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Li M, Li H. Research progress on inhibitors and inhibitory mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00553-2. [PMID: 39164466 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi with harmful effects such as carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. They cause widespread contamination of plant products such as crops, food, and feed, posing serious threats to the life and health of human beings and animals. It has been found that many traditionally synthesized and natural compounds are capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi and their secondary metabolite production. Natural compounds have attracted much attention due to their safety, environmental, and health friendly features. In this paper, compounds of plant origin with inhibitory effects on ochratoxins, aflatoxins, Fusarium toxins, and Alternaria toxins, including cinnamaldehyde, citral, magnolol, eugenol, pterostilbene, curcumin, and phenolic acid, are reviewed, and the inhibitory mechanisms of different compounds on the toxin production of fungi are also elucidated, with the aim of providing application references to reduce the contamination of fungal toxins, thus safeguarding the health of human beings and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Li
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Honghua Li
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China.
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2
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Ji J, Wang D, Wang Y, Hou J. Relevant mycotoxins in oil crops, vegetable oils, de-oiled cake and meals: Occurrence, control, and recent advances in elimination. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:45-70. [PMID: 38133731 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins in agricultural commodities have always been a concern due to their negative impacts on human and livestock health. Issues associated with quality control, hot and humid climate, improper storage, and inappropriate production can support the development of fungus, causing oil crops to suffer from mycotoxin contamination, which in turn migrates to the resulting oil, de-oiled cake and meals during the oil processing. Related research which supports the development of multi-mycotoxin prevention programs has resulted in satisfactory mitigation effects, mainly in the pre-harvest stage. Nevertheless, preventive actions are unlikely to avoid the occurrence of mycotoxins completely, so removal strategies may still be necessary to protect consumers. Elimination of mycotoxin has been achieved broadly through the physical, biological, or chemical course. In view of the steadily increasing volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins, there is a need for ongoing integrated knowledge systems. This work revisited the knowledge of mycotoxins affecting oilseeds, food oils, cake, and meals, focusing more on their varieties, toxicity, and preventive strategies, including the methods adopted in the decontamination, which supplement the available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
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3
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Kortei NK, Badzi S, Nanga S, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Amon DNK, Odamtten GT. Survey of knowledge, and attitudes to storage practices preempting the occurrence of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins in some Ghanaian staple foods and processed products. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8710. [PMID: 37248384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxigenic fungi can infect and produce potent mycotoxins in foodstuffs prior to harvest, during harvest (field fungi), and in storage after harvest (storage fungi), which when ingested, can result in adverse health effects. This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices adopted by the Ghanaian populace to help mitigate the occurrence of molds and mycotoxins in foods. A cross-sectional survey involving a structured questionnaire was conducted with 642 respondents from twelve regions of Ghana. Descriptive statistics and analyses of variance were calculated. Correct Classification Rate (CCR) was measured to assess the utility of a logistic regression model. The results of the study showed that the majority of 299 (46.6%) of the respondents were between the ages of 18-25. Age and educational level were related to knowledge about the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in foods (p < 0.05). More than half the respondents, 50% indicated that they knew of aflatoxins as a major mycotoxin present in food. Higher education directly influenced on the knowledge of mycotoxicosis and the management of stored food to present intoxication by fungal metabolites. 502 (32.9%) knew that consuming foods with toxins could cause stomach aches. The most commonly consumed food commodity despite the presence of visible growth of fungi was bread (35.3%). The average KAP score for knowledge showed that, out of 100%, there was adequate knowledge (63.8%) among the members of the Ghanaian populace. Favorable environmental conditions of high humidity (> 85% ERH) and temperature (> 28-32 °C) enhance the proliferation of fungi in most foods and the attendant production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and fumonisins are associated with several severe human and animal health conditions; mycotoxicosis was associated with high fever, pain, vomiting, suppression of immunity, cancer, etc. when these foods are consumed on regular basis for a prolonged length of time. Future examination of the food items used for the School Feeding Programme in Ghana will offer opportunities to examine the risks of feeding youth with fungal-contaminated food preparations from providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Sandra Badzi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Salifu Nanga
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Denick Nii Kotey Amon
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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Singh A, Singh G, Kaur N, Singh N. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of ochratoxin-A using fluorescent CQDs@DNA-based nanoarchitecture assembly to monitor food safety and quality. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1826-1835. [PMID: 36971227 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00209h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin formed by various fungi, such as Aspergillus and Penicillium species, is dangerous to human health. Thus, to circumvent the risk of OTA ingestion, the recognition and quantification of OTA levels are of great significance. A perusal of the literature has revealed that the integration of DNA/Carbon Quantum Dot (CQD)-based hybrid systems may exhibit the unique electronic and optical properties of nanomaterials/nanoarchitecture and consequent recognition properties. Herein, we developed the CQDs@DNA-based hybrid nanoarchitecture system for the selective detection of OTA, which exhibits modulation in the emission spectrum after interaction with OTA, with a significant binding constant (Ka = 3.5 × 105 M-1), a limit of detection of 14 nM, limit of quantification of 47 nM and working range of 1-10 μM. The mechanism for sensing the OTA has been corroborated using fluorescence, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and FTIR techniques, demonstrating the binding mode of CQD@DNA hybrid nano-architecture assembly with OTA. Further, we demonstrated the sensing ability of developed CQDs@DNA-based nanoarchitecture assembly towards the quantification of OTA in real food monitoring analysis for real-time applications, which makes this developed nanoarchitecture assembly the potential candidate to conveniently monitor food safety and quality for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India.
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, Punjab, India.
