Changes in Chemical Composition of Lentils, Including Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Volatile Compound Formation during Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the characteristics of non-treated and fermented [via submerged (SMF) and solid-state (SSF) fermentation using Pediococcus acidilactici] lentils (Lens culinaris) grown either in pure stands (L) or relay intercropped with winter rye (LR). It was observed that the lentils were suitable substrate for lacto-fermentation. Most of the free amino acid concentrations increased in lentils after both fermentations. The highest concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid was found in SSF LR samples. However, fermentation led to higher biogenic amines (BA) content in lentils. The most abundant fatty acid in lentils was C18:2. SSF lentils showed more complex volatile compound (VC) profiles (with between nine and seventeen new VCs formed), whereas, in SMF samples, between two and five newly VCs were formed. When comparing lentil grown types, L contained significantly higher concentrations of Na, K, Ca, P, Mn, and Se, while LR contained significantly higher concentrations of Fe and Ni. To sum up, fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) contributed to the improved biological value of lentils; still, the quantity of BA needs to be considered. Further investigations into the P. acidilactici metabolism of certain compounds (such as phenolic and antinutritional compounds) in lentils during fermentation ought to be carried out.

Multi-Element Profile Characterization of Monofloral and Polyfloral Honey from Latvia

Honey is of scientific interest mainly due to its health-promoting and antibacterial properties, which are also associated with its floral origins. However, the methods for confirming honey floral origins are quite limited and require improvements. One method suggested in the search for a multi-method approach to evaluating the floral origins of Latvian honey is inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This study investigated the multi-element profile of 83 honey samples of well-specified floral origins. The main findings included using Ba, Ca, Cs, Fe, and Rb as indicator elements for heather honey. The chemometric evaluation supported the use of ICP-MS for distinguishing heather honey from other types of honey. The Latvian polyfloral honey multi-element profile was defined and compared to honey samples with other geographical origins. Additionally, the multi-element profiles of buckwheat, clover, and polyfloral honey proteins were investigated to clarify whether the majority of elements were bound with proteins or not. Preliminary results indicated that Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Sr were mainly found in non-protein-bound forms, while the majority of Al, Cu, Ni, and Zn were in the form of large chemical structures (>10 kDa).

Changes in the physicochemical parameters and microbial community of a new cultivar blue wheat cereal wholemeal during sourdough production

Changes in the characteristics of a new cultivar (DS8472-5) of blue wheat during wholemeal fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici (LUHS29), Liquorilactobacillus uvarum (LUHS245), and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LUHS122), including acidity, microbiological and chromaticity parameters, free amino acid (FAA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and biogenic amine (BA) contents, macro- and micro-element concentrations and fatty acid (FA) and volatile compounds (VC), were evaluated. In addition, a metagenomic analysis was performed. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains used for fermentation was a significant factor in wholemeal fermentation sample pH, redness (a*) and LAB counts (p ≤ 0.05). In most of the samples, fermentation increased the FAA content in wheat wholemeal, and the highest concentration of GABA was found in DS8472-5 LUHS122 samples. Phenylethylamine (PHE) was found in all wheat wholemeal samples; however, spermidine was only detected in fermented samples and cadaverine only in DS8472-5 LUHS122. Fermented samples showed higher omega-3 and omega-6 contents and a higher number and variety of VC. Analysis of the microbial profile showed that LAB as part of the natural microbiota present in cereal grains also actively participates in fermentation processes induced by industrial bacterial cultures. Finally, all the tested LAB were suitable for DS8472-5 wheat wholemeal fermentation, and the DS8472-5 LUHS122 samples showed the lowest pH and the highest LAB viable counts (3.94, 5.80°N, and 8.92 log10 CFU/g, respectively).

