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Awasthi MK, Dregulo AM, Yadav A, Kumar V, Solanki MK, Garg VK, Sindhu R. Hormesis of black soldier fly larva: Influence and interactions in livestock manure recycling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 369:122352. [PMID: 39232324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are considered important organisms, utilized as tools to transform waste including manure into valuable products. The growth and cultivation of BSFL are influenced by various factors, such as the presence of toxic substances in the feed and parasites. These factors play a crucial role in hormesis, and contributing to regulate these contaminants hermetic doses to get sustainable byproducts. This review aims to understand the effects on BSFL growth and activities in the presence of compounds like organic and inorganic pollutants. It also assesses the impact of microbes on BSFL growth and explores the bioaccumulation of pharmaceutical compounds, specifically focusing on heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, indigenous bacteria, insects, and nematodes. The review concludes by addressing knowledge gaps, proposing future biorefineries, and offering recommendations for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China.
| | - Andrei Mikhailovich Dregulo
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, 17 Promyshlennaya str, 198095, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anoop Yadav
- Department of Environmental Studies, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Thandalam-602105, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Sciences, IES University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Vinod Kumar Garg
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam, 691505, Kerala, India
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2
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Niermans K, Hoek-van den Hil EF, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, van Loon JJA. The role of larvae of black soldier fly and house fly and of feed substrate microbes in biotransformation of aflatoxin B 1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116449. [PMID: 38759532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been growing interest in the ability of insect larvae to convert various organic side-streams containing mycotoxins into insect biomass that can be used as animal feed. Various studies have examined the effects of exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on a variety of insect species, including the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL; Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and the housefly (HFL; Musca domestica L.; Diptera: Muscidae). Most of these studies demonstrated that AFB1 degradation takes place, either enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic. The possible role of feed substrate microorganisms (MOs) in this process has thus far not been investigated. The main objective of this study was therefore to investigate whether biotransformation of AFB1 occurred and whether it is caused by insect-enzymes and/or by microbial enzymes of MOs in the feed substrate. In order to investigate this, sterile and non-sterile feed substrates were spiked with AFB1 and incubated either with or without insect larvae (BSFL or HFL). The AFB1 concentration was determined via LC-MS/MS analyses and recorded over time. Approximately 50% of the initially present AFB1 was recovered in the treatment involving BSFL, which was comparable to the treatment without BSFL (60%). Similar patterns were observed for HFL. The molar mass balance of AFB1 for the sterile feed substrates with BSFL and HFL was 73% and 78%, respectively. We could not establish whether non-enzymatic degradation of AFB1 in the feed substrates occurred. The results showed that both BSFL and substrate-specific MOs play a role in the biotransformation of AFB1 as well as in conversion of AFB1 into aflatoxin P1 and aflatoxicol, respectively. In contrast, HFL did not seem to contribute to AFB1 degradation. The obtained results contribute to our understanding of aflatoxin metabolism by different insect species. This information is crucial for assessing the safety of feeding fly larvae with feed substrates contaminated with AFB1 with the purpose of subsequent use as animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Niermans
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | - E F Hoek-van den Hil
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | | | - J J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
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Cattaneo A, Meneguz M, Dabbou S, Tambone F, Scaglia B. Local circular economy: BSF insect rearing in the Italian Agri-Food Industry. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 179:234-244. [PMID: 38489981 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
With a growing population, both food and waste production will increase. There is an urgent need for innovative ways of valorizing waste. The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) efficiently converts agri-food by-products (BPs) into high-quality materials; its rearing process yields larvae (BSFL) rich in fat and protein for feed purposes, with "frass" acting as organic fertilizer. While the insect rearing sector is expanding, few producers use BPs. Therefore, a case study approach was adopted to evaluate the potential for establishing an Italian BSFL production plant on BPs available on the territory. After contacting more than 115 agri-food companies (maximum 100 km from the BSFL plant), they were classified based on sector, distance, size, and BPs (quantity, seasonality, management). BPs with a low value (fruit and vegetable residues) were treated as waste, associated with costs and low valorization. By merging the available BPs on the territory and following the literature on BSFL nutritional needs' two diets (Scenario BSFL) were created, assessing their suitability comparing them to the current full-scale plant diet (Scenario 0). The exploitation of BPs for BSFL rearing reduced local waste production by 52 % compared to conventional composting (Scenario 0). In addition, integrating BPs into the larval feed formulation increased BSFL production value (+47 times). These results highlight the potential of locally-based insect rearing to valorize BPs and create a network of sustainable actors within the agri-food industry. Further investigations are needed to improve the connection between agri-food and insect industrial activities, expanding this framework to other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Cattaneo
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige 38098, Italy; BEF Biosystems s.r.l. Strada di Settimo 224/15, 10156 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Meneguz
- BEF Biosystems s.r.l. Strada di Settimo 224/15, 10156 Turin, Italy.