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India
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5
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Heperkan ZD, Gunalan-Inci E, Ceyhan T. Unexpectedly high patulin contamination and co-occurrence of ochratoxin A in homemade vinegar. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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6
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Saricaoglu B, Gültekin Subaşı B, Karbancioglu-Guler F, Lorenzo JM, Capanoglu E. Phenolic compounds as natural microbial toxin detoxifying agents. Toxicon 2023; 222:106989. [PMID: 36509264 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of promising studies, developments, and improvements about the elimination of microbial toxins from food matrices, they are still considered as one of the major food safety problems due to the lack of their complete avoidance even today. Every year, many crops and foodstuffs have to be discarded due to unconstrained contamination and/or production of microbial toxins. Furthermore, the difficulty for the detection of toxin presence and determination of its level in foods may lead to acute or chronic health problems in many individuals. On the other hand, phenolic compounds might be considered as microbial toxin detoxification agents because of their inhibition effect on the toxin synthesis of microorganisms or exhibiting protective effects against varying damaging mechanisms caused by toxins. In this study, the effect of phenolic compounds on the synthesis of bacterial toxins and mycotoxins is comprehensively reviewed. The potential curing effect of phenolic compounds against toxin-induced damages has also been discussed. Consequently, phenolic compounds are indicated as promising, and considerable natural preservatives against toxin damages and their detoxification potentials are pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Saricaoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Gültekin Subaşı
- Hafik Kamer Ornek Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Funda Karbancioglu-Guler
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jose Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de La Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Avd. Galicia nº 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; Universidade de Vigo, Área de Tecnoloxía dos Alimentos, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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7
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Garvey M, Rowan NJ. Pathogenic Drug Resistant Fungi: A Review of Mitigation Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1584. [PMID: 36675092 PMCID: PMC9863602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens cause significant human morbidity and mortality globally, where there is a propensity to infect vulnerable people such as the immunocompromised ones. There is increasing evidence of resistance to antifungal drugs, which has significant implications for cutaneous, invasive and bloodstream infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) published a priority list of fungal pathogens in October 2022, thus, highlighting that a crisis point has been reached where there is a pressing need to address the solutions. This review provides a timely insight into the challenges and implications on the topic of antifungal drug resistance along with discussing the effectiveness of established disease mitigation modalities and approaches. There is also a need to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fungal resistance to inform effective solutions. The established fungal decontamination approaches are effective for medical device processing and sterilization, but the presence of pathogenic fungi in recalcitrant biofilms can lead to challenges, particularly during cleaning. Future design ideas for implantable and reusable medical devices should consider antifungal materials and appropriates for disinfection, and where it is relevant, sterilization. Preventing the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi on foods through the use of appropriate end-to-end processes is advisable, as mycotoxins are recalcitrant and challenging to eliminate once they have formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Atlantic Technological University, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
| | - Neil J. Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Technical University Shannon Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
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Kang Y, Shi S, Sun H, Dan J, Liang Y, Zhang Q, Su Z, Wang J, Zhang W. Magnetic Nanoseparation Technology for Efficient Control of Microorganisms and Toxins in Foods: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16050-16068. [PMID: 36533981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne diseases mediated by food microorganisms and toxins remain one of the leading causes of disease and death worldwide. It not only poses a serious threat to human health and safety but also imposes a huge burden on health care and socioeconomics. Traditional methods for the removal and detection of pathogenic bacteria and toxins in various samples such as food and drinking water have certain limitations, requiring a rapid and sensitive strategy for the enrichment and separation of target analytes. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) exhibit excellent performance in this field due to their fascinating properties. The strategy of combining biorecognition elements with MNPs can be used for fast and efficient enrichment and isolation of pathogens. In this review, we describe new trends and practical applications of magnetic nanoseparation technology in the detection of foodborne microorganisms and toxins. We mainly summarize the biochemical modification and functionalization methods of commonly used magnetic nanomaterial carriers and discuss the application of magnetic separation combined with other instrumental analysis techniques. Combined with various detection techniques, it will increase the efficiency of detection and identification of microorganisms and toxins in rapid assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jie Dan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yanmin Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zehui Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Garg K, Villavicencio-Aguilar F, Solano-Rivera F, Gilbert L. Analytical Validation of a Direct Competitive ELISA for Multiple Mycotoxin Detection in Human Serum. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110727. [PMID: 36355977 PMCID: PMC9694295 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin exposure in humans is primarily assessed through its occurrence in external sources, such as food commodities. Herein, we have developed a direct competitive ELISA to facilitate the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FUM B1/B2), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in human serum. The analytical validation of the assay followed practices endorsed by the international research community and the EU directive 96/23/EC in order to examine detection capability, recovery, and cross-reactivity. The assay demonstrated a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for AFB1 [0.61 ng/mL (hereon ng/mL = ppb)], DON (19.53 ppb), FUM (4.88 ppb), OTA (19.53 ppb), and ZEA (0.15 ppb). Recovery from human serum for all mycotoxins spanned from 73% to 106%. Likewise, the specificity for monoclonal antibodies against cross-reactant mycotoxins ranged from 2% to 11%. This study compares the LLOQ and recovery values with commercial and emerging immuno-based methods for detecting mycotoxins in foodstuffs. The LLOQ values from the present study were among the lowest in commercial or emerging methods. Despite the differences in the extraction protocols and matrices, the recovery range in this study, commercial tests, and other procedures were similar for all mycotoxins. Overall, the assay detected AFB1, DON, FUM, OTA, and ZEA in human serum with excellent accuracy, precision, and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Garg
- Tezted Ltd., Mattilaniemi 6-8, 40100 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Fausto Villavicencio-Aguilar
- Sanoviv Medical Institute, KM 39 Carretera Libre Tijuana-Ensenada s/n Interior 6, Playas de Rosarito, Baja 11 California, Rosarito 22710, Mexico
| | - Flora Solano-Rivera
- Sanoviv Medical Institute, KM 39 Carretera Libre Tijuana-Ensenada s/n Interior 6, Playas de Rosarito, Baja 11 California, Rosarito 22710, Mexico
| | - Leona Gilbert
- Tezted Ltd., Mattilaniemi 6-8, 40100 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (L.G.)
