crushing device (CCD) and a homogeneous base as a catalyst. The effect of catalyst concentration (wt.%), ratio BSF larvae to methanol (wt./v), reaction time (min) and rotational speed (rpm) on biodiesel conversion was determined. The maximum conversion of 93.8% was achieved at room temperature after 20 min of reaction time and ratio larvae to methanol of 1:2 (wt./v), catalyst concentration of 7 wt% and rotational speed of 3000 rpm. In addition, the green metrics calculation showed that this method produces less waste and uses less solvent. Some of the BSF-biodiesel properties meet the biodiesel standard. The CCD-intensified the DT of BSF larvae is a promising alternative for green and energy-saved biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko K. Sitepu
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | | | - Gloria J. Ginting
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Siti Machmudah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Rodiah N. Sari
- Pusat Riset Bioindustri Laut dan Darat, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, Mataram 83352, Indonesia
| | - Juliati Br Tarigan
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
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Lu H, Liu Y, Shen W, Zhou Y, Ma X, Sun S, Dong X, Ji F, Tong H, Xu J, He G, Xu W. Yeast enrichment facilitated lipid removal and bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae in the food waste treatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:152-162. [PMID: 37172516 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Food waste can be converted into insectile fatty acids (FAs) by the larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL), Hermetia illucens, for use in the feed sector or as a source of biodiesel. However, waste oil was less decomposed than carbohydrate or protein in frass due to the limitation of larval lipid metabolism. In this study, 10 yeast strains were screened, corresponding to six species, to examine their capacity of improving lipid transformation performance by BSFL. The species of Candida lipolytica was superior to the other five species, which exhibited significantly higher lipid reduction rate (95.0-97.1 %) than the control (88.7 %), and the larval FA yields achieved 82.3-115.5 % of the food waste FA matters, suggesting that BSFL not only transformed waste oil but also biosynthesized FAs from waste carbohydrate and other substances. Further, the CL2 strain of Candida lipolytica was examined for treating food waste containing high lipid content (16-32 %). The lipid removal rate was found improved from 21.4 to 42.3 % (control) to 80.5-93.3% in the waste containing 20-32 % lipid. The upper limit of lipid content that could be endured by BSFL was ≈16 %, and the CL2-enrichment elevated the upper limit to ≈24 %. Fungal community analysis indicated that Candida spp. accounted for the lipid removal improvement. The Candida spp. CL2 strain may facilitate the lipid reduction and transformation by BSFL through microbial catabolizing and assimilation of waste FAs. Altogether, this study suggests that yeast enrichment is feasible in improving lipid transformation by BSFL especially for food waste exhibiting high lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Lu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Wenyue Shen
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Xiangwei Ma
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Fengyun Ji
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Huiyan Tong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Gaohong He
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
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Mohan K, Sathishkumar P, Rajan DK, Rajarajeswaran J, Ganesan AR. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as potential feedstock for the biodiesel production: Recent advances and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160235. [PMID: 36402342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) Hermetia illucens is fastest growing and most promising insect species especially recommended to bring high-fat content as 5th generation bioenergy. The fat content can be fully optimized during the life-cycle of the BSFL through various organic dietary supplements and environmental conditions. Enriched fat can be obtained during the larval stages of the BSF. The presence of high saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in their body helps to produce 70 % of extractable oil which can be converted into biodiesel through transesterification. The first-generation biodiesel process mainly depends on catalytic transesterification, however, BSFL had 94 % of biodiesel production through non-catalytic transesterification. This increases the sustainability of producing biodiesel with less energy input in the process line. Other carbon emitting factors involved in the rearing of BSFL are less than the other biodiesel feedstocks including microalgae, cooking oil, and non-edible oil. Therefore, this review is focused on evaluating the optimum dietary source to produce fatty acid rich larvae and larval growth to accumulate C16-18 fatty acids in larger amounts from agro food waste. The process of optimization and biorefining of lipids using novel techniques have been discussed herein. The sustainability impact was evaluated from the cultivation to biodiesel conversion with greenhouse gas emissions scores in the entire life-cycle of process flow. The state-of-the-art in connecting circular bioeconomy loop in the search for bioenergy was meticulously covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 316, India
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Green Lab, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, India.
| | - Durairaj Karthick Rajan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu 608 502, India
| | - Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 602 105, India
| | - Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- Division of Food Production and Society, Biomarine Resource Valorisation, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Kudalsveien 6, NO-8027 Bodø, Norway.
