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Hareyama Y, Tarao M, Toyota K, Furukawa T, Fujii Y, Kushiro M. Effects of Four Isothiocyanates in Dissolved and Gaseous States on the Growth and Aflatoxin Production of Aspergillus flavus In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110756. [PMID: 36356006 PMCID: PMC9697429 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs), a class of toxins produced by certain species of the genus Aspergillus, occasionally contaminate food and cause serious damage to human health and the economy. AFs contamination is a global problem, and there is a need to develop effective strategies to control aflatoxigenic fungi. In this study, we focused on isothiocyanates (ITCs) as potential chemical agents for the control of aflatoxigenic fungi. We quantitatively evaluated the effects of four ITCs (allyl ITC (AITC), benzyl ITC (BITC), and methyl and phenylethyl ITCs) in dissolved and gaseous states on the growth and aflatoxin B1 production of Aspergillus flavus. In experiments using dissolved ITCs, BITC was found to be the strongest inhibitor of growth and aflatoxin B1 production by A. flavus. Meanwhile, in the gaseous state, AITC strongly inhibited the A. flavus growth. When the concentration of ITCs in the liquid medium was quantified over time, AITC levels decreased to below the detection limit within 24 h, whereas BITC levels remained stable even after 48 h. These results suggested that when ITCs are utilized to control aflatoxigenic fungi, it is necessary to use them in a dissolved or gaseous state, depending on their volatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hareyama
- Department of Food Energy System Science, Graduate School of Bio-Application and System Engineering Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Tarao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8506, Japan
| | - Koki Toyota
- Department of Food Energy System Science, Graduate School of Bio-Application and System Engineering Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Furukawa
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Fujii
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8506, Japan
| | - Masayo Kushiro
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-838-8037
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Achar PN, Quyen P, Adukwu EC, Sharma A, Msimanga HZ, Nagaraja H, Sreenivasa MY. Investigation of the Antifungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Potential of Plant-Based Essential Oils against Aspergillus flavus in Peanuts. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040383. [PMID: 33371318 PMCID: PMC7767372 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are known to cause damage to food crops and are associated with opportunistic infections in humans. In the United States, significant losses have been reported in peanut production due to contamination caused by the Aspergillus species. This study evaluated the antifungal effect and anti-aflatoxin activity of selected plant-based essential oils (EOs) against Aspergillus flavus in contaminated peanuts, Tifguard, runner type variety. All fifteen essential oils, tested by the poisoned food technique, inhibited the growth of A. flavus at concentrations ranging between 125 and 4000 ppm. The most effective oils with total clearance of the A. flavus on agar were clove (500 ppm), thyme (1000 ppm), lemongrass, and cinnamon (2000 ppm) EOs. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of clove EO revealed eugenol (83.25%) as a major bioactive constituent. An electron microscopy study revealed that clove EO at 500 ppm caused noticeable morphological and ultrastructural alterations of the somatic and reproductive structures. Using both the ammonia vapor (AV) and coconut milk agar (CMA) methods, we not only detected the presence of an aflatoxigenic form of A. flavus in our contaminated peanuts, but we also observed that aflatoxin production was inhibited by clove EO at concentrations between 500 and 2000 ppm. In addition, we established a correlation between the concentration of clove EO and AFB1 production by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We demonstrate in our study that clove oil could be a promising natural fungicide for an effective bio-control, non-toxic bio-preservative, and an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives against A. flavus in Georgia peanuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premila Narayana Achar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pham Quyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Emmanuel C. Adukwu
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | | | - Hanumanthu Nagaraja
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, India; (H.N.); (M.Y.S.)
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Lagat MK, Toroitich FJ, Obonyo MA. Development of an ELISA-based method for testing aflatoxigenicity and aflatoxigenic variability among Aspergillus species in culture. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Determination of AFB1 in clear lager beer samples from Mexico and the possible correlation between physicochemical parameters and AFB1 levels. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yabe K, Ozaki H, Maruyama T, Hayashi K, Matto Y, Ishizaka M, Makita T, Noma SY, Fujiwara K, Kushiro M. Improvement of the Culture Medium for the Dichlorvos-Ammonia (DV-AM) Method to Selectively Detect Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Soil. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120519. [PMID: 30563113 PMCID: PMC6316280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dichlorvos-ammonia (DV-AM) method is a simple but sensitive visual method for detecting aflatoxigenic fungi. Here we sought to develop a selective medium that is appropriate for the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi among soil mycoflora. We examined the effects of different concentrations of carbon sources (sucrose and glucose) and detergents (deoxycholate (DOC), Triton X-100, and Tween 80) on microorganisms in soils, using agar medium supplemented with chloramphenicol. The results demonstrated that 5–10% sucrose concentrations and 0.1–0.15% DOC concentrations were appropriate for the selective detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in soil. We also identified the optimal constituents of the medium on which the normal rapid growth of Rhizopus sp. was completely inhibited. By using the new medium along with the DV-AM method, we succeeded in the isolation of aflatoxigenic fungi from non-agricultural fields in Fukui city, Japan. The fungi were identified as Aspergillus nomius based on their calmodulin gene sequences. These results indicate that the new medium will be useful in practice for the detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in soil samples including those from non-agricultural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yabe
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Haruna Ozaki
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Takuya Maruyama
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Hayashi
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Yuki Matto
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Marika Ishizaka
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Takeru Makita
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Syun-Ya Noma
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Kousuke Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Masayo Kushiro
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
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