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Ben Hassouna K, Ben Salah-Abbès J, Chaieb K, Abbès S. Mycotoxins occurrence in milk and cereals in North African countries - a review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:619-635. [PMID: 36723615 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2157703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
North African countries; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia suffer from mycotoxin contamination. Various studies have indicated the presence of mycotoxins in raw milk and cereals (i.e. wheat, barley, maize and cereal-based products). Aflatoxins (AFs), Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), Ochratoxin A (OTA), Fumonisin (FB1) and Zearalenone (ZEN)-mycotoxin are the most detected due to climatic change in the region. In this review, we will present the kind of foods and feeds cereals and milk based products contaminated and the level of their contaminated mycotoxin. On the other hand, researchers try to find biologic methods to remove/mitigate mycotoxins in food and feed using bio-products. But the research works concerning legislations and mycotoxin risk assessment still rare. Therefore, it appears necessary to make review on the current status of mycotoxins in North African countries in order to explore data related to contamination of basic food in this region and to highlight the problem to the policy-makers to establish a serious legislation on this matter. On the other hand, to give more information to the worldwide readers about the impact of climate change on the food and feed pollution on mycotoxins in the Mediterranean Sea region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Ben Hassouna
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,High Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
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Liu R, Zhang F, Sang Y, Katouzian I, Jafari SM, Wang X, Li W, Wang J, Mohammadi Z. Screening, identification, and application of nucleic acid aptamers applied in food safety biosensing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liu L, Xie M, Wei D. Biological Detoxification of Mycotoxins: Current Status and Future Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031064. [PMID: 35162993 PMCID: PMC8835436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by fungi that pose a huge threat to human and animal health. Contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide issue, which leads to huge financial losses, annually. Decades of research have developed various approaches to degrade mycotoxins, among which the biological methods have been proved to have great potential and advantages. This review provides an overview on the important advances in the biological removal of mycotoxins over the last decade. Here, we provided further insight into the chemical structures and the toxicity of the main mycotoxins. The innovative strategies including mycotoxin degradation by novel probiotics are summarized in an in-depth discussion on potentialities and limitations. We prospected the promising future for the development of multifunctional approaches using recombinant enzymes and microbial consortia for the simultaneous removal of multiple mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mei Xie
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Dong Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8711-3849
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Urinary Biomarkers of Mycotoxin Induced Nephrotoxicity-Current Status and Expected Future Trends. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120848. [PMID: 34941686 PMCID: PMC8708607 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensifying world-wide spread of mycotoxigenic fungal species has increased the possibility of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed and the human food chain. Growing evidence shows the deleterious toxicological effects of mycotoxins from infants to adults, while large population-based screening programs are often missing to identify affected individuals. The kidney functions as the major excretory system, which makes it particularly vulnerable to nephrotoxic injury. However, few studies have attempted to screen for kidney injury biomarkers in large, mycotoxin-exposed populations. As a result, there is an urgent need to screen them with sensitive biomarkers for potential nephrotoxicity. Although a plethora of biomarkers have been tested to estimate the harmful effects of a wide spectrum of toxicants, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are currently the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research. Nevertheless, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as useful and informative markers to reveal mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity. In this opinion article we consider the nephrotoxic effects of mycotoxins, the biomarkers available to detect and quantify the kidney injuries caused by them, and to recommend biomarkers to screen mycotoxin-exposed populations for renal damage.
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Comparison study of nanofibers, composite nano/microfiber materials, molecularly imprinted polymers, and core-shell sorbents used for on-line extraction-liquid chromatography of ochratoxins in Tokaj wines. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Pakshir K, Dehghani A, Nouraei H, Zareshahrabadi Z, Zomorodian K. Evaluation of fungal contamination and ochratoxin A detection in different types of coffee by HPLC-based method. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24001. [PMID: 34528313 PMCID: PMC8605134 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are produced by some toxigenic fungi on foodstuffs which are poisoning and potentiate for human's health hazards. In coffee samples, ochratoxin A and fungal contamination were examined. Methods Immunoaffinity columns were used for treating of all 50 samples from four types of coffee, after that high‐performance liquid chromatography was used for determining the amount of ochratoxin. For the identification of fungi, all coffee samples were cultured in appropriated media. Results The results showed that all samples were contaminated by ochratoxin A but only up to 50% of them had toxins higher than acceptable level as detected in black beans (47%), green beans (33.3%), torch (33.3%), and espresso (25%). Black coffee had a higher mean concentration of ochratoxin A than green coffee. Conclusion Predominant fungi isolated from coffee samples were Aspergillus species. Finally, careful monitoring of mycotoxins in coffee samples is essential to improve the quality of this favorable beverage in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Pakshir
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Andishe Dehghani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hasti Nouraei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zareshahrabadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Kosicki R, Buharowska-Donten J, Twarużek M. Ochratoxin A levels in serum of Polish dialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Toxicon 2021; 200:183-188. [PMID: 34375657 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium. It occurs naturally in many products of plant origin and in animals because of the carry-over from feed to meat or milk. Ochratoxin A has nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic properties. Data on ochratoxin concentrations in blood or serum from patients with different kidney disorders are available for several European countries, as well as for Africa and Asia. In this study, we determined OTA concentrations in serum samples from chronic renal failure patients receiving dialysis and from healthy controls, collected in central Poland. Ochratoxin A was analyzed after extraction and purification using immunoaffinity columns by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (limit of quantification: 0.1 ng/mL) in 88 patients and 16 healthy volunteers. The dialysis group consisted of 40 women and 48 men aged between 23 and 85 years. The mean OTA concentrations were 0.75 ng/mL (maximum 2.78 ng/mL) in dialysis patients and 0.70 ng/mL (maximum 1.44 ng/mL) in healthy controls. The mean concentrations in patients treated by dialysis were 0.76 and 0.74 ng/ml for women and men, respectively (maximum 2.53 ng/ml for women and 2.78 ng/ml for men). Statistical analysis using Student's t-test showed no statistically significant differences between the control group (non-dialysis patients) and all dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, Bydgoszcz, 85-064, Poland.
| | | | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, Bydgoszcz, 85-064, Poland
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Altafini A, Roncada P, Guerrini A, Minkoumba Sonfack G, Fedrizzi G, Caprai E. Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Different Types of Cheese Offered for Sale in Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:540. [PMID: 34437411 PMCID: PMC8402398 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in the milk of ruminants occurs infrequently and at low levels, but its occurrence may be higher in dairy products such as cheese. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of OTA in cheeses purchased in the metropolitan city of Bologna (Italy) and the surrounding area. For the analysis, a LC-MS/MS method with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 µg/kg was used. OTA was detected in seven out of 51 samples of grated hard cheese (concentration range 1.3-22.4 µg/kg), while it was not found in the 33 cheeses of other types which were also analysed. These data show a low risk of OTA contamination for almost all types of cheese analysed. To improve the safety of cheese marketed in grated form, more regulations on cheese rind, which is the part most susceptible to OTA-producing moulds, should be implemented or, alternatively, producers should consider not using the rind as row material for grated cheese. It would be interesting to continue these investigations particularly on grated hard cheeses to have more data to update the risk assessment of OTA in cheese, as also suggested by EFSA in its 2020 scientific opinion on OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Altafini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (A.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (A.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Guerrini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (A.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Gaetan Minkoumba Sonfack
- Reparto Chimico Degli Alimenti, “Bruno Ubertini” Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.S.); (G.F.); (E.C.)
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Reparto Chimico Degli Alimenti, “Bruno Ubertini” Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.S.); (G.F.); (E.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Caprai
- Reparto Chimico Degli Alimenti, “Bruno Ubertini” Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.S.); (G.F.); (E.C.)
