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Zhang D, Liu B, Xiao T, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Xie J, Li W, Li R, Cui J. Development and validation of a simultaneous quantitative analytical method for two Alternaria toxins and their metabolites in plasma and urine using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400223. [PMID: 39031838 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Much more attention has been paid to the contamination of Alternaria toxins because of food contamination and the threat to human health. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous detection of the prototypical alternariol, alternariol monomethylether, and the metabolites 4-oxhydryl alternariol, and alternariol monomethylether 3-sulfate ammonium salt of Alternaria toxins. The positive samples were used as matrix samples to optimize the different experimental conditions. 0.01% formic acid solution and acetonitrile were used as the mobile phase, and analytes were scanned in negative electron spray ionization under multiple reaction monitoring, and quantitative determination by isotope internal standard method. Application of this method to samples of human plasma and urine showed the detection of the above analytes. The results showed that the recoveries were from 80.40% to 116.4%, intra-day accuracy was between 0.6% and 8.0%, and inter-day accuracy was between 1.1% and 12.1%. The limit of detection of the four analytes ranged from 0.02 to 0.6 µg/L in urine, and 0.02 to 0.5 µg/L in plasma, respectively. Thus, the developed method was rapid and accurate for the simultaneous detection of analytes and provided a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of Alternaria toxins for human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bolin Liu
- Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Ji'an Xie
- Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Li
- Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
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Janić Hajnal E, Babič J, Pezo L, Banjac V, Filipčev B, Miljanić J, Kos J, Jakovac-Strajn B. Reduction of Alternaria Toxins via the Extrusion Processing of Whole-Grain Red Sorghum Flour. Foods 2024; 13:255. [PMID: 38254556 PMCID: PMC10815308 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delved into the impact of two extrusion processing parameters-screw speed (SS at 400, 600, 800 RPM) and material moisture content in the extruder barrel (M at 12, 15, 18%) at constant feed rate (50 kg/h)-on reducing the content of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), and tentoxin (TEN) in whole-grain red sorghum flour. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) was employed for the determination of Alternaria toxin levels. The extruder die temperature fluctuated between 136 and 177 °C, with die pressures ranging from 0.16 to 6.23 MPa. The specific mechanical energy spanned from 83.5 to 152.3 kWh/t, the torque varied between 88 and 162.8 Nm, and the average material retention time in the barrel ranged from 5.6 to 13 s. The optimal parameters for reducing the concentration of all Alternaria toxins with a satisfactory quality of the sorghum snacks were: SS = 400 RPM, M = 12%, with a reduction of 61.4, 76.4, 12.1, and 50.8% for AOH, AME, TeA, and TEN, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia (B.F.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Janja Babič
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.)
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vojislav Banjac
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia (B.F.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Bojana Filipčev
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia (B.F.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Jelena Miljanić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia (B.F.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia (B.F.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Breda Jakovac-Strajn
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.)
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Alternaria alternata Isolated from Infected Pears (Pyrus communis) in Italy Produces Non-Host Toxins and Hydrolytic Enzymes as Infection Mechanisms and Exhibits Competitive Exclusion against Botrytis cinerea in Co-Infected Host Fruits. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030326. [PMID: 36983494 PMCID: PMC10053571 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is one of the most devastating phytopathogenic fungi. This microorganism causes black spots in many fruits and vegetables worldwide, generating significant post-harvest losses. In this study, an A. alternata strain, isolated from infected pears (Pyrus communis) harvested in Italy, was characterized by focusing on its pathogenicity mechanisms and competitive exclusion in the presence of another pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. In in vitro assays, the fungus produces strong enzymatic activities such as amylase, xylanase, and cellulase, potentially involved during the infection. Moreover, it secretes four different toxins purified and identified as altertoxin I, alteichin, alternariol, and alternariol 4-methyl ether. Only alteichin generated necrotic lesions on host-variety pears, while all the compounds showed moderate to slight necrotic activity on non-host pears and other non-host fruit (lemon, Citrus limon), indicating they are non-host toxins. Interestingly, A. alternata has shown competitive exclusion to the competitor fungus Botrytis cinerea when co-inoculated in host and non-host pear fruits, inhibiting its growth by 70 and 65%, respectively, a result not observed in a preliminary characterization in a dual culture assay. Alteichin and alternariol 4-methyl ether tested against B. cinerea had the best inhibition activity, suggesting that the synergism of these toxins and enzymatic activities of A. alternata are probably involved in the competitive exclusion dynamics in host and non-host pear fruits.