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6
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In silico evaluation of coconut milk phenolic antioxidants and their inhibition of oxidative stress in intestinal Lactobacillus spp. in vitro. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rehman KU, Hollah C, Wiesotzki K, Rehman RU, Rehman AU, Zhang J, Zheng L, Nienaber T, Heinz V, Aganovic K. Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens as a potential innovative and environmentally friendly tool for organic waste management: A mini-review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:81-97. [PMID: 35730793 PMCID: PMC9925914 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221105441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The application of black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens based technology to process organic wastes presents a practical option for organic waste management by producing feed materials (protein, fat), biodiesel, chitin and biofertilizer. Therefore, BSF organic wastes recycling is a sustainable and cost-effective process that promotes resource recovery, and generates valuable products, thereby creating new economic opportunities for the industrial sector and entrepreneurs. Specifically, we discussed the significance of BSF larvae (BSFL) in the recycling of biowaste. Despite the fact that BSFL may consume a variety of wastes materials, whereas, certain lignocellulosic wastes, such as dairy manure, are deficient in nutrients, which might slow BSFL development. The nutritional value of larval feeding substrates may be improved by mixing in nutrient-rich substrates like chicken manure or soybean curd residue, for instance. Similarly, microbial fermentation may be used to digest lignocellulosic waste, releasing nutrients that are needed for the BSFL. In this mini-review, a thorough discussion has been conducted on the various waste biodegraded by the BSFL, their co-digestion and microbial fermentation of BSFL substrate, as well as the prospective applications and safety of the possible by-products that may be generated at the completion of the treatment process. Furthermore, this study examines the present gaps and challenges on the direction to the efficient application of BSF for waste management and the commercialization of its by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology,
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Th Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Poultry Research Institute
Rawalpindi, Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Punjab,
Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial
Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Clemens Hollah
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Karin Wiesotzki
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Rashid ur Rehman
- Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial
Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial
Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Theresa Nienaber
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Kemal Aganovic
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
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8
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Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Stuper-Szablewska K, Józefiak D. First report of the apparent metabolisable energy value of black soldier fly larvae fat used in broiler chicken diets. Animal 2022; 16:100656. [PMID: 36252559 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the available literature, there are limited data about the energetic value of insect-derived products. In particular, insect fat cannot be used in practical broiler nutrition due to the lack of precise apparent metabolisable energy (AME) value. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the AME and apparent metabolisable energy corrected to zero nitrogen balance (AMEN) levels of Hermetia illucens larvae fat for broiler chickens of various ages. A total of 400 1-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary groups (10 replicate pens per treatment; 10 birds per pen). The following treatments were applied: HI0 - basal diet without dietary fat inclusion, HI03 - basal diet enriched with 30 g/kg H. illucens larvae fat, HI06 - basal diet enriched with 60 g/kg H. illucens larvae fat, and HI09 - basal diet enriched with 90 g/kg H. illucens larvae fat. Broilers had ad libitum access to mash form feed and water. Excreta samples were collected on d 14, d 28, and d 35. To determine the AME and AMEN values of H. illucens larvae fat, the simple linear regression method was used. The results show that the AME and AMEN values of H. illucens larvae fat for broiler chickens are 9 049 kcal/kg (37.86 MJ/kg) and 9 019 kcal/kg (37.74 MJ/kg), respectively. Additionally, because the birds' age significantly (P < 0.001) affected the AME and AMEN levels, the implementation of H. illucens larvae fat to broiler diets should be considered in each nutritional period using the recommended regression model AME = 2 559.758 + 62.989 × fat inclusion (%) + 7.405 × day of age and AMEN = 2 543.2663 + 62.8649 × fat inclusion (%) + 7.3777 × day of age. The present data emphasised that the H. illucens larvae fat metabolisable energy is similar to that of soybean oil.