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige 38098, Italy
| | - Fulvia Tambone
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of the Study of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Barbara Scaglia
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of the Study of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
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4
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Luo X, Fang G, Chen K, Song Y, Lu T, Tomberlin JK, Zhan S, Huang Y. A gut commensal bacterium promotes black soldier fly larval growth and development partly via modulation of intestinal protein metabolism. mBio 2023; 14:e0117423. [PMID: 37706881 PMCID: PMC10653789 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01174-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Black solider fly larvae and the gut microbiota can recycle nutrients from various organic wastes into valuable insect biomass. We found that Citrobacter amalonaticus, a gut commensal bacterium of the insect, exerts beneficial effects on larval growth and development and that the expression of many metabolic larval genes was significantly impacted by the symbiont. To identify the larval genes involved in the host-symbiont interaction, we engineered the symbiont to produce double-strand RNA and enabled the strain to silence host genes in the larval gut environment where the interaction takes place. With this approach, we confirmed that two intestinal protease families are involved in the interaction and provided further evidence that intestinal protein metabolism plays a role in the interaction. This work expands the genetic toolkits available to study the insect functional genomics and host-symbiont interaction and provide the prospective for the future application of gut microbiota on the large-scale bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gangqi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuangqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Song
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shuai Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Siddiqui SA, Fernando I, Nisa' K, Shah MA, Rahayu T, Rasool A, Aidoo OF. Effects of undesired substances and their bioaccumulation on the black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)-a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:823. [PMID: 37291225 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is predominantly reared on organic wastes and other unused complementary substrates. However, BSF may have a buildup of undesired substances in their body. The contamination of undesired substance, e.g., heavy metals, mycotoxins, and pesticides, in BSF mainly occurred during the feeding process in the larval stage. Yet, the pattern of accumulated contaminants in the bodies of BSF larvae (BSFL) is varied distinctively depending on the diets as well as the contaminant types and concentrations. Heavy metals, including cadmium, copper, arsenic, and lead, were reported to have accumulated in BSFL. In most cases, the cadmium, arsenic, and lead concentration in BSFL exceeded the recommended standard for heavy metals occurring in feed and food. Following the results concerning the accumulation of the undesired substance in BSFL's body, they did not affect the biological parameters of BSFL, unless the amounts of heavy metals in their diets are highly exceeding their thresholds. Meanwhile, a study on the fate of pesticides and mycotoxins in BSFL indicates that no bioaccumulation was detected for any of the target substances. In addition, dioxins, PCBs, PAHs, and pharmaceuticals did not accumulate in BSFL in the few existing studies. However, future studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of the aforementioned undesired substances on the demographic traits of BSF and to develop appropriate waste management technology. Since the end products of BSFL that are contaminated pose a threat to both human and animal health, their nutrition and production process must be well managed to create end products with a low contamination level to achieve a closed food cycle of BSF as animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315, Straubing, Germany.