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Xu R, Kiarie EG, Yiannikouris A, Sun L, Karrow NA. Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:69. [PMID: 35672806 PMCID: PMC9175326 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are commonly detected as natural contaminants in agricultural commodities worldwide. Mycotoxin exposure can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans when found in animal feeds and food products, and at lower concentrations can affect animal performance by disrupting nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and animal physiology. Thus, mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a significant issue to the livestock industry and is a health threat to food animals. Since prevention of mycotoxin formation is difficult to undertake to avoid contamination, mitigation strategies are needed. This review explores how the mycotoxins aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A impose nutritional and metabolic effects on food animals and summarizes mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of mycotoxicity.
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Rivera J, Pulivarthi MK, Shivaprasad DP, Phebus R, Aldrich CG, Siliveru K. Significance of wheat milling operations on the distribution of
Escherichia coli
bacterium into milling fractions. Cereal Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Rivera
- Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA 66506
| | | | - DP Shivaprasad
- Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA 66506
| | - Randall Phebus
- Food Science Institute Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA 66506
| | - Charles G. Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA 66506
| | - Kaliramesh Siliveru
- Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA 66506
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Biocontrol Methods in Avoidance and Downsizing of Mycotoxin Contamination of Food Crops. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By increasing the resistance of seeds against abiotic and biotic stress, the possibility of cereal mold contamination and hence the occurrence of secondary mold metabolites mycotoxins decreases. The use of biological methods of seed treatment represents a complementary strategy, which can be implemented as an environmental-friendlier approach to increase the agricultural sustainability. Whereas the use of resistant cultivars helps to reduce mold growth and mycotoxin contamination at the very beginning of the production chain, biological detoxification of cereals provides additional weapons against fungal pathogens in the later stage. Most efficient techniques can be selected and combined on an industrial scale to reduce losses and boost crop yields and agriculture sustainability, increasing at the same time food and feed safety. This paper strives to emphasize the possibility of implementation of biocontrol methods in the production of resistant seeds and the prevention and reduction in cereal mycotoxin contamination.
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Janić Hajnal E, Babič J, Pezo L, Banjac V, Čolović R, Kos J, Krulj J, Pavšič-Vrtač K, Jakovac-Strajn B. Effects of extrusion process on Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in whole grain triticale flour. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Janić Hajnal E, Kos J, Pezo L, Radić B, Malachová A, Krska R, Sulyok M. Presence of
Alternaria
toxins in maize from Republic of Serbia during 2016–2017. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Republic of Serbia
| | - Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Republic of Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry University of Belgrade Belgrade Republic of Serbia
| | - Bojana Radić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Republic of Serbia
| | - Alexandra Malachová
- Department IFA‐Tulln University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department IFA‐Tulln University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department IFA‐Tulln University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
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9
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Diverse anti-inflammation and anti-cancer polyketides isolated from the endophytic fungi Alternaria sp. MG1. Fitoterapia 2021; 153:105000. [PMID: 34303765 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six new polyketides, alternaritins A-D [(±)-1-4] and isoxanalteric acid I (8), and 25 known Alternaria toxins were isolated from the culture of an endophytic fungi Alternaria sp. MG1. 3 is a rare fungal metabolite. 6 is a new natural product, and 5, 7, and 9 are known previously but their absolute configurations have not been determined. Three enantiomers [(±)-1, (±)-7, and (±)-15] were separated via chiral HPLC resolution. The structures of those polyketides (1-9) were elucidated by spectrometric analysis using MS and NMR. The absolute configurations were established using X-ray diffraction analysis and statistical comparative analysis of the experimental ECD and OR data, in conjunction with quantum mechanical calculations. All of the compounds were evaluated for their bioactivities. Known compound 27 exerted the most potent cytotoxic activities against HT-1080 and NCI-H1299 cell lines. The new compounds, 2 and 3, showed moderate inhibition on COX-2, while a pair of isomers, 8 and 9, exhibited medium activity on COX-2 and uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
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10
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Janić Hajnal E, Pezo L, Orčić D, Šarić L, Plavšić D, Kos J, Mastilović J. Preliminary Survey of Alternaria Toxins Reduction during Fermentation of Whole Wheat Dough. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E303. [PMID: 32098250 PMCID: PMC7074859 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the fate of the most common Alternaria toxins found in wheat-tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) during sourdough processing. For this purpose, spiked whole wheat flour, 3% sourdough starter, 0.5% of baker's yeast, and 105% of water calculated on flour weight as a base were used as raw materials. Spiked whole wheat dough was fermented for 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h at 25 °C, and at each point the fermented dough samples were taken, frozen, lyophilized, grounded, and stored until further analysis. To study the effect of sourdough processing on TeA, AOH and AME content, the validated method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for these mycotoxins was used. Mathematical models of Alternaria toxins reduction were developed in the form of Four Parameter Logistic Regression function. The maximum reduction of TeA, AOH, and AME levels was archived at 48 h of dough fermentation at 25 °C compared with dough after kneading (0 h). Under these conditions, a reduction of the toxin levels of 60.3 %, 41.5%, and 24.1% was observed for TeA, AOH, and AME, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.Š.); (D.P.); (J.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dejan Orčić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ljubiša Šarić
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.Š.); (D.P.); (J.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Dragana Plavšić
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.Š.); (D.P.); (J.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Jovana Kos
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.Š.); (D.P.); (J.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Jasna Mastilović
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.Š.); (D.P.); (J.K.); (J.M.)
