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Fang J, Sheng L, Ye Y, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Sun X. Recent advances in biosynthesis of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes and their applications in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38108665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in food and feed, which can cause serious health problems. Bioenzymatic degradation is gaining increasing popularity due to its high specificity, gentle degradation conditions, and environmental friendliness. We reviewed recently reported biosynthetic mycotoxin-degrading enzymes, traditional and novel expression systems, enzyme optimization strategies, food and feed applications, safety evaluation of both degrading enzymes and degradation products, and commercialization potentials. Special emphasis is given to the novel expression systems, advanced optimization strategies, and safety considerations for industrial use. Over ten types of recombinases such as oxidoreductase and hydrolase have been studied in the enzymatic hydrolysis of mycotoxins. Besides traditional expression system of Escherichia coli and yeasts, these enzymes can also be expressed in novel systems such as Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria. To meet the requirements of industrial applications in terms of degradation efficacy and stability, genetic engineering and computational tools are used to optimize enzymatic expression. Currently, registration and technical difficulties have restricted commercial application of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To overcome these obstacles, systematic safety evaluation of both biosynthetic enzymes and their degradation products, in-depth understanding of degradation mechanisms and a comprehensive evaluation of their impact on food and feed quality are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Fang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
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Sun H, He Z, Xiong D, Long M. Mechanisms by which microbial enzymes degrade four mycotoxins and application in animal production: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:256-274. [PMID: 38033608 PMCID: PMC10685049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and efficient methods of detoxifying mycotoxins. As biotechnology has continued to develop, methods involving biological enzymes have shown great promise. Biological enzymatic methods, which can fundamentally destroy the structures of mycotoxins and produce degradation products whose toxicity is greatly reduced, are generally more specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly. Mycotoxin-degrading enzymes can thus facilitate the safe and effective detoxification of mycotoxins which gives them a huge advantage over other methods. This article summarizes the newly discovered degrading enzymes that can degrade four common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A) in the past five years, and reveals the degradation mechanism of degrading enzymes on four mycotoxins, as well as their positive effects on animal production. This review will provide a theoretical basis for the safe treatment of mycotoxins by using biological enzyme technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ziqi He
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Dongwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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Sinelnikov I, Mikityuk O, Shcherbakova L, Nazarova T, Denisenko Y, Rozhkova A, Statsyuk N, Zorov I. Recombinant Oxidase from Armillaria tabescens as a Potential Tool for Aflatoxin B1 Degradation in Contaminated Cereal Grain. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:678. [PMID: 38133182 PMCID: PMC10747862 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Forage grain contamination with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a global problem, so its detoxification with the aim of providing feed safety and cost-efficiency is still a relevant issue. AFB1 degradation by microbial enzymes is considered to be a promising detoxification approach. In this study, we modified an previously developed Pichia pastoris GS115 expression system using a chimeric signal peptide to obtain a new recombinant producer of extracellular AFB1 oxidase (AFO) from Armillaria tabescens (the yield of 0.3 g/L), purified AFO, and selected optimal conditions for AFO-induced AFB1 removal from model solutions. After a 72 h exposure of the AFB1 solution to AFO at pH 6.0 and 30 °C, 80% of the AFB1 was degraded. Treatments with AFO also significantly reduced the AFB1 content in wheat and corn grain inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. In grain samples contaminated with several dozen micrograms of AFB1 per kg, a 48 h exposure to AFO resulted in at least double the reduction in grain contamination compared to the control, while the same treatment of more significantly (~mg/kg) AFB1-polluted samples reduced their contamination by ~40%. These findings prove the potential of the tested AFO for cereal grain decontamination and suggest that additional studies to stabilize AFO and improve its AFB1-degrading efficacy are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.); (A.R.); (I.Z.)
| | - Oleg Mikityuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Larisa Shcherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Tatyana Nazarova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Yury Denisenko
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.); (A.R.); (I.Z.)
| | - Alexandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.); (A.R.); (I.Z.)
| | - Natalia Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Ivan Zorov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.); (A.R.); (I.Z.)