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610, D-Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Ito Fernando
- Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Khoirun Nisa'
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Sukolilo, Surabaya, East Java, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- Woxsen University, Kamkole, Sadasivpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502345, India
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Teguh Rahayu
- CV HermetiaTech, Voza Premium Office 20th Floor, Jl. HR. Muhammad No. 31A, Putat Gede, Surabaya, 60189, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Adil Rasool
- Department of Management, Bakhtar University, Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, 00233, Somanya, Ghana
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Valenti I, Tini F, Sevarika M, Agazzi A, Beccari G, Bellezza I, Ederli L, Grottelli S, Pasquali M, Romani R, Saracchi M, Covarelli L. Impact of Enniatin and Deoxynivalenol Co-Occurrence on Plant, Microbial, Insect, Animal and Human Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:271. [PMID: 37104209 PMCID: PMC10144843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins commonly contaminate agricultural products resulting in a serious threat to both animal and human health. The co-occurrence of different mycotoxins in the same cereal field is very common, so the risks as well as the functional and ecological effects of mycotoxins cannot always be predicted by focusing only on the effect of the single contaminants. Enniatins (ENNs) are among the most frequently detected emerging mycotoxins, while deoxynivalenol (DON) is probably the most common contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the simultaneous exposure to these mycotoxins, with emphasis on the combined effects in multiple organisms. Our literature analysis shows that just a few studies on ENN-DON toxicity are available, suggesting the complexity of mycotoxin interactions, which include synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects. Both ENNs and DON modulate drug efflux transporters, therefore this specific ability deserves to be explored to better understand their complex biological role. Additionally, future studies should investigate the interaction mechanisms of mycotoxin co-occurrence on different model organisms, using concentrations closer to real exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Valenti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Silvia Grottelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Marco Saracchi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
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Li W, Li W, Zhang C, Xu N, Fu C, Wang C, Li D, Wu Q. Study on the mechanism of aflatoxin B1 degradation by Tetragenococcus halophilus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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8
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Chang J, Luo H, Li L, Zhang J, Harvey J, Zhao Y, Zhang G, Liu Y. Mycotoxin risk management in maize gluten meal. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:7687-7706. [PMID: 36995226 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2190412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Maize gluten meal (MGM) is a by-product of maize starch and ethanol, produced by the wet milling process. Its high protein content makes it a preferred ingredient in feed. Given the high prevalence of mycotoxins in maize globally, they pose a significant challenge to use of MGM for feed: wet milling could concentrate certain mycotoxins in gluten components, and mycotoxin consumption affects animal health and can contaminate animal-source foods. To help confront this issue, this paper summarizes mycotoxin occurrence in maize, distribution during MGM production and mycotoxin risk management strategies for MGM through a comprehensive literature review. Available data emphasize the importance of mycotoxin control in MGM and the necessity of a systematic control approach, which includes: good agriculture practices (GAP) in the context of climate change, degradation of mycotoxin during MGM processing with SO2 and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and the prospect of removing or detoxifying mycotoxins using emerging technologies. In the absence of mycotoxin contamination, MGM represents a safe and economically critical component of global animal feed. With a holistic risk assessment-based, seed-to-MGM-feed systematic approach to reducing and decontaminating mycotoxins in maize, costs and negative health impacts associated with MGM use in feed can be effectively reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Chang
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Junnan Zhang
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Jagger Harvey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yueju Zhao
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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9
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Auger L, Bouslama S, Deschamps MH, Vandenberg G, Derome N. Absence of microbiome triggers extensive changes in the transcriptional profile of Hermetia illucens during larval ontology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2396. [PMID: 36765081 PMCID: PMC9918496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSF, Hermetia illucens) have gained much attention for their industrial use as biowaste recyclers and as a new source of animal proteins. The functional effect that microbiota has on insect health and growth performance remains largely unknown. This study clarifies the role of microbiota in BSF ontogeny by investigating the differential genomic expression of BSF larvae in axenic conditions (i.e., germfree) relative to non-axenic (conventional) conditions. We used RNA-seq to measure differentially expressed transcripts between axenic and conventional condition using DESeq2 at day 4, 12 and 20 post-hatching. Gene expression was significantly up or down-regulated for 2476 transcripts mapped in gene ontology functions, and axenic larvae exhibited higher rate of down-regulated functions. Up-regulated microbiota-dependant transcriptional gene modules included the immune system, the lipid metabolism, and the nervous system. Expression profile showed a shift in late larvae (day 12 and 20), exposing a significant temporal effect on gene expression. These results provide the first evidence of host functional genes regulated by microbiota in the BSF larva, further demonstrating the importance of host-microbiota interactions on host ontology and health. These results open the door to optimization of zootechnical properties in alternative animal protein production, biowaste revalorization and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Auger
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Département de Biologie, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Quebec, QC, Canada.