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19
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Ropejko K, Twarużek M. The occurrence of ochratoxin A in human body fluids – review. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1605530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ropejko
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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20
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Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Baran K, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M, Guiné RPF. Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies-A Revisit. Foods 2021; 10:1279. [PMID: 34205122 PMCID: PMC8228748 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are known to be toxic to humans and animals. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, patulin, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, trichothecenes, Alternaria toxins, tremorgenic mycotoxins, fusarins, 3-nitropropionic acid, cyclochlorotine, sporidesmin, etc. These mycotoxins can pose several health risks to both animals and humans, including death. As several mycotoxins simultaneously occur in nature, especially in foods and feeds, the detoxification and/or total removal of mycotoxins remains challenging. Moreover, given that the volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins is steadily on the rise, there is need for continuous synthesis of the body of knowledge. To supplement existing information, knowledge of mycotoxins affecting animals, foods, humans, and plants, with more focus on types, toxicity, and prevention measures, including strategies employed in detoxification and removal, were revisited in this work. Our synthesis revealed that mycotoxin decontamination, control, and detoxification strategies cut across pre-and post-harvest preventive measures. In particular, pre-harvest measures can include good agricultural practices, fertilization/irrigation, crop rotation, using resistant varieties of crops, avoiding insect damage, early harvesting, maintaining adequate humidity, and removing debris from the preceding harvests. On the other hand, post-harvest measures can include processing, chemical, biological, and physical measures. Additionally, chemical-based methods and other emerging strategies for mycotoxin detoxification can involve the usage of chitosan, ozone, nanoparticles, and plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaza Godswill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala P.O. Box 20000, Uganda
| | - Erick Nyakundi Ondari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
| | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Anjani K. Upadhyay
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751019, Odisha, India;
| | - Katarzyna Baran
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Raquel P. F. Guiné
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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Ghafori S, Habibipour R, Bayat S. Optimization of a real-time PCR assay for identification of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger from flour samples: Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Iemmi T, Menozzi A, Meucci V, Magnini I, Battaglia F, Severino L, Ariano A, Bertini S. Ochratoxin A Levels in Tissues of Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa) from Northern Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110706. [PMID: 33171643 PMCID: PMC7695140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium, capable of contaminating several foodstuffs. OTA damages primarily the kidneys, and is suspected to be a carcinogenic substance, thus maximum levels for OTA in foodstuffs have been established in the EU. Italian Ministry of Health suggested a maximum level of 1 μg/kg OTA in pork meat and derived products. In this study, OTA concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle of 64 wild boars (Sus scrofa) killed in two areas (area A and B) of Parma province (northern Italy), characterized by different habitat types, were assessed by HPLC-FLD technique. OTA was detected in 54% liver, 52% kidney, and 16% muscle samples. OTA levels were significantly higher in liver and kidney compared with muscle, and were above 1 μg/kg in 19 liver, 17 kidney, and 4 muscle samples. OTA levels in wild boars from area A resulted significantly higher with respect to those from area B, suggesting an environmental influence on OTA contamination in wild boars. This study seems to confirm that wild boar meat is a potential source of OTA, thus monitoring the presence of this mycotoxin in game meat might be recommended to prevent risks for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Iemmi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (T.I.); (I.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessandro Menozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (T.I.); (I.M.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Irene Magnini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (T.I.); (I.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Lorella Severino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (L.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Andrea Ariano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (L.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (T.I.); (I.M.); (S.B.)
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Sharma B, Borah R, Haque S, Mahmud MC, Shah AK, Rawal D, Bora H, Bui S. Ochratoxins in food and feed: Occurrence and its impact on human health and management strategies. Toxicon 2020; 187:151-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Ceremuga M, Stela M, Saluk-Bijak J, Siadkowski A, Bijak M. Molecular Aspects of Mycotoxins-A Serious Problem for Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8187. [PMID: 33142955 PMCID: PMC7662353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolities formed by a variety of fungi (moulds) species. Hundreds of potentially toxic mycotoxins have been already identified and are considered a serious problem in agriculture, animal husbandry, and public health. A large number of food-related products and beverages are yearly contaminated by mycotoxins, resulting in economic welfare losses. Mycotoxin indoor environment contamination is a global problem especially in less technologically developed countries. There is an ongoing effort in prevention of mould growth in the field and decontamination of contaminated food and feed in order to protect human and animal health. It should be emphasized that the mycotoxins production by fungi (moulds) species is unavoidable and that they are more toxic than pesticides. Human and animals are exposed to mycotoxin via food, inhalation, or contact which can result in many building-related illnesses including kidney and neurological diseases and cancer. In this review, we described in detail the molecular aspects of main representatives of mycotoxins, which are serious problems for global health, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, patulin, and zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Janik
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Ceremuga
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego 7, 05-220 Zielonka, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Stela
- CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela "Montera" 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Siadkowski
- Department of Security and Crisis Menagement, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Dabrowa Gornicza, Zygmunta Cieplaka 1c, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Recent advances in aptasensors for mycotoxin detection: On the surface and in the colloid. Talanta 2020; 223:121729. [PMID: 33303172 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a great potential threat to human health, and the progress in the development of mycotoxin detection methods is of an escalating importance with the increasing emphasis on food safety. Aptamer, performing the same function as antibody in specific binding with targets, exhibits profound potential in biosensing since its debut in 1990. Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of aptasensors for mycotoxin detection with the achievement of ultralow limit of detection and high sensitivity in the lab. However, there is still no officially approved aptasensing methods in mycotoxin detection application. In order to provide researchers with inspirations in the design and development of aptasensors for mycotoxin detection, we divide these aptasensors into two types, namely "on the surface" and "in the colloid", according to the location where the key sensing reaction occurs. We also systematically review aptasensors reported in the past 5 years under the abovementioned criterion of classification, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each kind of aptasensors. Finally, we discuss prospective directions in the development of aptasensors for mycotoxin detection. This paper will offer insight and motivation to practitioners working on the research and practical application of aptasensors in the detection of mycotoxins and other substances.