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Chen X, F. Abdallah M, Chen X, Rajkovic A. Current Knowledge of Individual and Combined Toxicities of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:653. [PMID: 37999516 PMCID: PMC10674195 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are considered the most threating natural contaminants in food. Among these mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are the most prominent fungal metabolites that represent high food safety risks, due to their widespread co-occurrence in several food commodities, and their profound toxic effects on humans. Considering the ethical and more humane animal research, the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) principle has been promoted in the last few years. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the research studies conducted up to date on the toxicological effects that AFB1 and FB1 can induce on human health, through the examination of a selected number of in vitro studies. Although the impact of both toxins, as well as their combination, were investigated in different cell lines, the majority of the work was carried out in hepatic cell lines, especially HepG2, owing to the contaminants' liver toxicity. In all the reviewed studies, AFB1 and FB1 could invoke, after short-term exposure, cell apoptosis, by inducing several pathways (oxidative stress, the mitochondrial pathway, ER stress, the Fas/FasL signaling pathway, and the TNF-α signal pathway). Among these pathways, mitochondria are the primary target of both toxins. The interaction of AFB1 and FB1, whether additive, synergistic, or antagonistic, depends to great extent on FB1/AFB1 ratio. However, it is generally manifested synergistically, via the induction of oxidative stress and mitochondria dysfunction, through the expression of the Bcl-2 family and p53 proteins. Therefore, AFB1 and FB1 mixture may enhance more in vitro toxic effects, and carry a higher significant risk factor, than the individual presence of each toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
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Zhang J, Tang X, Cai Y, Zhou WW. Mycotoxin Contamination Status of Cereals in China and Potential Microbial Decontamination Methods. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040551. [PMID: 37110209 PMCID: PMC10143121 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in cereals can pose a significant health risk to animals and humans. China is one of the countries that is facing cereal contamination by mycotoxins. Treating mycotoxin-contaminated cereals with established physical and chemical methods can lead to negative effects, such as the loss of nutrients, chemical residues, and high energy consumption. Therefore, microbial detoxification techniques are being considered for reducing and treating mycotoxins in cereals. This paper reviews the contamination of aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A in major cereals (rice, wheat, and maize). Our discussion is based on 8700 samples from 30 provincial areas in China between 2005 and 2021. Previous research suggests that the temperature and humidity in the highly contaminated Chinese cereal-growing regions match the growth conditions of potential antagonists. Therefore, this review takes biological detoxification as the starting point and summarizes the methods of microbial detoxification, microbial active substance detoxification, and other microbial inhibition methods for treating contaminated cereals. Furthermore, their respective mechanisms are systematically analyzed, and a series of strategies for combining the above methods with the treatment of contaminated cereals in China are proposed. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for subsequent solutions to cereal contamination problems and for the development of safer and more efficient methods of biological detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xi Tang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifan Cai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Yang P, Xiao W, Lu S, Jiang S, Jiang S, Chen J, Wu W, Zheng Z, Jiang S. Characterization of a Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) and its application in the AFB1 degradation of contaminated rice in situ. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960882. [PMID: 36187979 PMCID: PMC9515612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminates rice during harvest or storage and causes a considerable risk to human and animal health. In this study, Trametes versicolor AFB1–degrading enzyme (TV–AFB1D) gene recombinantly expressed in engineered E. coli BL21 (DE3) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The TV–AFB1D enzymatic characteristics and AFB1 degradation efficiency in contaminated rice were investigated. Results showed that the size of recombinant TV-AFB1D expressing in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and S. cerevisiae was appropriately 77 KDa. The kinetic equation of TV-AFB1D was y = 0.01671x + 1.80756 (R2 = 0.994, Km = 9.24 mM, and Vmax = 553.23 mM/min). The Kcat and Kcat/Km values of TV-AFB1D were 0.07392 (s−1) and 8 M−1 s−1, respectively. The AFB1 concentration of contaminated rice decreased from 100 μg/ml to 32.6 μg/ml after treatment at 32°C for 5 h under the catabolism of TV-AFB1D. S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) and Cauliflower mosaic virus 35 S (CaMV 35 S) promoters caused the residual AFB1 contents, respectively, decreased to 3.4 and 2.9 μg/g from the initial AFB1 content of 7.4 μg/g after 24 h of fermentation using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. The AFB1 degradation rates of S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying AOX1 and CaMV promoters were 54 and 61%, respectively. Engineered S. cerevisiae strains integrated with TV-AFB1D expression cassettes were developed to simultaneously degrade AFB1 and produce ethanol using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. Thus, TV-AFB1D has significant application potential in the AFB1 decomposition from contaminated agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Peizhou Yang, ,;