| | - Sidki Bouslama
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Département de Biologie, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Grant Vandenberg
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Derome
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Département de Biologie, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Quebec, QC, Canada
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10
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Characteristics of Aflatoxin B 1 Degradation by Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila and It's Combination with Black Soldier Fly Larvae. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010234. [PMID: 36676183 PMCID: PMC9865385 DOI: 10.3390/life13010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin contaminant in cereals that causes severe economic losses and serious risks to the health of humans and animals. In this paper, we investigated the characteristics of AFB1 degradation by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) combined with commensal intestinal microorganisms. Germ-free BSFL and non-sterile BSFL were reared on peanut meal spiked with AFB1 for 10 days. The result showed that germ-free BSFL and non-sterile BSFL could achieve 31.71% and 88.72% AFB1 degradation, respectively, which indicated the important role of larvae gut microbiota in AFB1 degradation. Furthermore, twenty-five AFB1-degrading bacteria were isolated from BSFL gut, and S. acidaminiphila A2 achieved the highest AFB1 degradation, by 94%. When S. acidaminiphila A2 was re-inoculated to BSFL, the detrimental effect of AFB1 on the growth performance of BSFL was alleviated, and complete AFB1 degradation in peanut meal was obtained. In conclusion, the present study may provide a strategy to degrade AFB1 in feedstuff through bioconversion with BSFL in combination with gut-originated AFB1-degrading bacteria, while providing a sustainable insect protein and fat source to animals.
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11
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Kaczor M, Bulak P, Proc-Pietrycha K, Kirichenko-Babko M, Bieganowski A. The Variety of Applications of Hermetia illucens in Industrial and Agricultural Areas-Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 36671718 PMCID: PMC9855018 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Linnaeus, 1978), commonly known as the black soldier fly (BSF), is a saprophytic insect, which in recent years has attracted significant attention from both the scientific community and industry. The unrestrained appetite of the larvae, the ability to forage on various organic waste, and the rapid growth and low environmental impact of its breeding has made it one of the insect species bred on an industrial scale, in the hope of producing fodder or other ingredients for various animals. The variety of research related to this insect has shown that feed production is not the only benefit of its use. H. illucens has many features and properties that could be of interest from the point of view of many other industries. Biomass utilization, chitin and chitosan source, biogas, and biodiesel production, entomoremediation, the antimicrobial properties of its peptides, and the fertilizer potential of its wastes, are just some of its potential uses. This review brings together the work of four years of study into H. illucens. It summarizes the current state of knowledge and introduces the characteristics of this insect that may be helpful in managing its breeding, as well as its use in agro-industrial fields. Knowledge gaps and under-studied areas were also highlighted, which could help identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaczor
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Bulak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Proc-Pietrycha
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marina Kirichenko-Babko
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, B. Khmelnitsky 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Zhao D, Xie H, Gao L, Zhang J, Li Y, Mao G, Zhang H, Wang F, Lam SS, Song A. Detoxication and bioconversion of aflatoxin B 1 by yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor): A sustainable approach for valuable larval protein production from contaminated grain. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113935. [PMID: 35999758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) is a supplementary protein source for food and feed and represents a promising solution to manage grain contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In this study, AFB1 present in different concentrations in wheat bran was treated and removed via bioconversion by yellow mealworm of different instars, with emphasis on the bioconversion performance and metabolism of AFB1. Upon application of wheat bran spiked with 100 μg/kg AFB1 to 5th-6th instar yellow mealworms, the conversion rate of AFB1 was up to 87.85 %. Low level of AFB1 (< 2 μg/kg) was accumulated in the larval bodies, and the survival rate, development and nutrition contents of yellow mealworm were not significantly affected. It was revealed that 1 kg of wheat bran contaminated with AFB1 increased the weight of yellow mealworms from 138 g to 469 g, containing approximately 103 g of protein. The bioconversion of AFB1 by yellow mealworms led to generation of 13 metabolites in the frass and 3 metabolites in the larvae. AFB1 was detoxicated and removed via phase I metabolism comprising reduction, dehydrogenation, hydration, demethylation, hydroxylation, decarbonylation and ketoreduction, followed by phase II metabolism involving conjugation of amino acid, glucoside and glutathione (GSH). The toxicity of AFB1 metabolites was deemed lower than that of AFB1 according to their structures. This study provides a sustainable approach and theoretical foundation on using yellow mealworms for cleaner grain contamination management and valuable larval protein production via bioconversion of food and feed contaminated by AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Hui Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Guotao Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Hongsen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Andong Song