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9
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Pas C, Brodeur D, Deschamps MH, Lebeuf Y, Adjalle K, Barnabé S, Eeckhout M, Vandenberg G, Vaneeckhaute C. Valorization of pretreated biogas digestate with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, L; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115529. [PMID: 35816966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concerns related to the negative environmental impacts of food waste havemotivated the development of new solutions to complete the waste cycle of organic residues. One particular "waste" product, the solid digestate from anaerobic digestion, has been identified for further bioprocessing. Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae are known for their great potential in the processing of organic waste. In this study, this potential was investigated to further process the digestate waste stream. Digestate is considered a low potential source of nutrients for larvae due to the presence of different fiber fractions. However, the lignocellulosic matter in this residue could be enzymatically hydrolyzed to release residual carbohydrates. For this study, digestate from a full-scale anaerobic digestion plant in Quebec (Canada) which processes a range of feedstocks (fruits, vegetables, garden wastes, sludge derived from dairy processing and wastewater treatment) was sourced. Digestate was treated with Accelerase® DUET enzyme complex to hydrolyze lignocellulosic matter and compared to a standard diet. For each treatment, 600 four-day old larvae were fed daily with 160 g (70% relative humidity) of diets for 6 days and harvested 3 days later. Although their growth and total biomass were significantly lower than the standard diet, larvae fed on hydrolyzed digestate were almost two times larger than the larvae fed on crude digestate. Furthermore, the content of organic matter, lipids and minerals in the diets and frass were analyzed. Finally, the feasibility of applying BSF treatment for digestate valorization is discussed. According to this study, enzyme-treated digestate does not allow efficient larval growth compared to the standard diet. The development of a more effective method of pretreatment is required for BSF larvae to become an eco-friendly solution for digestate valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pas
- BioEngine Research Team on Green Process Engineering and Biorefineries, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Schoonmeersen, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - D Brodeur
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - M-H Deschamps
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Y Lebeuf
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - K Adjalle
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - S Barnabé
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - M Eeckhout
- Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Schoonmeersen, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - G Vandenberg
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - C Vaneeckhaute
- BioEngine Research Team on Green Process Engineering and Biorefineries, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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10
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Seyedalmoosavi MM, Mielenz M, Veldkamp T, Daş G, Metges CC. Growth efficiency, intestinal biology, and nutrient utilization and requirements of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae compared to monogastric livestock species: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:31. [PMID: 35509031 PMCID: PMC9069764 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, interest in the larvae of black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably. However, knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect, especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce. This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae (BSFL) compared to conventional monogastric livestock species. Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed. Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers, pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass, but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass. BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates. This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract, including the activity of digestive enzymes, the substrate particle characteristics, and their intestinal microbial community. The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption. Therefore, their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered, and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock. In addition, we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut, characterization of digestive enzymes, gut microbiota and fiber digestion. Finally, current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro- and micro-nutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited. In addition, the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL. Thus, there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Seyedalmoosavi
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Mielenz
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Teun Veldkamp
- Wageningen UR, Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700AH, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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11
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Almeida C, Murta D, Nunes R, Baby AR, Fernandes Â, Barros L, Rijo P, Rosado C. Characterization of lipid extracts from the Hermetia illucens larvae and their bioactivities for potential use as pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09455. [PMID: 35637671 PMCID: PMC9142853 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasingly growing demand for the use of natural and sustainable bioactives in the field of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The biomass from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) can be viewed as an innovative source of compounds with high aggregate value and marketing potential due to the sustainable organic matter bioconversion process used as substrate for its development. This insect can be a source of lipid compounds with high added value, mainly due to its high content in fatty acids (FA) with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. In this context, in this work different extraction methods were tested (decoction, microwaves, maceration and ultrasound), using water, acetone, n-hexane as extraction solvents, to evaluate yields of the BSF larvae lipid extracts, as well as their lipid profile, and a preliminary safety screening was conducted. Results show that despite using different extraction techniques and solvents, similar FA composition profiles were obtained. The lauric acid content (C12: 0) is elevated in all the extracts in relation to the other FA, ranging 37%-62%. The contents in palmitic (C16: 0) and oleic (C18: 1n-9) acids, were also high in all applied extraction methods. The omega-6 FA (ω-6 PUFAs), mainly linoleic acid (C18: 2n6c), were also identified in the lipid fraction of BSF larvae biomass, with a content variation between 4.5% and 17.7%, while the omega-3 group, namely α-Linolenic acid (C18: 3n3), presented values between 0.66% and 1.95%. None of the extracts presented toxicity in preliminary tests with the Artemia salina model. Through this study, it was possible to confirm that BSF larvae oil can be obtained by sustainable methods, containing a broad mixture of FA and being highly rich in lauric acid, with a promising skin care applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Almeida
- Universidade Lusófona (CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra, Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Murta
- Ingredient Odyssey SA – EntoGreen, Rua Cidade de Santarém 140, 2005-079 Santarém, Portugal
- CiiEM – Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Myrtus Unipessoal Lda, Monte Claro, Nisa, Portugal
| | - Rui Nunes
- Ingredient Odyssey SA – EntoGreen, Rua Cidade de Santarém 140, 2005-079 Santarém, Portugal
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Intituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Intituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Patricia Rijo
- Universidade Lusófona (CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rosado
- Universidade Lusófona (CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Lisboa, Portugal
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Liew CS, Wong CY, Abdelfattah EA, Raksasat R, Rawindran H, Lim JW, Kiatkittipong W, Kiatkittipong K, Mohamad M, Yek PNY, Setiabudi HD, Cheng CK, Lam SS. Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and Biodiesel. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040332. [PMID: 35448563 PMCID: PMC9025283 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Being the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of the pre-fermentation of PKE via different amounts of Rhizopus oligosporus to enhance PKE palatability for the feeding of BSFL. The results showed that fermentation successfully enriched the raw PKE and thus contributed to the better growth of BSFL. BSFL grew to be 34% heavier at the optimum inoculum volume of 0.5 mL/10 g dry weight of PKE as compared to the control. Meanwhile, excessive fungal inoculum induced competition between BSFL and R. oligosporus, resulting in a reduction in BSFL weight. Under optimum feeding conditions, BSFL also registered the highest lipid yield (24.7%) and protein yield (44.5%). The biodiesel derived from BSFL lipid had also shown good compliance with the European biodiesel standard EN 14214. The high saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0) in derived biodiesel made it highly oxidatively stable. Lastly, the superior degradation rate of PKE executed by BSFL further underpinned the sustainable conversion process in attaining valuable larval bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Seng Liew
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; (C.S.L.); (C.Y.W.); (R.R.); (H.R.)