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuying Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suwei Jiang
- Department of Biological, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianchao Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Yan Y, Zhang X, Chen H, Huang W, Jiang H, Wang C, Xiao Z, Zhang Y, Xu J. Isolation and Aflatoxin B1-Degradation Characteristics of a Microbacterium proteolyticum B204 Strain from Bovine Faeces. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080525. [PMID: 36006187 PMCID: PMC9415550 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most harmful mycotoxins, raising serious global health and economic problems. Searching for biological approaches for effective and safe AFB1 degradation is imminent. In our study, Microbacterium proteolyticum B204 isolated from bovine faeces degraded 77% of AFB1 after 24 h, becoming the first reported bacteria from the Microbacterium family to possess AFB1 degradation characteristics. Temperature variation showed little effect on its degradation ratio, demonstrating high thermostability of 75% and 79% after boiling and sterilization, respectively. We suppose that the components playing a key role during this process were proteins, considering the decreased degradation rate caused by Proteinase K. Cell viability detection on HepG2 cells indicated that the degradation products were much less toxic than pure AFB1. Furthermore, B204 cell-free culture supernatant also degraded AFB1-contaminated food, such as peanuts, corn and cheese. These results suggested that this strain with AFB1 degradation properties could be a prospective candidate for application in the food and feed industries.
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The metabolism and biotransformation of AFB 1: Key enzymes and pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115005. [PMID: 35318037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) is a hepatoxic compound produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, seriously threatening food safety and the health of humans and animals. Understanding the metabolism of AFB1 is important for developing detoxification and intervention strategies. In this review, we summarize the AFB1 metabolic fates in humans and animals and the key enzymes that metabolize AFB1, including cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) for AFB1 bioactivation, glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and aflatoxin-aldehyde reductases (AFARs) in detoxification. Furthermore, AFB1 metabolism in microbes is also summarized. Microorganisms specifically and efficiently transform AFB1 into less or non-toxic products in an environmental-friendly approach which could be the most desirable detoxification strategy in the future. This review provides a wholistic insight into the metabolism and biotransformation of AFB1 in various organisms, which also benefits the development of protective strategies in humans and animals.
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Jiang L, Huang H. Improvement of the enzymatic detoxification activity towards mycotoxins through structure-based engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 56:107927. [PMID: 35182727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is posing a serious threat to the global food safety and public health. Biological detoxification mediated by enzymes has emerged as a promising approach, as they can specifically degrade mycotoxins into non-toxic ones. However, the low degradation efficiency and stability limit their further application. To optimize the enzymes for mycotoxin removal, modification strategies that combine computational design with their structural data have been developed. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively summarize the recent trends in structure-based engineering to improve the enzyme catalytic efficiency, selectivity and stability in mycotoxins detoxification, which also provides perspectives in obtaining innovative and effective biocatalysts for mycotoxins degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Kumar V, Bahuguna A, Ramalingam S, Dhakal G, Shim JJ, Kim M. Recent technological advances in mechanism, toxicity, and food perspectives of enzyme-mediated aflatoxin degradation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5395-5412. [PMID: 34955062 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus section Flavi that contaminates a wide variety of food and feed products and is responsible for serious health and economic consequences. Fermented foods are prepared with a wide variety of substrates over a long fermentation time and are thus vulnerable to contamination by aflatoxin-producing fungi, leading to the production of aflatoxin B1. The mitigation and control of aflatoxin is currently a prime focus for developing safe aflatoxin-free food. This review summarizes the role of major aflatoxin-degrading enzymes such as laccase, peroxidase, and lactonase, and microorganisms in the context of their application in food. A putative mechanism of enzyme-mediated aflatoxin degradation and toxicity evaluation of the degraded products are also extensively discussed to evaluate the safety of degradation processes for food applications. The review also describes aflatoxin-degrading microorganisms isolated from fermented products and investigates their applicability in food as aflatoxin preventing agents. Furthermore, a summary of recent technological advancements in protein engineering, nanozymes, in silico and statistical optimization approaches are explored to improve the industrial applicability of aflatoxin-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Srinivasan Ramalingam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Dhakal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Shim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Yang P, Xiao W, Lu S, Jiang S, Zheng Z, Zhang D, Zhang M, Jiang S, Jiang S. Recombinant Expression of Trametes versicolor Aflatoxin B 1-Degrading Enzyme (TV-AFB 1D) in Engineering Pichia pastoris GS115 and Application in AFB 1 Degradation in AFB 1-Contaminated Peanuts. