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Au-Yeung KKW, Shang Y, Wijerathne CUB, Madduma Hewage S, Siow YL, O K. Acute Kidney Injury Induces Oxidative Stress and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation through AMPK Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040883. [PMID: 37107258 PMCID: PMC10135179 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) often impairs the function of other organs leading to distant organ injury. The liver is the major organ that regulates metabolism and lipid homeostasis in the body. It has been reported that AKI causes liver injury with increased oxidative stress, inflammatory response and steatosis. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms by which ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI caused hepatic lipid accumulation. Kidney ischemia (45 min)-reperfusion (24 h) led to a significant increase in plasma creatinine and transaminase in Sprague Dawley rats, indicating kidney and liver injury. Histological and biochemical analyses revealed hepatic lipid accumulation with a significant elevation of triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the liver. This was accompanied by a decreased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, indicating the reduced activation of AMPK, which is an energy sensor that regulates lipid metabolism. The expression of AMPK-regulated genes that were responsible for fatty acid oxidation (CPTIα, ACOX) was significantly decreased, while the expression of lipogenesis genes (SREPB-1c, ACC1) was significantly elevated. The oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde was elevated in the plasma and liver. Incubation of HepG2 cells with an oxidative stress inducer hydrogen peroxide inhibited AMPK phosphorylation and caused cellular lipid accumulation. This was accompanied by decreased expression of genes responsible for fatty acid oxidation and increased expression of genes responsible for lipogenesis. These results suggest that AKI elicits hepatic lipid accumulation through decreased fatty acid metabolism and increased lipogenesis. Oxidative stress may contribute, in part, to the downregulation of the AMPK signaling pathway leading to hepatic lipid accumulation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K. W. Au-Yeung
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yue Shang
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Charith U. B. Wijerathne
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Susara Madduma Hewage
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Yaw L. Siow
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Park EJ, Je J, Dusabimana T, Yun SP, Kim HJ, Kim H, Park SW. The Uremic Toxin Homocysteine Exacerbates the Brain Inflammation Induced by Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123048. [PMID: 36551804 PMCID: PMC9775228 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy), a homologue of cysteine, is biosynthesized during methionine metabolism. Elevated plasma Hcy is associated with glomerular injury and considered as a risk factor for renal dysfunction, predicting incident chronic kidney disease. Hcy promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a sudden decline in renal function and is important clinically due to the high mortality rate in AKI patients with multiple organs failure, including the brain. However, the cytotoxic role of Hcy on the brain following AKI is not directly shown. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to renal ischemia reperfusion (IR), one of the causes of AKI, and treated with vehicle or Hcy (0.2 mg/kg) to analyse the brain inflammation. IR mice showed a significant induction in plasma creatinine and Hcy levels, associated with tubular injury and neutrophil infiltration, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tubular apoptosis. Hcy treatment aggravated these renal damage and dysfunction by regulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inhibitor of κB phosphorylation, and heme oxygenase-1. Consistently, Hcy treatment significantly increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and COX-2 in the prefrontal cortex of IR mice. We conclude that Hcy treatment aggravated the renal dysfunction and enhanced IR-induced inflammatory cytokines and astrocyte activation in the brain. We propose that lowering plasma Hcy levels may attenuate neurological dysfunction found in patients with AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Je
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Theodomir Dusabimana
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
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Zou YT, Zhou J, Zhu JH, Wu CY, Shen H, Zhang W, Zhou SS, Xu JD, Mao Q, Zhang YQ, Long F, Li SL. Gut Microbiota Mediates the Protective Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Qiong-Yu-Gao against Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0075922. [PMID: 35481834 PMCID: PMC9241845 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00759-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study found that Qiong-Yu-Gao (QYG), a traditional Chinese medicine formula derived from Rehmanniae Radix, Poria, and Ginseng Radix, has protective effects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, the potential role of gut microbiota in the nephroprotective effects of QYG was investigated. We found that QYG treatment significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced AKI and gut dysbiosis, altered the levels of bacterial metabolites, with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetic acid and butyric acid increasing and uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate reducing, and suppressed histone deacetylase expression and activity. Spearman's correlation analysis found that QYG-enriched fecal bacterial genera Akkermansia, Faecalibaculum, Bifidobacterium, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group were correlated with the altered metabolites, and these metabolites were also correlated with the biomarkers of AKI, as well as the indicators of fibrosis and inflammation. The essential role of gut microbiota was further verified by both the diminished protective effects with antibiotics-induced gut microbiota depletion and the transferable renal protection with fecal microbiota transplantation. All these results suggested that gut microbiota mediates the nephroprotective effects of QYG against cisplatin-induced AKI, potentially via increasing the production of SCFAs, thus suppressing histone deacetylase expression and activity, and reducing the accumulation of uremic toxins, thereby alleviating fibrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis in renal tissue. IMPORTANCE Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury is the main limiting factor restricting cisplatin's clinical application. Accumulating evidence indicated the important role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. In the present study, we have demonstrated that gut microbiota mediates the protective effects of traditional Chinese medicine formula Qiong-Yu-Gao against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. The outputs of this study would provide scientific basis for future clinical applications of QYG as prebiotics to treat cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, and gut microbiota may be a promising therapeutic target for chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ting Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Hao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Di Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Mao
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye-Qing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Li B, Gong S, Cao P, Gao W, Zheng W, Sun W, Zhang X, Wu X. Screening of Biocompatible MOFs for the Clearance of Indoxyl Sulfate Using GCMC Simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shaomin Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Piao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weiqun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weizhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weizhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
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Adiwidjaja J, Adattini JA, Boddy AV, McLachlan AJ. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approaches for Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Study with Imatinib. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62:1285-1296. [PMID: 35460539 PMCID: PMC9088354 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), manifests as mild respiratory symptoms to severe respiratory failure and is associated with inflammation and other physiological changes. Of note, substantial increases in plasma concentrations of α1‐acid‐glycoprotein and interleukin‐6 have been observed among patients admitted to the hospital with advanced SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approach is a useful tool to evaluate and predict disease‐related changes on drug pharmacokinetics. A PBPK model of imatinib has previously been developed and verified in healthy people and patients with cancer. In this study, the PBPK model of imatinib was successfully extrapolated to patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection by accounting for disease‐related changes in plasma α1‐acid‐glycoprotein concentrations and the potential drug interaction between imatinib and dexamethasone. The model demonstrated a good predictive performance in describing total and unbound imatinib concentrations in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. PBPK simulations highlight that an equivalent dose of imatinib may lead to substantially higher total drug concentrations in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection compared to that in patients with cancer, while the unbound concentrations remain comparable between the 2 patient populations. This supports the notion that unbound trough concentration is a better exposure metric for dose adjustment of imatinib in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, compared to the corresponding total drug concentration. Potential strategies for refinement and generalization of the PBPK modeling approach in the patient population with SARS‐CoV‐2 are also provided in this article, which could be used to guide study design and inform dose adjustment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry Adiwidjaja
- Sydney Pharmacy SchoolFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental TherapeuticsUNC Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Josephine A. Adattini
- Sydney Pharmacy SchoolFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alan V. Boddy
- UniSA Cancer Research Institute and UniSA Clinical & Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrew J. McLachlan
- Sydney Pharmacy SchoolFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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New Strategies for the Reduction of Uremic Toxins: How Much More We Know. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120837. [PMID: 34941675 PMCID: PMC8706305 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of uremic toxin (UTx) removal in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an emerging topic in the literature, widely recognized over time as a strategy to slow-down the disease progression towards end-stage renal disease and, consequentely, the occurence of deleterious effects on cardiovascular (CV) system [...].
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