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11
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Janić Hajnal E, Vukić M, Pezo L, Orčić D, Puač N, Škoro N, Milidrag A, Šoronja Simović D. Effect of Atmospheric Cold Plasma Treatments on Reduction of Alternaria Toxins Content in Wheat Flour. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E704. [PMID: 31816906 PMCID: PMC6950655 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beside Fusarium toxins, Alternaria toxins are among the most commonly found mycotoxins in wheat and wheat products. Currently, investigations of possibilities of reduction of Alternaria toxins in the wheat-processing chain are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the potency of cold atmospheric plasma treatments, as a new non-thermal approach, for reduction of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tentoxin (TEN) content in spiked white wheat flour samples. Samples were treated with plasma generated in the air during 30 s to 180 s, with an increment step of 30 s, and at four varying distances from the cold plasma source (6 mm, 21 mm, 36 mm and 51 mm). The reduction of the Alternaria toxins content in samples after treatment was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The maximum reduction of the examined Alternaria toxins was obtained by treatment performed at 6 mm distance from the plasma source, lasting 180 s, resulting in reductions of 60.6%, 73.8% and 54.5% for AOH, AME and TEN, respectively. According to the obtained experimental results, five empirical models in the form of the second-order polynomials were developed for the prediction of AOH, AME and TEN reduction, as well as the temperature and the moisture content of the wheat flour, that gave a good fit to experimental data and were able to predict the response variables successfully. The developed second-order polynomial models showed high coefficients of determination for prediction of experimental results (between 0.918 and 0.961).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milan Vukić
- Department of Carbohydrate Food Engineering, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.V.); (D.Š.S.)
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology Zvornik, University of East Sarajevo, 75400 Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dejan Orčić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Nevena Puač
- Laboratory for Gaseous Electronics, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (N.Š.)
| | - Nikola Škoro
- Laboratory for Gaseous Electronics, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (N.Š.)
| | - Ardea Milidrag
- Chair of general physiology and biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dragana Šoronja Simović
- Department of Carbohydrate Food Engineering, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.V.); (D.Š.S.)
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Čolović R, Puvača N, Cheli F, Avantaggiato G, Greco D, Đuragić O, Kos J, Pinotti L. Decontamination of Mycotoxin-Contaminated Feedstuffs and Compound Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E617. [PMID: 31731462 PMCID: PMC6891401 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are known worldwide as fungus-produced toxins that adulterate a wide heterogeneity of raw feed ingredients and final products. Consumption of mycotoxins-contaminated feed causes a plethora of harmful responses from acute toxicity to many persistent health disorders with lethal outcomes; such as mycotoxicosis when ingested by animals. Therefore, the main task for feed producers is to minimize the concentration of mycotoxin by applying different strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of mycotoxin effects on animals and human health. Once mycotoxins enter the production chain it is hard to eliminate or inactivate them. This paper examines the most recent findings on different processes and strategies for the reduction of toxicity of mycotoxins in animals. The review gives detailed information about the decontamination approaches to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of feedstuffs and compound feed, which could be implemented in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmilo Čolović
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Đ.); (J.K.)
| | - Nikola Puvača
- Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management in Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Cvećarska, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste, 20134 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Avantaggiato
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Donato Greco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Olivera Đuragić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Đ.); (J.K.)
| | - Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Đ.); (J.K.)