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050349. [PMID: 34068167 PMCID: PMC8153001 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins seriously threaten the health of humans and animals due to their potential carcinogenic properties. Enzymatic degradation approach is an effective and environmentally friendly alternative that involves changing the structure of aflatoxins. In this study, Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme gene (TV-AFB1D) was integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris GS115 by homologous recombination approach. The recombinant TV-AFB1D was expressed in engineering P. pastoris with a size of approximately 77 kDa under the induction of methanol. The maximum activity of TV-AFB1D reached 17.5 U/mL after the induction of 0.8% ethanol (v/v) for 84 h at 28 °C. The AFB1 proportion of 75.9% was degraded using AFB1 standard sample after catalysis for 12 h. In addition, the AFB1 proportion was 48.5% using AFB1-contaminated peanuts after the catalysis for 18 h at 34 °C. The recombinant TV-AFB1D would have good practical application value in AFB1 degradation in food crops. This study provides an alternative degrading enzyme for the degradation of AFB1 in aflatoxin-contaminated grain and feed via enzymatic degradation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wei Xiao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Shuhua Lu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Suwei Jiang
- School of Biological, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, 158 Jinxiu Avenue, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Min Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Shuying Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
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12
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Peles F, Sipos P, Kovács S, Győri Z, Pócsi I, Pusztahelyi T. Biological Control and Mitigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Commodities. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020104. [PMID: 33535580 PMCID: PMC7912779 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced mostly by Aspergillus species. AF contamination entering the feed and food chain has been a crucial long-term issue for veterinarians, medicals, agroindustry experts, and researchers working in this field. Although different (physical, chemical, and biological) technologies have been developed, tested, and employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins, including AFs, universal methods are still not available to reduce AF levels in feed and food in the last decades. Possible biological control by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, their excretes, the role of the ruminal degradation, pre-harvest biocontrol by competitive exclusion or biofungicides, and post-harvest technologies and practices based on biological agents currently used to alleviate the toxic effects of AFs are collected in this review. Pre-harvest biocontrol technologies can give us the greatest opportunity to reduce AF production on the spot. Together with post-harvest applications of bacteria or fungal cultures, these technologies can help us strictly reduce AF contamination without synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Szilvia Kovács
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-210-9491
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13
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Guan Y, Chen J, Nepovimova E, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K. Aflatoxin Detoxification Using Microorganisms and Enzymes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010046. [PMID: 33435382 PMCID: PMC7827145 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination causes significant economic loss to food and feed industries and seriously threatens human health. Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most harmful mycotoxins, which are produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and other fungi that are commonly found in the production and preservation of grain and feed. AFs can cause harm to animal and human health due to their toxic (carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic) effects. How to remove AF has become a major problem: biological methods cause no contamination, have high specificity, and work at high temperature, affording environmental protection. In the present research, microorganisms with detoxification effects researched in recent years are reviewed, the detoxification mechanism of microbes on AFs, the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the degradation process, and the application of microorganisms as detoxification strategies for AFs were investigated. One of the main aims of the work is to provide a reliable reference strategy for biological detoxification of AFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
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14