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
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Meijer N, Nijssen R, Bosch M, Boers E, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. Aflatoxin B1 Metabolism of Reared Alphitobius diaperinus in Different Life-Stages. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040357. [PMID: 35447799 PMCID: PMC9025786 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of carcinogenic aflatoxins in food and feed is a major issue. In prior studies, aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) and known primary metabolites were absent from Lesser Mealworm (LMW, Alphitobius diaperinus) reared on contaminated diets. LMW is a promising alternative protein source. The objectives of this stu\dy were to determine whether LMW can be reared on AfB1-contaminated feed in each life-stage, and to gather more insight into potential metabolites formed. Results suggested no adverse effects in terms of survival/growth when three stages of LMW (larvae, pre-pupae, beetles) were exposed to feed containing AfB1 concentrations of 200 and 600 µg/kg for 48 h. Insect and frass samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and high-resolution MS to, respectively, quantify concentrations of AfB1 and its major metabolites, and determine secondary metabolites. No AfB1 or major metabolites were quantified in the insect samples. Mass balance calculations showed that up to 40% of spiked AfB1 could be recovered in the frass, in the form of AfB1, aflatoxicol and AfM1. HRMS results suggested the presence of additional metabolites in the frass, but, due to lack of commercially available reference standards for these compounds, exact identification and quantification was not possible. More research is needed to verify the absence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meijer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (E.B.); (H.J.v.d.F.-K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosalie Nijssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (E.B.); (H.J.v.d.F.-K.)
| | - Marlou Bosch
- Ynsect NL Nutrition & Health B.V., Harderwijkerweg 141B, 3852 AB Ermelo, The Netherlands;
| | - Ed Boers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (E.B.); (H.J.v.d.F.-K.)
| | - H. J. van der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (E.B.); (H.J.v.d.F.-K.)
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14
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Gorrens E, Van Looveren N, Van Moll L, Vandeweyer D, Lachi D, De Smet J, Van Campenhout L. Staphylococcus aureus in Substrates for Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) and Its Dynamics during Rearing. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0218321. [PMID: 34937197 PMCID: PMC8694120 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02183-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) are promising insects for the conversion of organic waste streams into valuable biomolecules. Such waste streams can contain foodborne pathogens. To assess this risk factor, this study evaluated the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in waste streams as a substrate ingredient for BSFL production as well as in the rearing process. First, the general microbiological quality and the occurrence of S. aureus were investigated for different waste streams. Staphylococcus aureus was abundantly present. Control of pH and water activity should avoid pathogens, which cannot grow in single-substrate ingredients, redeveloping when mixing streams for optimal substrate conditions for BSFL production. Next, it was investigated whether S. aureus present in the substrate was ingested and/or eradicated by BSFL. In inoculation trials, with S. aureus added to chicken feed as the substrate at 3 or 7 log CFU/g, the larvae showed a reducing effect on S. aureus. After 6 days, S. aureus counts were below the detection limit (2.0 log CFU/g) in all larvae samples and decreased in the substrate to <2.0 and <3.1 log CFU/g for inoculation levels of 3 and 7 log CFU/g, respectively. While this is promising, it is still recommended to monitor and control this pathogen in BSFL rearing. Intriguingly, screening of antimicrobial activity of dominant microorganisms associated with BSFL showed a clear activity of Trichosporon isolates against S. aureus. Future research should explore whether Trichosporon, which is frequently observed in BSFL, plays a role in controlling specific microorganisms, such as S. aureus. IMPORTANCE Given the increasing need for (more sustainable) methods to upcycle organic waste streams, the interest to rear insects, like black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), on such streams is increasing. This study reveals that S. aureus is abundantly present in such waste streams, which might be a point of attention for insect producers. At the same time, it reveals that when S. aureus was inoculated in chicken feed as the substrate, it was not detected in the larvae and was reduced in the substrate after 6 days. Future inoculation trials should investigate whether this reduction is substrate dependent or not. Toward the future, the role of the BSFL microbiota in controlling intestinal bacterial community homeostasis should be explored, because one of the dominant microorganisms associated with BSFL, Trichosporon spp., showed clear activity against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Gorrens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N. Van Looveren