Comparison Study of Nontreated and Fermented Wheat Varieties 'Ada', 'Sarta', and New Breed Blue and Purple Wheat Lines Wholemeal Flour

The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the acidity, microbiological, and chromaticity parameters; fatty acid (FA) and volatile compound (VC) profiles; and biogenic amine (BA), macro- and microelement, and mycotoxin concentrations in nontreated ‘Ada’, ‘Sarta’, and new breed blue (DS8472-5) and purple (DS8526-2) wheat lines wholemeal (WW) with those fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) possessing antimicrobial/antifungal properties, isolated from spontaneous sourdough: Pediococcus acidilactici-LUHS29, Liquorilactobacillus uvarum-LUHS245, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-LUHS122). All the fermented WW showed >8.0 log10 CFU/g of LAB count, and the type of LAB was a significant factor in the WW acidity parameters. Phenylethylamine was the predominant BA in WW, and the wheat variety (WV), the type of LAB, and their interaction were significant factors on the BA formation. Despite the fact that some differences in trace element concentrations in WW were obtained, in most of the cases fermentation was not a significant factor in their content. The main FAs in WW were palmitic acid, all-cis,trans-octadecenoic acid, and linoleic acid. Fermented WW showed a more diverse VC profile; however, the influence of fermentation on deoxynivalenol in WW was varied. Finally, further studies are needed to indicate the technological parameters that would be the most effective for each WV, including the lowest BA formation and mycotoxin degradation.

AB0493 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SUICIDAL IDEATIONS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME PATIENTS

Background

Suicidal ideations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients are associated with stress related depressive and anxiety disorders and can lead to higher mortality rates.

Objectives

To describe the rates and potential causes of suicidal ideations in SLE and APS patients.

Methods

159 patients (62 with SLE, 49 with SLE and secondary APS, 48 with primary APS (PAPS)), mostly women (120 (75,5%)), were consecutively enrolled in the study. The mean (M±SD) age was 37,5±12,2 years. SLE activity was measured by SLEDAI. Suicidal ideations and mental disorders were detected by psychiatrist in semi-structured interview. The severity of mental disorders was measured with MADRS, HADS, PHQ9, PSS10, and quality of life with EQ-5D, LupusQoL.

Results

The majority of patients had mental disorders (149 (93.7%)) with a predominance of anxiety and depressive spectrum (143 (89.9%)). Anxiety and depressive disorders in remission were diagnosed in 7 (4.40%) patients. Suicidal ideations in the past were revealed in 20 (12,6%) patients: in SLE - 9 (14,5%), SLE + APS - 8 (16,3%), PAPS - 3 (6,25%); suicidal attempt – in 1 (0,63%) patient with SLE + APS; autoaggressive behavior – in 11 (6,92%) patients (mainly presented as discontinuation of treatment in 10 (6,29%) patients): 6 (9,68%) - SLE, 4 (8,16%) - SLE + APS, 1 (2,08%) - PAPS. Current suicidal ideations were found in 16 (10,1%) patients: SLE - 5 (8,06%), SLE + APS - 5 (10,2%), PAPS - 6 (12,5%).

The patients with suicidal ideations had higher depression (according to MADRS, HADS, PHQ-9) and anxiety (according to HADS) severity, they also presented with higher rates of stress perception (PSS-10) and poorer life quality (EQ-5D, LupusQol). The APS duration was significantly longer in patients with suicidal ideations; no differences in activity, severity and duration of SLE or steroid therapy were found, but SLE patients with current suicidal ideations compared to patients without them were 2 times more likely to receive rituximab (Table 1).

Table 1.

Description of patients with/without suicidal ideations.