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28
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Gizachew D, De La Torre S, Szonyi B, Ting WE. Effects of oilseed substrates (ground nyjer and flax seeds) on the growth and Ochratoxin A production by
Aspergillus carbonarius. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Gizachew
- Department of Chemistry and Physics Purdue University Northwest Hammond Indiana USA
| | - Sandra De La Torre
- Department of Chemistry and Physics Purdue University Northwest Hammond Indiana USA
| | | | - Wei‐tsyi Evert Ting
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University Northwest Hammond Indiana USA
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Bartkiene E, Bartkevics V, Pugajeva I, Borisova A, Zokaityte E, Lele V, Sakiene V, Zavistanaviciute P, Klupsaite D, Zadeike D, Özogul F, Juodeikiene G. Challenges Associated with Byproducts Valorization-Comparison Study of Safety Parameters of Ultrasonicated and Fermented Plant-Based Byproducts. Foods 2020; 9:E614. [PMID: 32403256 PMCID: PMC7278600 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to promote the efficient use of byproducts from the production of plant-based beverages, which still contain a large amount of nutritional and functional compounds, microbiological and chemical safety characteristics should be evaluated and, if needed, improved. Many challenges are associated with byproducts valorization, and the most important ones, which should be taken into account at the further steps of valorization, are biological and chemical safety. For safety improving, several technological treatments (biological, physical etc.) can be used. In this study, the influence of low-frequency ultrasonication (US) and fermentation with Lactobacillus casei LUHS210 strain, as physical and biotechnological treatments, on the safety characteristics of the byproducts (BYs) from the processing of rice, soy, almond, coconut, and oat drinks was compared. Ultrasonication, as well as fermentation, effectively improved the microbiological safety of BYs. Ultrasonication and fermentation reduced the concentration of deoxynivalenol, on average, by 24% only in soy BYs. After fermentation, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was formed in all samples (<12 µg kg-1), except for soy BYs. The lowest total biogenic amines content was found in fermented rice BYs and ultrasonicated coconut BYs. When comparing untreated and fermented BYs, significant changes in macro- and micro-elements content were found. Ultrasonication at 37 kHz did not significantly influence the concentrations of macro- and micro-elements, while fermentation affected most of the essential micro-elements. Consequently, while ultrasonication and fermentation can enhance the safety of BYs, the specific effects must be taken into account on biogenic amines, mycotoxins, and micro and macro elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.L.); (V.S.); (P.Z.); (D.K.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Centre of Food Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (I.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (I.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Anastasija Borisova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (I.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Egle Zokaityte
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.L.); (V.S.); (P.Z.); (D.K.)
| | - Vita Lele
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.L.); (V.S.); (P.Z.); (D.K.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Sakiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.L.); (V.S.); (P.Z.); (D.K.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulina Zavistanaviciute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.L.); (V.S.); (P.Z.); (D.K.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Klupsaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.L.); (V.S.); (P.Z.); (D.K.)
| | - Daiva Zadeike
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.Z.); (G.J.)
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, The University of Cukurova, Balcali, Saricam, 01330 Adana, Turkey;
| | - Grazina Juodeikiene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.Z.); (G.J.)
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Kemboi DC, Antonissen G, Ochieng PE, Croubels S, Okoth S, Kangethe EK, Faas J, Lindahl JF, Gathumbi JK. A Review of the Impact of Mycotoxins on Dairy Cattle Health: Challenges for Food Safety and Dairy Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E222. [PMID: 32252249 PMCID: PMC7232242 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that contaminate food and feed and have a significant negative impact on human and animal health and productivity. The tropical condition in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) together with poor storage of feed promotes fungal growth and subsequent mycotoxin production. Aflatoxins (AF) produced by Aspergillus species, fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin (T-2), and deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium species, and ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species are well-known mycotoxins of agricultural importance. Consumption of feed contaminated with these toxins may cause mycotoxicoses in animals, characterized by a range of clinical signs depending on the toxin, and losses in the animal industry. In SSA, contamination of dairy feed with mycotoxins has been frequently reported, which poses a serious constraint to animal health and productivity, and is also a hazard to human health since some mycotoxins and their metabolites are excreted in milk, especially aflatoxin M1. This review describes the major mycotoxins, their occurrence, and impact in dairy cattle diets in SSA highlighting the problems related to animal health, productivity, and food safety and the up-to-date post-harvest mitigation strategies for the prevention and reduction of contamination of dairy feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chebutia Kemboi
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya;
- Department of Animal Science, Chuka University, P.O Box 109-00625 Chuka, Kenya
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.A.); (P.E.O.); (S.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Phillis E. Ochieng
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.A.); (P.E.O.); (S.C.)
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Liège, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.A.); (P.E.O.); (S.C.)
| | - Sheila Okoth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-00100 Nairobi, Kenya;
| | | | - Johannes Faas
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, P.O Box 582, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - James K. Gathumbi
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya;
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De Ruyck K, Huybrechts I, Yang S, Arcella D, Claeys L, Abbeddou S, De Keyzer W, De Vries J, Ocke M, Ruprich J, De Boevre M, De Saeger S. Mycotoxin exposure assessments in a multi-center European validation study by 24-hour dietary recall and biological fluid sampling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105539. [PMID: 32035364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The European Food Consumption Validation (EFCOVAL) project includes 600 men and women from Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, the Netherlands, and Norway, who had given serum and 24-hour urine samples, and completed 24-hour dietary recall (24-HDR) interviews. Consumption, according to 24-HDR, was matched against the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) databases of mycotoxin contaminations, via the FoodEx1 standard classifications, producing an indirect external estimate of dietary mycotoxin exposure. Direct, internal measurements of dietary mycotoxin exposure were made in serum and urine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. For the first time, mycotoxin exposures were thoroughly compared between two 24-HDRs, and two 24-hour urine samples collected during the same days covered by the 24-HDRs. These measurements were compared to a single-time point serum measurement to investigate evidence of chronic mycotoxin exposure. According to 24-HDR data, all 600 individuals were exposed to between 4 and 34 mycotoxins, whereof 10 found to exceed the tolerable daily intake. Correlations were observed between two time points, and significant correlations were observed between concentrations in serum and urine. However, only acetyldeoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, and sterigmatocystin were found to have significant positive correlations between 24-HDR exposures and serum, while aflatoxin G1 and G2, HT-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol were associated between concurrent 24-HDR and 24-hour urine. Substantial agreements on quantitative levels between serum and urine were observed for the groups Type B Trichothecenes and Zearalenone. Further research is required to bridge the interpretation of external and internal exposure estimates of the individual on a time scale of hours. Additionally, metabolomic profiling of dietary mycotoxin exposures could help with a comprehensive assessment of single time-point exposures, but also with the identification of chronic exposure biomarkers. Such detailed characterization informs population exposure assessments, and aids in the interpretation of epidemiological health outcomes related to multi-mycotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl De Ruyck