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L. Van Moll
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - D. Vandeweyer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D. Lachi
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. De Smet
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L. Van Campenhout
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Cao W, Yu P, Yang K, Cao D. Aflatoxin B1: metabolism, toxicology, and its involvement in oxidative stress and cancer development. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 32:395-419. [PMID: 34930097 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.2021339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a class of carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fungi, which are widely distributed in nature. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic of these compounds and its metabolites have a variety of biological activities, including acute toxicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, which has been well-characterized to lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans and animals. This review focuses on the metabolism of AFB1, including epoxidation and DNA adduction, as it concerns the initiation of cancer and the underlying mechanisms. In addition to DNA adduction, inflammation and oxidative stress caused by AFB1 can also participate in the occurrence of cancer. Therefore, the main carcinogenic mechanism of AFB1 related ROS is summarized. This review also describes recent reports of AFB1 exposures in occupational settings. It is hoped that people will pay more attention to occupational health, in order to reduce the incidence of cancer caused by occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Cao
- Medical school, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Medical school, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - KePeng Yang
- Medical school, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Dongli Cao
- Medical school, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China
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16
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Niermans K, Meyer AM, den Hil EFHV, van Loon JJA, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. A systematic literature review on the effects of mycotoxin exposure on insects and on mycotoxin accumulation and biotransformation. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:279-295. [PMID: 34618340 PMCID: PMC8571154 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel protein sources for animal feed are needed, and the use of insects as feed ingredient is explored. The insect production sector offers opportunities for a circular and sustainable approach to feed production by upgrading waste or side streams into high-quality proteins. However, potential food or feed safety issues should be studied in advance. Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1, are natural contaminants commonly found in agricultural crops and have proven to be detrimental to the agricultural industry, livestock, and human health. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the published evidence on effects of mycotoxin exposure on insect growth and survival, mycotoxin accumulation within the insect body, and metabolization of various mycotoxins by insects. The review includes 54 scientific articles published in the past 55 years, in total covering 32 insect species. The main findings are the following: (1) Insects of the order Coleoptera show lower mortality after exposure to aflatoxin B1 when compared to Lepidoptera and Diptera; (2) effects of mycotoxins on larval growth and survival are less detrimental in later larval stages; (3) accumulation of mycotoxins was low in most insect species; (4) mycotoxins are metabolized within the insect body, the degree of which depends on the particular mycotoxin and insect species; (5) cytochrome P450s are the main family of enzymes involved in biotransformation of mycotoxins in some insect species. Results of this review support an optimistic outlook for the use of mycotoxin-contaminated waste streams as substrate for insect rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Niermans
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A M Meyer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E F Hoek-van den Hil
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J J A van Loon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhang J, Shi Z, Gao Z, Wen Y, Wang W, Liu W, Wang X, Zhu F. Identification of three metallothioneins in the black soldier fly and their functions in Cd accumulation and detoxification. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117146. [PMID: 34438505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens has a strong tolerance to cadmium stress. This helps to use BSF in entomoremediation of heavy metal pollution. Rich metallothionein (MT) proteins were thought to be important for some insects to endure the toxicity of heavy metal. We identified and characterized three MTs genes in BSF (BSFMTs), including BSFMT1, BSFMT2A, and BSFMT2B. Molecular modeling was used to predict metal binding sites. Phylogenetic analysis was used to identify gene families. Overexpression of the recombinant black soldier fly metallothioneins was found to confer Cd tolerance in Escherichia coli. Finally, functions of BSFMTs in BSF were explored through RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi results of BSFMT2B showed that the larval fresh weight decreased significantly, and the larvae mortality increased significantly. This study suggests that BSFMTs have important properties in Cd detoxification and tolerance in BSF. Further characterization analyses of physiological function about metallothioneins are necessary in BSF and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion By Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhihui Shi