Characteristic, Me [25%; 75%] M±SDWith current suicidal ideations (n=16)Without current suicidal ideations (n=143)pn%n%SLE531,35740,2n/sSLE+APS531,34430,9n/sAPS637,44128,9n/sSLE duration, months156,0 [132,0; 216,0]84,0 [24,0; 68,0]n/sAPS duration, months228,0 [204,0; 348,0]120,0 [48,0; 180,0]0,001MADRS27,0 [14,5; 31,5]13,0 [8,0; 18,0]0,0001HAM-A18,5 [10,5; 25,5]15,0 [10,0; 21,0]n/sHADS:-depression7,0 [3,0; 9,0]3,0 [1,0; 6,0]0,009-anxiety9,0 [5,0; 14,0]6,0 [3,0; 9,0]0,04PHQ-912,0 [8,0; 15,0]6,0 [3,0; 12,0]0,02PSS-1032,7±8,7327,6±6,500,006EQ-5D0,56±0,290,72±0,220,009Lupus Qol113,7±24,9132,0±25,80,02Methylprednisolone intake:-Current dose, mg/day10,0 [0; 22,5]10,0 [5,0; 15,0]n/s-Сumulative dose, g16,9 [0,9; 61,2]7,2 [0; 28,9]n/sRituximab treatment531,22618,2n/s

Conclusion

Suicidal ideations in SLE/ APS patients are mainly caused by anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders provoked by stress factors, no associations with the duration, activity and manifestations of the rheumatic diseases were found. Timely identification and therapy of depressive and anxiety spectrum disorders can prevent suicidal ideations and possible poor outcomes.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

AB0664 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF THE PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATIC DISEASES AND HOSPITAL WORKERS DURING THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19) OUTBREAK

Background:

Patients with rheumatic diseases are more likely to suffer from anxiety-depressive disorders and, in the context of the current coronavirus pandemic, are most likely to be more susceptible to stress response, depression, and anxiety.

Objectives:

to evaluate the frequency of anxiety-depressive symptoms and stress levels in patients with various rheumatic diseases (RD) and hospital workers of the Moscow Institute of Rheumatology in Russia

Methods:

148 RD inpatients, mostly with rheumatoid arthritis (44 (30%)), spondyloarthritis (31 (21%)), systemic lupus erythematosus (28 (19%)), systemic sclerosis (10 (7%)), primary Sjögren syndrome (7 (5%)), polymyositis (6 (4%)), and 32 hospital workers of the Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology were screened using the DASS-21 (The Depression, Anxiety, Stress scales-21, Lovibond S.H. & Lovibond P.F. (1995)) in the period from July to November 2020. The majority of RD-patients and hospital workers were women (73 and 93% resp). The mean age (M±SD) of RD-patients and hospital workers was 43,2±16,2 and 40,7±14,6 years resp.

Results:

The frequency of depression (34,5% vs 34,4%), anxiety (41,9% vs 34,4%) and post-traumatic stress (27,7% vs 25,0%) in RD-patients were found to be comparable to that found among the hospital workers, and the level of anxiety was statistically significantly higher in patients (2,0 [1,0; 6,0] vs 1,0 [0; 4,5], p=0,038). There was no association of depression, anxiety and stress with RD activity. There was a weak positive correlation between the level of depression (R=0,30), anxiety (R=0,26) and stress (R=0,33) with a higher dose of glucocorticoids taken by patients, as well as a negative correlation between the severity of depression (R=-0,7) and stress (R=-0,17) with the age of patients and hospital workers.

19 (12,8%) of RD-patients and 7 (21,9%) of hospital workers had contracted COVID-19 in previous months. Survivors of the COVID-19, both among RD-patients and hospital workers, were more likely to experience symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress: accordingly, depression had 31,6% vs 27,9%, anxiety – 47,4% vs 41,9% and stress – 26,3% vs 28,7% RD-patients who had been ill or not, and among hospital workers: depression – 28,6% vs 36,0%, anxiety – 42,8% vs 28,0%, stress – 42,8% vs 20,0%. 66,4% of RD-patients and 71,9% of hospital workers reported that the pandemic had a psychological impact on them.

Conclusion:

The COVID-19 pandemic has had and continues to have a significant negative psychological impact on both RD-patients and hospital workers. About 25-47% of patients and hospital workers experienced significant level of depression, anxiety and stress, and their frequency was higher in those who had contracted COVID-19.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared.