| | - Chung Yiin Wong
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; (C.S.L.); (C.Y.W.); (R.R.); (H.R.)
| | - Eman A. Abdelfattah
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; (C.S.L.); (C.Y.W.); (R.R.); (H.R.)
| | - Hemamalini Rawindran
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; (C.S.L.); (C.Y.W.); (R.R.); (H.R.)
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; (C.S.L.); (C.Y.W.); (R.R.); (H.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.L.); (W.K.)
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Correspondence: (J.W.L.); (W.K.)
| | - Kunlanan Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
| | - Mardawani Mohamad
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Peter Nai Yuh Yek
- Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, Department of Engineering and Technology, University College of Technology Sarawak, Sibu 96000, Sarawak, Malaysia;
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-Added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Herma Dina Setiabudi
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Chin Kui Cheng
- Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-Added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Yuan MC, Hasan HA. Effect of Feeding Rate on Growth Performance and Waste Reduction Efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Trop Life Sci Res 2022; 33:179-199. [PMID: 35651642 PMCID: PMC9128650 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaysia like many other developing countries is facing the challenge of poor waste management. This research was conducted to determine the effect of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae in decomposing food waste, palm oil waste, fish waste and yard waste. The development time and waste reduction efficiency of four different organic materials were evaluated. In this study, BSF larvae were fed with all four types of waste at five feeding rates of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 g larva-1 day-1 with three replicates per feeding rate until the larvae reached the pre-pupae stage. During the study, larval development time, larval mortality, pre-pupae weight and waste reduction indexes (WRI) were determined. Food waste and yard waste achieved the highest WRI of 4.43 ± 0.06 and 0.71 ± 0.01, respectively at the feeding rate of 0.50 g larva-1 day-1 while palm oil waste and fish waste attained the highest WRI values at feeding rates of 1.00 g larva-1 day-1 (1.89 ± 0.02) and 0.25 g larva-1 day-1 (3.75 ± 0.24), respectively. The results showed that both variables significantly influenced the bioconversion process, but waste reduction efficiency was the most influential element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Chee Yuan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hadura Abu Hasan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Abstract
The exponential increase of global demand for proteins and lipids can no longer be satisfied by classical sources. High amounts of CO2 produced by intensive livestock breeding and its effects on the environment are the main factors that prevent the use of animals as primary sources for proteins and lipids, calling for the use of new sustainable sources, such as insects. The massive breeding of bioconverter insects as a feed source has been a major topic in recent years, with both economic and scientific aspects related to rearing and subsequent processing optimization. The larvae of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (also known as Black Soldier Fly) can be used for the eco-sustainable production of proteins and lipids with high biological and economic value. Lipids can be obtained from BSF bioconversion processes and are present in high quantities in the last instar larvae and prepupae. Fats obtained from BSF are used as animal feed ingredients, in the formulation of several products for personal care, and in biodiesel production. To enable the use of insect-derived lipids, it is important to understand how to optimize their extraction. Here, we summarize the published information on the composition, the extraction methods, and the possible applications of the BSF lipid component.
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Lawal KG, Kavle RR, Akanbi TO, Mirosa M, Agyei D. Enrichment in specific fatty acids profile of Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens larvae through feeding. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ- rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.