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion By Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhenghui Gao
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion By Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yiting Wen
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion By Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Wanqiang Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion By Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion By Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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18
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Gützkow KL, Ebmeyer J, Kröncke N, Kampschulte N, Böhmert L, Schöne C, Schebb NH, Benning R, Braeuning A, Maul R. Metabolic fate and toxicity reduction of aflatoxin B1 after uptake by edible Tenebrio molitor larvae. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 155:112375. [PMID: 34186119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of insects as food and feed is gaining more attention for ecological and ethical reasons. Despite the high tolerance of edible yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the metabolic fate of the toxin along with its toxic potential in the insect is uncertain. The present study aimed at investigating the AFB1 mass balance and the metabolite formation in a feeding trial with AFB1-contaminated grain flour. T. molitor larvae tolerated the AFB1 level of 10,700 μg/kg in the feed, however, weight gain was decreased by 15% over a 4-weeks feeding period. The investigation of the phase I metabolite pattern revealed the formation of AFM1 and a novel presumably monohydroxylated compound in larvae extracts that was not formed by reference incubation with rat, bovine or porcine liver microsomes. Mass balance quantification of ingested AFB1 revealed that 87% of the initial toxin remain undetected in larval body or residue. Analysis of histone H2Ax phosphorylation in human liver cells as a surrogate for genotoxicity showed that extracts from exposed larvae did not exhibit an elevated toxic potential. Although toxicological uncertainties remain due to the undetected transformation products, the resulting mutagenicity of the edible larvae appears to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lara Gützkow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johanna Ebmeyer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Kröncke
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nadja Kampschulte
- University of Wuppertal, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Linda Böhmert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cindy Schöne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- University of Wuppertal, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Rainer Benning
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany.
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Berenbaum MR, Bush DS, Liao LH. Cytochrome P450-mediated mycotoxin metabolism by plant-feeding insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:85-91. [PMID: 33264684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced primarily by filamentous fungi that when consumed cause pathological responses in animal hosts or consumers. Defined functionally rather than structurally, mycotoxins derive from numerous primary metabolic pathways. Through opportunistic or mutualistic associations, insect herbivores inflict damage that can predispose plants to infection by mycotoxin-producing phytopathogens, resulting in economically significant contamination. The few cytochrome P450 subfamilies implicated in mycotoxin detoxification by insects, including CYP6 and CYP9, are also known to detoxify phytochemicals. Some insect P450s bioactivate, rather than detoxify, mycotoxins, suggestive of an 'escalation' in arms-race interactions between these herbivores and fungi. Characterizing insect P450s that detoxify mycotoxins can be useful for developing biological remediation technologies and for ensuring the safety of insects reared for human or livestock consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- May R Berenbaum
- Dept. Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA.
| | - Daniel S Bush
- Dept. Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA
| | - Ling-Hsiu Liao
- Dept. Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA
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20
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Rossi F. A Long Road to Safer Food. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070453. [PMID: 32674275 PMCID: PMC7404980 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a side eect of food production, mycotoxins have always accompanied humanity, even if the danger posed by these molecules has only recently been understood and new research has begun to identify and study ways to reduce their presence in food. [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Section of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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