AB0308 COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME PATIENTS

Background:

Cognitive impairment (CI) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients have been poorly described and recognized.

Objectives:

to describe the rates and spectrum of CI in primary (PAPS) and secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (SAPS) APS patients

Methods:

113 patients (70 with APS (37 – PAPS, 33 – SAPS) and 43 - SLE without APS), 89 (78,8%) – women, were consecutively enrolled in the study. The mean (M±SD) age was 37,9±11,9 years. SLE activity was measured by SLEDAI scale. Mental disorders (MD) were diagnosed by psychiatrist in accordance with ICI-10 in semi-structured interview. CI were diagnosed with psychology and neuropsychology methods

Results:

CI of varying severity were found in 105 (92,9%) patients: 62,9% - mild, 23,8% - moderate and 13,3% - severe. Severe and moderate CI were more associated with APS (48,6% in PAPS and 39,5% in SAPS vs 18,6% in SLE, p=0,004 and p=0,04, accordingly). CI were predominantly organic origin in all patients, but vascular dementia was detected only among patients with APS (10,8% of PAPS and 3,03% of SAPS patients). There was no association of CI with clinical manifestations and SLE activity. In patients with PAPS CI was associated with stroke, livedo reticularis and lupus anticoagulant positivity. In 84 patients (74,3%) CI were also specifically bounded to MD. Current MD were detected in 100 (88,5%) patients: schizotypal disorder was found in 10 (8,85%) patients and was associated with PAPS (13,5% vs 9,09% in SAPS and 4,65% in SLE); anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders (ADDs) - in 95 (84,1%) (chronic and recurrent depression prevailed 37 (32,7%) and 42 (37,2%) resp.); the structure of MDs in accordance with ICI-10 differed slightly between groups, but no statistically significant differences were obtained.

Conclusion:

сognitive impairment, mainly of an organic type, are characteristic of most patients with SLE and APS. The significant associations of сognitive impairment with clinical manifestations and activity of SLE were not identified, but patients with сognitive impairments were more likely to have anxiety and depressive disorders, strokes, livedo reticularis and lupus anticoagulant positivity

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

The Quality of Wheat Bread With Ultrasonicated and Fermented By-Products From Plant Drinks Production

During plant-based drinks production a significant amount of valuable by-products (BPs) is obtained. The valorization of BPs is beneficial for both the environment and the food industry. The direct incorporation of the fermented and/or ultrasonicated almond, coconut, and oat drinks production BPs in other food products, such as wheat bread (WB) could lead to the better nutritional value as well as quality of WB. Therefore, in this study, various quantities (5, 10, 15, and 20%) of differently treated [ultrasonicated (37 kHz) or fermented with Lacticaseibacillus casei LUHS210] almond, coconut, and oat drinks preparation BPs were used in wheat bread (WB) formulations. Microbiological and other quality parameters (acidity, color, specific volume, porosity, moisture content, overall acceptability) as well as bread texture hardness during the storage and acrylamide content in the WB were evaluated. Among the fermented samples, 12-h-fermented almond and oat, as well as 24-h-fermented coconut drinks preparation BPs (pH values of 2.94, 2.41, and 4.50, respectively; total enterobacteria and mold/yeast were not found) were selected for WB production. In most cases, the dough and bread quality parameters were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced by the BPs used, the treatment of the BPs, and the quantity of the BPs. The highest overall acceptability of the WB prepared with 20% fermented almond drink preparation by-product (AP), 15% fermented oat drink preparation by-product (OP), and 15% ultrasonicated OP was established. After 96 h of storage, the lowest hardness (on average, 1.2 mJ) of the breads prepared with 5% fermented AP, coconut drink preparation by-product (CP), and OP and ultrasonicated CP was found. The lowest content of acrylamide in the WB prepared with OP was found (on average, 14.7 μg/kg). Finally, 15% fermented OP could be safely used for WB preparation because the prepared bread showed high overall acceptability, as well as low acrylamide content.