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Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been employed for valorizing organic waste materials as the larvae are able to consume organic waste and transform it into valuable larval biomass. In this study, BSFL were found to potentially reduce blended sewage sludge. The addition of palm kernel expeller (PKE) fortified the protein and lipid content in blended sewage sludge substrates, leading to larval growth enhancement. In addition, the larval weight also influenced the lipid yield and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile. However, the optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE had to be determined as excess PKE content could become a threat to larval growth by contributing to the reduction of non-fiber carbohydrates content in the feed, thereby resulting in the decrease in lipid yield and FAME content. In this work, a sewage sludge to PKE ratio of 2:3 proffered the highest larval weight gained at 46.99 ± 2.09 mg/larva. Meanwhile, a proportion of 3:2 of sewage sludge to PKE was able provide the highest lipid yield of 17 ± 1.77%. Furthermore, the FAME profile revealed the presence of a significant amount of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, indicating a good quality biodiesel. Thus, BSFL-based biodiesel fed with blended sewage sludge and PKE could be utilized for producing a high quality biodiesel. However, further improvement on the amount of lipid yield and FAME content should be further investigated.
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Black Soldier Fly Larval Valorization Benefitting from Ex-Situ Fungal Fermentation in Reducing Coconut Endosperm Waste. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oftentimes, the employment of entomoremediation to reduce organic wastes encounters ubiquitous shortcomings, i.e., ineffectiveness to valorize recalcitrant organics in wastes. Considering the cost-favorability, a fermentation process can be employed to facilitate the degradation of biopolymers into smaller organics, easing the subsequent entomoremediation process. However, the efficacy of in situ fermentation was found impeded by the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in the current study to reduce coconut endosperm waste (CEW). Indeed, by changing into ex situ fermentation, in which the fungal Rhizopus oligosporus was permitted to execute fermentation on CEW prior to the larval feeding, the reduction of CEW was significantly enhanced. In this regard, the waste reduction index of CEW by BSFL was almost doubled as opposed to in situ fermentation, even with the inoculation of merely 0.5 wt % of Rhizopus oligosporus. Moreover, with only 0.02 wt % of fungal inoculation size to execute the ex situ fermentation on CEW, it could spur BSFL growth by about 50%. Finally, from the statistical correlation study using principal component analysis, the presence of Rhizopus oligosporus in a range of 0.5–1.0 wt % was regarded as optimum to ferment CEW via ex situ mode, prior to the valorization by BSFL in reducing the CEW.
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Raksasat R, Lim JW, Kiatkittipong W, Kiatkittipong K, Ho YC, Lam MK, Font-Palma C, Mohd Zaid HF, Cheng CK. A review of organic waste enrichment for inducing palatability of black soldier fly larvae: Wastes to valuable resources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115488. [PMID: 32891050 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increase of annual organic wastes generated worldwide has become a major problem for many countries since the mismanagement could bring about negative effects on the environment besides, being costly for an innocuous disposal. Recently, insect larvae have been investigated to valorize organic wastes. This entomoremediation approach is rising from the ability of the insect larvae to convert organic wastes into its biomass via assimilation process as catapulted by the natural demand to complete its lifecycle. Among the insect species, black soldier fly or Hermetia illucens is widely researched since the larvae can grow in various environments while being saprophagous in nature. Even though black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can ingest various decay materials, some organic wastes such as sewage sludge or lignocellulosic wastes such as waste coconut endosperm are destitute of decent nutrients that could retard the BSFL growth. Hence, blending with nutrient-rich low-cost substrates such as palm kernel expeller, soybean curd residue, etc. is employed to fortify the nutritional contents of larval feeding substrates prior to administering to the BSFL. Alternatively, microbial fermentation can be adopted to breakdown the lignocellulosic wastes, exuding essential nutrients for growing BSFL. Upon reaching maturity, the BSFL can be harvested to serve as the protein and lipid feedstock. The larval protein can be made into insect meal for farmed animals, whilst the lipid source could be extracted and transesterified into larval biodiesel to cushion the global energy demands. Henceforth, this review presents the influence of various organic wastes introduced to feed BSFL, targeting to reduce wastes and producing biochemicals from mature larvae through entomoremediation. Modification of recalcitrant organic wastes via fermentation processes is also unveiled to ameliorate the BSFL growth. Lastly, the sustainable applications of harvested BSFL biomass are as well covered together with the immediate shortcomings that entail further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
| | - Kunlanan Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Yeek Chia Ho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre of Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Carolina Font-Palma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Chester, CH2 4NU, UK
| | - Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Chin Kui Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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