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Lyon, France
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Liesel Claeys
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Souheila Abbeddou
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Willem De Keyzer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeanne De Vries
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marga Ocke
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jiri Ruprich
- National Institute of Public Health, Department for Health, Nutrition and Food, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Huang D, Chen J, Ding L, Guo L, Kannan P, Luo F, Qiu B, Lin Z. Core-satellite assemblies and exonuclease assisted double amplification strategy for ultrasensitive SERS detection of biotoxin. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1110:56-63. [PMID: 32278400 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, core-satellite assemblies and exonuclease assisted double amplification strategy is developed to produce surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensor towards ultrasensitive detection of biotoxin. In the presence of target molecules, the exonuclease III (Exo III) assisted efficient recycling amplification provides an excellent pathway for the fabrication of core-satellite SERS sensor. Briefly, the proposed strategy includes the following double amplifications: (i) Exo III induced target-related signal amplification; (ii) core-satellite assemblies assisted formation of SERS "hot-spots" induced signal amplification. To show the applicability of the suggested strategy, the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the most toxic and widely distributed biotoxin, is demonstrated as an example. The results show that the limit of detection (LOD) of OTA is 0.83 fg mL-1 (S/N = 3). On the basis of the DNA aptamer induced specific target recognition, hence our sensing strategy is easy to be expended to the ultrasensitive detection of other targets, e.g., DNAs, RNAs, and other molecules that have corresponding DNA aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Li Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Longhua Guo
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
| | - Palanisamy Kannan
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
| | - Fang Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
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Selenium Yeast Alleviates Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathways in the Kidneys of Chickens. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4048706. [PMID: 32148649 PMCID: PMC7053478 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4048706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of yeast selenium (Se-Y) on ochratoxin- (OTA-) induced nephrotoxicity of chickens. A total of 80 one-day-old healthy chickens were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control, OTA (50 μg/kg OTA), Se-Y (0.4 mg/kg Se-Y), and OTA+Se-Y (50 μg/kg OTA+0.4 mg/kg Se-Y). In the OTA chickens, differences in body weight, kidney coefficient, biochemical histological analysis, antioxidant capability, and the expression levels of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway-related genes were observed. The levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (T-GSH) significantly decreased, but the malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the kidneys significantly increased in the OTA treatment group. More importantly, treatment with Se-Y improved the antioxidant enzyme activities within the kidneys of chickens exposed to OTA. In addition, administration of OTA resulted in apoptosis and was associated with decreased expression of AKT, PI3K, and Bcl-2, which in turn enhanced expression of Caspase3, Bax, and P53. However, Se-Y improved the antioxidant defense system through activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Gene expression of Nrf2 and its target genes (HO-1, GSH-px, GLRX2, MnSOD, and CAT) was downregulated following OTA exposure. Conversely, Se-Y treatment resulted in a significant upregulation of the same genes. Besides, significant downregulations of protein expression of HO-1, CAT, MnSOD, Nrf2, and Bcl-2 and a significant upregulation of Caspase3 and Bax levels were observed after contaminated with OTA. Notably, OTA-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in the kidney of chickens were reverted back to normal level in the OTA+Se-Y group. Taken together, the data suggest that Se-Y alleviates OTA-induced nephrotoxicity in chickens, possibly through the activation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways.
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Characterization of Penicillium s.s. and Aspergillus sect. nigri causing postharvest rots of pomegranate fruit in Southern Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 314:108389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ráduly Z, Szabó L, Madar A, Pócsi I, Csernoch L. Toxicological and Medical Aspects of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins Entering the Feed and Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2908. [PMID: 31998250 PMCID: PMC6962185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to Earth's changing climate, the ongoing and foreseeable spreading of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species has increased the possibility of mycotoxin contamination in the feed and food production chain. These harmful mycotoxins have aroused serious health and economic problems since their first appearance. The most potent Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, gliotoxin, fumonisins, sterigmatocystin, and patulin. Some of them can be found in dairy products, mainly in milk and cheese, as well as in fresh and especially in dried fruits and vegetables, in nut products, typically in groundnuts, in oil seeds, in coffee beans, in different grain products, like rice, wheat, barley, rye, and frequently in maize and, furthermore, even in the liver of livestock fed by mycotoxin-contaminated forage. Though the mycotoxins present in the feed and food chain are well documented, the human physiological effects of mycotoxin exposure are not yet fully understood. It is known that mycotoxins have nephrotoxic, genotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic properties and, as a consequence, these toxins may cause liver carcinomas, renal dysfunctions, and also immunosuppressed states. The deleterious physiological effects of mycotoxins on humans are still a first-priority question. In food production and also in the case of acute and chronic poisoning, there are possibilities to set suitable food safety measures into operation to minimize the effects of mycotoxin contaminations. On the other hand, preventive actions are always better, due to the multivariate nature of mycotoxin exposures. In this review, the occurrence and toxicological features of major Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins are summarized and, furthermore, the possibilities of treatments in the medical practice to heal the deleterious consequences of acute and/or chronic exposures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ráduly
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anett Madar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Weighted Correlation Network Analysis Reveals CDK2 as a Regulator of a Ubiquitous Environmental Toxin-Induced Cell-Cycle Arrest. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010143. [PMID: 31936152 PMCID: PMC7017252 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental food contaminants constitute a threat to human health. For instance, the globally spread mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (OTA) contributes to chronic kidney damage by affecting proximal tubule cells via unknown mechanisms. We applied a top-down approach to identify relevant toxicological mechanisms of OTA using RNA-sequencing followed by in-depth bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Differential expression analyses revealed that OTA led to the regulation of gene expression in kidney human cell lines, including for genes enriched in cell cycle-related pathways, and OTA-induced gap 1 and 2 (G1 and G2) cell-cycle arrests were observed. Weighted correlation network analysis highlighted cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) as a putative key regulator of this effect. CDK2 was downregulated by OTA exposure, and its overexpression partially blocked the OTA-induced G1 but not G2 cell-cycle arrest. We, therefore, propose CDK2 as one of the key regulators of the G1 cell-cycle arrest induced by low nanomolar concentrations of OTA.