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste, 20134 Milan, Italy;
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13
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Alternariol disturbs oocyte maturation and preimplantation development. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:93-101. [PMID: 31473931 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH) is produced by fungi of the genus Alternaria and can be found in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Besides the oestrogenic activity demonstrated in vitro, this mycotoxin causes DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. Based on this, the effect of AOH was investigated on porcine female gametes during in vitro maturation and subsequent initial embryo development. A first experiment assessed a dose-response effect of AOH (5, 10, or 20 μmol/l) on cumulus expansion and in vitro oocyte nuclear maturation, in the presence or absence of follicular fluid (FF). A second experiment evaluated the effect of AOH (5, 10, or 20 μmol/l) exposure during porcine oocyte maturation, initial embryo development, or both periods, on preimplantation embryo development. Although FF protected oocytes from the deleterious effect of AOH, it did not avoid a decrease in cumulus cells expansion (5 μmol/l AOH regardless of the presence of FF). Moreover, exposure to AOH resulted in the degeneration of oocytes (10 μmol/l AOH in the absence of FF) and the occurrence of nuclear aberrations in mature oocytes (10 μmol/l AOH in the absence of FF and 20 μmol/l AOH in the presence of FF). Exposure to 5 μmol/l AOH during oocyte in vitro maturation was sufficient to impair initial embryo development.
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14
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Meena M, Samal S. Alternaria host-specific (HSTs) toxins: An overview of chemical characterization, target sites, regulation and their toxic effects. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:745-758. [PMID: 31406682 PMCID: PMC6684332 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria causes pathogenic disease on various economically important crops having saprophytic to endophytic lifecycle. Pathogenic fungi of Alternaria species produce many primary and secondary metabolites (SMs). Alternaria species produce more than 70 mycotoxins. Several species of Alternaria produce various phytotoxins that are host-specific (HSTs) and non-host-specific (nHSTs). These toxins have various negative impacts on cell organelles including chloroplast, mitochondria, plasma membrane, nucleus, Golgi bodies, etc. Non-host-specific toxins such as tentoxin (TEN), Alternaric acid, alternariol (AOH), alternariol 9-monomethyl ether (AME), brefeldin A (dehydro-), Alternuene (ALT), Altertoxin-I, Altertoxin-II, Altertoxin-III, zinniol, tenuazonic acid (TeA), curvularin and alterotoxin (ATX) I, II, III are known toxins produced by Alternaria species. In other hand, Alternaria species produce numerous HSTs such as AK-, AF-, ACT-, AM-, AAL- and ACR-toxin, maculosin, destruxin A, B, etc. are host-specific and classified into different family groups. These mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites with various chemical structures. All the HSTs have different mode of actions, biochemical reactions, and signaling mechanisms to causes diseases in the host plants. These HSTs have devastating effects on host plant tissues by affecting biochemical and genetic modifications. Host-specific mycotoxins such as AK-toxin, AF-toxin, and AC-toxin have the devastating effect on plants which causes DNA breakage, cytotoxic, apoptotic cell death, interrupting plant physiology by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and affect membrane permeability. This article will elucidate an understanding of the disease mechanism caused by several Alternaria HSTs on host plants and also the pathways of the toxins and how they caused disease in plants.
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Key Words
- 1O2, singlet oxygen
- AA, ascorbic acid
- ALT, alternuene
- AME, alternariol 9-monomethyl ether
- AOH, alternariol
- APX, ascorbate peroxidase
- ATX, alterotoxin
- Alternaria species
- CAT, catalase
- CDCs, conditionally dispensable chromosomes
- DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase
- DHT, dihydrotentoxin
- GPX, guaiacol peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HR, hypersensitive response
- HSTs, host specific toxins
- Host-specific toxins
- MDHAR, monodehydroascorbate reductase
- NO, nitric oxide
- NRPS, nonribosomal peptide synthetase
- Non-host-specific toxins
- O2˙ˉ, superoxide anion
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PKS, polyketide synthase gene
- Pathogenicity
- REMI, restriction enzyme-mediated integration
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMs, secondary metabolites
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Secondary metabolites
- TEN, tentoxin
- TeA, tenuazonic acid
- UGT, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases
- nHSTs, non-host specific toxins
- ˙OH, hydroxyl radical
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Swarnmala Samal
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Janić-Hajnal E, Kos J, Orčić D. Stability of Alternaria toxins during bread-making process. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr1901073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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