Challenges Associated with Byproducts Valorization-Comparison Study of Safety Parameters of Ultrasonicated and Fermented Plant-Based Byproducts

In order to promote the efficient use of byproducts from the production of plant-based beverages, which still contain a large amount of nutritional and functional compounds, microbiological and chemical safety characteristics should be evaluated and, if needed, improved. Many challenges are associated with byproducts valorization, and the most important ones, which should be taken into account at the further steps of valorization, are biological and chemical safety. For safety improving, several technological treatments (biological, physical etc.) can be used. In this study, the influence of low-frequency ultrasonication (US) and fermentation with Lactobacillus casei LUHS210 strain, as physical and biotechnological treatments, on the safety characteristics of the byproducts (BYs) from the processing of rice, soy, almond, coconut, and oat drinks was compared. Ultrasonication, as well as fermentation, effectively improved the microbiological safety of BYs. Ultrasonication and fermentation reduced the concentration of deoxynivalenol, on average, by 24% only in soy BYs. After fermentation, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was formed in all samples (<12 µg kg⁻¹), except for soy BYs. The lowest total biogenic amines content was found in fermented rice BYs and ultrasonicated coconut BYs. When comparing untreated and fermented BYs, significant changes in macro- and micro-elements content were found. Ultrasonication at 37 kHz did not significantly influence the concentrations of macro- and micro-elements, while fermentation affected most of the essential micro-elements. Consequently, while ultrasonication and fermentation can enhance the safety of BYs, the specific effects must be taken into account on biogenic amines, mycotoxins, and micro and macro elements.

Zinc Content in Breast Milk and Its Association with Maternal Diet

Background: Zinc is an indispensable element, being involved in many biological processes. Correspondingly, insufficient zinc intake in early youth can detrimentally affect the function of a growing body. The aim of this study was to determine zinc content in breast milk among lactating women in Latvia and factors (maternal diet; mother’s and baby’s characteristics; breastfeeding pattern) affecting it. Methods: In total, 62 mature milk (at least one month postpartum) samples were collected and pooled within 24 h. Zinc content (mg 100 mL⁻¹) was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Agilent 7700×, Agilent Technologies, Tokyo, Japan). Results: Zinc content in mature breast milk ranged from 0.01 to 0.34 mg 100 mL⁻¹ with a median (interquartile range) content of 0.10 (0.05–0.15) mg 100 mL⁻¹. Time postpartum was a significant negative predictor for zinc content in breast milk (r = −0.500; p = 0.000). Median maternal zinc intake was 10.70 (7.24–15.27) mg. Yet, zinc content in breast milk was unaffected by maternal dietary zinc intake (r = 0.155; p = 0.221). Conclusions: Maternal dietary zinc intake was nearly the recommended intake for lactating women (11 mg), but due to low zinc content in breast milk, babies in Latvia might not receive sufficient zinc intake. Future research should aim for the assessment of zinc status by evaluating plasma or serum levels of both mothers and babies.

[The phenotypic characteristics and incidence of dyslipoproteinemias in diabetic patients]

A total of 121 inpatients with insulin and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus were investigated. The patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus were divided into 2 groups with relation to the presence or absence of secondary resistance to sulfonyl urea derivatives. Changes in the plasma and lipoprotein concentration of cholesterol (ChS) and triglycerides (TG) were analyzed. According to the author's classification, changes in lipoprotein patterns were distributed in some phenotypes of dyslipoproteinemias (DLP) and their prevalence was studied among the examinees. DLPs were detected in 84.3% of the patients (59.8% were latent). The patients demonstrated a high frequency of hypocholesterolemia of very low density lipoproteins (57.8%) and hypertriglyceridemia of low density lipoproteins (31.4%). These intralipoprotein variations were shown to be the chief element of phenotypical characterization of II (c, d), IV (b, c) and VI (a, b, c) DLP types, not included in Fredrickson's classification.