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Rajendran RM, Umesh B, Chirakkal H. Assessment of H-β zeolite as an ochratoxin binder for poultry. Poult Sci 2020; 99:76-88. [PMID: 32416855 PMCID: PMC7587634 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the cereal-based ingredients used in poultry feed are contaminated with ochratoxin-A (OTA). We have investigated H-β zeolite (HBZ) as a new OTA binder for poultry, along with widely used clay mineral-based product (CM), using in vitro and in vivo methods. In vitro binding experiment was carried out using a biphasic assay, consisting of adsorption at pH 3.2 and desorption at pH 6.8. High adsorption (>98%) with less desorption (<5%) was observed for HBZ, whereas CM showed high binding (>98%) and moderate desorption (48%). In the in vitro experiments with the different simulated gastro-intestinal pH buffers, HBZ did not desorb OTA at any of the pH. Desorption of OTA was observed with CM, as the pH increases. From the in vitro kinetic and chemisorption studies, faster, stronger, and higher adsorption was observed for HBZ. Thermodynamic studies showed positive entropy (22.76 KJ/mol K) for HBZ, signifying predominant hydrophobic interactions towards OTA, whereas CM exhibited negative entropy (-3.67 KJ/mol K). The in vivo binding efficacy of HBZ and CM was tested in 5-wk-old broiler chickens. The study consisted of 4 experimental groups, each with 6 replicates having 2 birds per replicate. The groups were control, negative control (no toxin binder), T1 (HBZ at 1 kg/ton of feed), and T2(CM at 1 kg/ton of feed). Except control, all the replicates received 20 µg of OTA in the feed. Excreta samples of T1, T2, and NC contained 11.57, 7.16, and 2.78 µg of OTA respectively, which was significantly different from each other (P < 0.05). A growth performance trial was conducted in broiler chickens for 35 D. A total of 288 one-day-old birds were randomly segregated to 3 treatment groups, each with 8 replicates of 12 birds each. Treatment groups consisted of control, T1, and T2, treated with no toxin binder, HBZ, and CM at 1 kg/ton of feed, respectively. None of the treatment groups including control, affected BW gain, and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balakrishnan Umesh
- Research & Development, Kemin Industries South Asia Pvt. Ltd., Chennai-600058, India
| | - Haridasan Chirakkal
- Research & Development, Kemin Industries South Asia Pvt. Ltd., Chennai-600058, India
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38
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Yu J, Mikiashvili N, Liang C. Deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A in North Carolina grown organic wheat grains. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer SciencesNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro North Carolina
| | - Nona Mikiashvili
- Department of Family and Consumer SciencesNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro North Carolina
| | - Chyi‐Lyi Liang
- Center for Environmental Farming Systems, Department of AgribusinessApplied Economics and Agriscience Education, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro North Carolina
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39
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Thanushree M, Sailendri D, Yoha K, Moses J, Anandharamakrishnan C. Mycotoxin contamination in food: An exposition on spices. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Li L, Wu S, Yang P, Liu Q, Tang S. Rapid detection and toxicity assessment of ochratoxin A by
Photobacterium leiognathi
in drinking water. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Shizheng Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Qianyu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Shuze Tang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
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41
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Kathuria P, Singh P, Sharma P, Manderville RA, Wetmore SD. Molecular Dynamics Study of One-Base Deletion Duplexes Containing the Major DNA Adduct Formed by Ochratoxin A: Effects of Sequence Context and Adduct Ionization State on Lesion Site Structure and Mutagenicity. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6980-6989. [PMID: 31311268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous food toxin associated with chronic nephropathy in humans and renal carcinogenicity in rodents. The mutational spectra of cells exposed to OTA reveal that one-base deletions comprise the largest percentage (73%) of the total mutations that occur upon OTA exposure. To contribute toward understanding the prevalence of OTA-induced one-base deletion mutations, the present work uses molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze the conformational preferences of one-base deletion duplexes containing OT-G, the major OTA adduct (addition product) at the C8-site of guanine. Specifically, the influence of OT-G in four possible ionization states and three sequence contexts (G1, G2 and G3 in the NarI (5'-G1G2CG3CC-3'), a prokaryotic mutational hotspot sequence) on the structure of the adducted DNA is investigated. Our data reveal that the damaged helices are stable in two (B-type (B) and stacked (S)) conformations that are structurally similar to those adopted by common N-linked C8-guanine lesions. However, the adduct ionization state and sequence context affect the degree of helical distortion and the B/S conformational heterogeneity, which will impact the lesion repair and replication outcomes. This finding correlates with the experimentally reported tissue-specific mutagenicity of OTA exposure. Furthermore, regardless of the adduct conformation, ionization state, or sequence context, more stable lesion-site interactions and lack of disruption of the flanking base pairs in the one-base deletion duplexes compared to the corresponding two-base deletion helices rationalize the greater abundance of OTA induced one-base deletions. Overall, our work provides valuable structural insights that help explain the experimentally observed mutagenicity associated with OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetleen Kathuria
- Computational Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh 160014 , India
| | - Prebhleen Singh
- Computational Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh 160014 , India
| | - Purshotam Sharma
- Computational Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh 160014 , India
| | - Richard A Manderville
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , Alberta T1K 3M4 , Canada
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Leal T, Abrunhosa L, Domingues L, Venâncio A, Oliveira C. BSA-based sample clean-up columns for ochratoxin A determination in wine: Method development and validation. Food Chem 2019; 300:125204. [PMID: 31336275 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Analytical chromatographic techniques for mycotoxins control are well established, but they often depend on costly immunoaffinity sample clean-up. Serum albumins, particularly that from bovine origin (BSA), have stable binding affinity towards some mycotoxins, and can be cheaper alternative receptors for sample clean-up due to their wide availability. Thus, this work used BSA immobilized in agarose beads as a novel solid-phase extraction method for quantification of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine. Constructed BSA-agarose columns could extract OTA efficiently from red wine after its dilution (4-fold) in 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0. The method was linear (R2 = 0.9999) in the OTA concentration range studied (0.05 to 3.0 μg L-1), with recovery rates above 98%. It also showed low detection (0.017 μg L-1) and quantification (0.051 μg L-1) limits. The efficacy of the BSA-based method was further validated by direct comparison with commercial immunoaffinity columns. Portuguese wines analyzed by both methods had agreeing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Leal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís Abrunhosa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Armando Venâncio
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Carla Oliveira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Al-Jaal BA, Jaganjac M, Barcaru A, Horvatovich P, Latiff A. Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids: A systematic literature review, 2001–2018. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Quiles JM, Nazareth TDM, Luz C, Luciano FB, Mañes J, Meca G. Development of an Antifungal and Antimycotoxigenic Device Containing Allyl Isothiocyanate for Silo Fumigation. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E137. [PMID: 30823642 PMCID: PMC6468390 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the antifungal activity of the bioactive compound allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against Aspergillus flavus (8111 ISPA) aflatoxins (AFs) producer and Penicillium verrucosum (D-01847 VTT) ochratoxin A (OTA) producer on corn, barley, and wheat. The experiments were carried out initially in a simulated silo system for laboratory scale composed of glass jars (1 L). Barley and wheat were contaminated with P. verrucosum and corn with A. flavus. The cereals were treated with a hydroxyethylcellulose gel disk to which 500 µL/L of AITC were added; the silo system was closed and incubated for 30 days at 21 °C. After that, simulated silos of 100 L capacity were used. Barley, wheat, and corn were contaminated under the same conditions as the previous trial and treated with disks with 5 mL of AITC, closed and incubated for 90 days at 21 °C. In both cases, the control test did not receive any antifungal treatment. The growth of the inoculated fungi and the reduction in the formation of AFs and OTA were determined. In the lab scale silo system, complete inhibition of fungal growth at 30 days has been observed. In corn, the reduction of aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁) was 98.5%. In the 100 L plastic drums, a significant reduction in the growth of A. flavus was observed, as well as the OTA formation in wheat (99.5%) and barley (92.0%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Quiles
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Luz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Molecular signatures of cytotoxic effects in human embryonic kidney 293 cells treated with single and mixture of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:374-384. [PMID: 30428381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) are important mycotoxins, which often coexist in food and feed stuff. In this study, individual and combinative cytotoxicity of OTA and CTN were tested in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells via MTT assay, and synergistic cytotoxic effects were found following co-treatment with OTA and CTN, manifested by significant accumulation of HEK293 cells in S and G2/M stages. Transcriptomic and sRNA sequencing were performed to explore molecular signatures mediating individual or combinative cytotoxicity. A total of 378 miRNAs were identified, among which 66 miRNAs targeting thousands of genes were differentially expressed in response to different treatments, and 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were regulated by either individual or combinative treatments. Correlations between two representative miRNAs (hsa-miR-1-3p and hsa-miR-122-5p), and their target genes, programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) and cyclin G1 (CCNG1), associated with apoptotic signaling and cell cycle were analyzed by luciferase assay system. Further, their expression patterns were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis, suggesting that both miRNA-target interactions might account for the mycotoxin-induced cell death. Taken together, these findings provide molecular evidences for synergistic cytotoxic effects of exposure to single and mixture of OTA and CTN in HEK293 cells.