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Guo Y, Zhao L, Ma Q, Ji C. Novel strategies for degradation of aflatoxins in food and feed: A review. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109878. [PMID: 33648196 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by Aspergillus fungi, posing high carcinogenic potency in humans and animals. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a global problem in both developed and developing countries especially where there is poor regulation of their levels in food and feed. Thus, academics have been striving over the decades to develop effective strategies for degrading aflatoxins in food and feed. These strategies are technologically diverse and based on physical, chemical, or biological principles. This review summarizes the recent progress on novel aflatoxin degradation strategies including irradiation, cold plasma, ozone, electrolyzed oxidizing water, organic acids, natural plant extracts, microorganisms and enzymes. A clear understanding of the detoxification efficiency, mechanism of action, degradation products, application potential and current limitations of these methods is presented. In addition, the development and future perspective of nanozymes in aflatoxins degradation are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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15
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Nazhand A, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Souto EB, Santini A. Characteristics, Occurrence, Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds. Foods 2020; 9:E644. [PMID: 32443392 PMCID: PMC7278662 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination continues to be a food safety concern globally, with the most toxic being aflatoxins. On-farm aflatoxins, during food transit or storage, directly or indirectly result in the contamination of foods, which affects the liver, immune system and reproduction after infiltration into human beings and animals. There are numerous reports on aflatoxins focusing on achieving appropriate methods for quantification, precise detection and control in order to ensure consumer safety. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 as group 1 carcinogenic substances, which are a global human health concern. Consequently, this review article addresses aflatoxin chemical properties and biosynthetic processes; aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds; health effects in human beings and animals due to aflatoxin exposure, as well as aflatoxin detection and detoxification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Nazhand
- Department of Biotechnology, Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resource University, 9th km of Farah Abad Road, Mazandaran 48181-68984, Iran;
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Polo III-Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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16
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Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Autophagic Flux Is Regulated by Interplay between p53-mTOR Axis and Bcl-2 Signaling in Hepatic Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041015. [PMID: 32325714 PMCID: PMC7226334 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide-based nanoparticles have been repeatedly shown to affect lysosomal-mediated signaling. Recently, nanoparticles have demonstrated an ability to modulate autophagic flux via lysosome-dependent signaling. However, the precise underlying mechanisms of such modulation as well as the impact of cellular genetic background remain enigmatic. In this study, we investigated how lysosomal-mediated signaling is affected by iron oxide nanoparticle uptake in three distinct hepatic cell lines. We found that nanoparticle-induced lysosomal dysfunction alters sub-cellular localization of pmTOR and p53 proteins. Our data indicate that alterations in the sub-cellular localization of p53 protein induced by nanoparticle greatly affect the autophagic flux. We found that cells with high levels of Bcl-2 are insensitive to autophagy initiated by nanoparticles. Altogether, our data identify lysosomes as a central hub that control nanoparticle-mediated responses in hepatic cells. Our results provide an important fundamental background for the future development of targeted nanoparticle-based therapies.
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Afshar P, Shokrzadeh M, Raeisi SN, Ghorbani-HasanSaraei A, Nasiraii LR. Aflatoxins biodetoxification strategies based on probiotic bacteria. Toxicon 2020; 178:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Lyagin I, Efremenko E. Enzymes for Detoxification of Various Mycotoxins: Origins and Mechanisms of Catalytic Action. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132362. [PMID: 31247992 PMCID: PMC6651818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are highly dangerous natural compounds produced by various fungi. Enzymatic transformation seems to be the most promising method for detoxification of mycotoxins. This review summarizes current information on enzymes of different classes to convert various mycotoxins. An in-depth analysis of 11 key enzyme mechanisms towards dozens of major mycotoxins was realized. Additionally, molecular docking of mycotoxins to enzymes’ active centers was carried out to clarify some of these catalytic mechanisms. Analyzing protein homologues from various organisms (plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria), the prevalence and availability of natural sources of active biocatalysts with a high practical potential is discussed. The importance of multifunctional enzyme combinations for detoxification of mycotoxins is posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Lyagin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, RAS, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, RAS, Moscow 119334, Russia.
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