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The efficiency of lactic acid bacteria against pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:32-45. [PMID: 29604200 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by some fungal species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium and are common contaminants of a wide range of food commodities. Numerous strategies are used to minimise fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination throughout the food chain. This review addresses the use of lactic acid bacteria, which can inhibit fungal growth and participate in mycotoxin degradation and/or removal from contaminated food. Being beneficial for human and animal health, lactic acid bacteria have established themselves as an excellent solution to the problem of mycotoxin contamination, yet in practice their application in removing mycotoxins remains a challenge to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Koh
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371
| | - Wei Li Ang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371
| | - Alessandra Bonanni
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371
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Gizachew D, Hsu YC, Szonyi B, Ting WTE. Effect of water activity, temperature, and incubation period on fungal growth and ochratoxin A production on Nyjer seeds. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 35:1-8. [PMID: 30105736 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fresenii and Aspergillus sulphureus produce ochratoxin A (OTA), which is a secondary metabolite of Aspergillus and Penicillium species, with nephrotoxic effects and potential carcinogenic activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of temperature (20, 30, and 37 °C), water activity (0.82, 0.86, 0.90, 0.94, and 0.98 aw), incubation period (5, 10, 15, and 30 days) on fungal growth, and OTA production by A. fresenii and A. sulphureus on Nyjer oil seeds. There was no fungal growth at 0.82 aw. The two fungal species were able to produce OTA from the fifth day of incubation from 0.86 to 0.98 aw and temperature 20 to 37 °C. Aspergillus fresenii produced the highest concentration of OTA (643 μg/kg) at 0.90 aw and 37 °C within 15 days, while A. sulphureus produced the highest level of OTA (724 μg/kg) at 0.98 aw and 20 °C within 10 days. The optimum water activity and temperature for the growth of both fungi were similar at 0.94 aw and at 30 °C. There was statistically significant difference between the levels of OTA production among the two fungi. Overall, A. sulphureus produced significantly higher levels of OTA (p < 0.05). Higher temperature (37 °C) and 0.90-0.94 aw were optimal for OTA production by A. fresenii. Our results show that Nyjer seeds can support the growth of A. fresenii and A. sulphureus and OTA production, and the two species had similar temperature and water activity requirements for growth but different requirements for OTA production on Nyjer seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Gizachew
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, 46323, USA.
| | - Yung-Chen Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, 46323, USA
| | | | - Wei-Tsyi Evert Ting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, 46323, USA
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Khan SA, Venancio EJ, Fernandes EV, Hirooka EY, Oba A, Flaiban KKMC, Itano EN. Low Doses of Ochratoxin-A Decrease IgY and IgA Production in Broiler Chicks. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080316. [PMID: 30082604 PMCID: PMC6115841 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin, ochratoxin-A (OTA), produced by some fungi, and is a natural contaminant of many foods and animal feeds worldwide. Due to its toxic effects, the recommended maximum daily intake of OTA for poultry feeds is 0.1 mg OTA/kg (ECR2006/575/EC); this dose does not induce changes in hepatic/renal parameters, but decreases thymus size and serum globulin concentrations. Accordingly, in this study, we assessed quantitatively the total circulating IgY and IgA serum levels, in chicks consuming a 0.1 mg OTA/kg diet (limit) and higher doses (0.3–1.1 mg OTA/kg diet) for 14 or 21 days. We also evaluated other immunological parameters (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen weights and leukocyte profiles) at day 21. Decreased IgY serum levels were observed in all OTA-treated groups (p < 0.05). In the low-dose group, IgA levels were decreased on day 21, but not on day 14. The size of the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius was decreased in all OTA-treated groups (p < 0.05), whereas reduced spleen size and altered leukocyte profiles were detected only in the high-dose group (p < 0.05). We concluded that chronic exposure to OTA, even at the recommended highest dose, affected IgY and IgA production in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad A Khan
- Department of Pathologic Sciences, State University Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil.
| | - Emerson J Venancio
- Department of Pathologic Sciences, State University Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo V Fernandes
- Department of Pathologic Sciences, State University Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Y Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Oba
- Department of Zootechny, State University Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil.
| | - Karina K M C Flaiban
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil.
| | - Eiko N Itano
- Department of Pathologic Sciences, State University Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil.
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Toxicity of Ochratoxin to Early Life Stages of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070264. [PMID: 29958392 PMCID: PMC6070827 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a known contaminant in fish feed but its effect on fish health remains rather unknown. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of ochratoxin on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The tests with ochratoxin A showed a correlation between the exposure to mycotoxin and the amount of damage. The mortality rate and the incidents of embryonal damage was increased by increasing ochratoxin concentrations. The calculations resulted in a lethal concentration for 50% of the embryos (LC50) of 0.29 mg/L and a concentration at which 50% of the animals showed impairment (EC50) of 0.36 mg/L after 96 h of exposure. During the test, reduced heart rates were also observed revealing a clear dose-response relationship. The EC50 determination for this endpoint was 1.26 mg/L after 72 h of exposure. The measurement of oxidative stress was proven to be the most sensitive system to indicate OTA effects on the zebrafish embryos with an EC50 value of 0.067 mg/L after 72 h of exposure. The test validity was given because the control test with 3,4-Dichloroaniline (3,4-D) showed a LC50 value of 2.88 mg after 96 h of exposure which is comparable to the available reference values. According to the current knowledge, these experimental doses did not exceed the environmental concentrations of this ochratoxin A. However, this study raises concerns about the effects of ochratoxin on fish.
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