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Lamptey RNL, Sun C, Singh J. Blood pressure reduction through brain delivery of nanoparticles loaded with plasmid DNA encoding angiotensin receptor shRNA. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102210. [PMID: 38827383 PMCID: PMC11141442 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Elevated brain angiotensin II activity plays a key role in the development of neurogenic hypertension. While blood pressure (BP) control in neurogenic hypertension has been successfully demonstrated by regulating central angiotensin II activity, current techniques involving cerebrovascular injections of potential therapeutic agents are not suitable for clinical translation. To address this gap, we present the synthesis of dual-functionalized liposomes functionalized with targeting ligand and cell-penetrating peptide. Functionalized liposomes were synthesized using the thin film hydration technique and loaded with plasmid DNA encoding short hairpin RNA targeted toward angiotensin II receptors (PEAS), via the post-insertion method. The synthesized liposomes had a cationic surface charge, an average size of 150 nm, and effectively entrapped more than 89% of loaded PEAS. These liposomes loaded with PEAS demonstrated biocompatibility and efficient delivery to brain-derived cell lines, resulting in a remarkable reduction of more than 70% in receptor expression within 7 days. To assess the therapeutic potential, spontaneously hypertensive rats were administered intravenous injections of functionalized liposomes loaded with PEAS, and the changes in mean arterial pressure were monitored for 45 days. Remarkably, this treatment led to a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in BP of more than 30 mm Hg compared with saline-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengwen Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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2
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Krishnan MA, Alimi OA, Pan T, Kuss M, Korade Z, Hu G, Liu B, Duan B. Engineering Neurotoxin-Functionalized Exosomes for Targeted Delivery to the Peripheral Nervous System. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:102. [PMID: 38258111 PMCID: PMC10818718 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The administration of therapeutics to peripheral nerve tissue is challenging due to the complexities of peripheral neuroanatomy and the limitations imposed by the blood-nerve barrier (BNB). Therefore, there is a pressing need to enhance delivery effectiveness and implement targeted delivery methods. Recently, erythrocyte-derived exosomes (Exos) have gained widespread attention as biocompatible vehicles for therapeutics in clinical applications. However, engineering targeted Exos for the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is still challenging. This study aims to develop a targeted Exo delivery system specifically designed for presynaptic terminals of peripheral nerve tissue. The clostridium neurotoxin, tetanus toxin-C fragment (TTC), was tethered to the surface of red blood cell (RBC)-derived Exos via a facile and efficient bio-orthogonal click chemistry method without a catalyst. Additionally, Cyanine5 (Cy5), a reactive fluorescent tag, was also conjugated to track Exo movement in both in vitro and in vivo models. Subsequently, Neuro-2a, a mouse neuronal cell line, was treated with dye-labeled Exos with/without TTC in vitro, and the results indicated that TTC-Exos exhibited more efficient accumulation along the soma and axonal circumference, compared to their unmodified counterparts. Further investigation, using a mouse model, revealed that within 72 h of intramuscular administration, engineered TTC-Exos were successfully transported into the neuromuscular junction and sciatic nerve tissues. These results indicated that TTC played a crucial role in the Exo delivery system, improving the affinity to peripheral nerves. These promising results underscore the potential of using targeted Exo carriers to deliver therapeutics for treating peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Asha Krishnan
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.A.K.); (O.A.A.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Olawale A. Alimi
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.A.K.); (O.A.A.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Tianshu Pan
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.A.K.); (O.A.A.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mitchell Kuss
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.A.K.); (O.A.A.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Bo Liu
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.A.K.); (O.A.A.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.A.K.); (O.A.A.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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3
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Wei J, Liu C, Liang W, Yang X, Han S. Advances in optical molecular imaging for neural visualization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1250594. [PMID: 37671191 PMCID: PMC10475611 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1250594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iatrogenic nerve injury is a significant complication in surgery, which can negatively impact patients' quality of life. Currently, the main clinical neuroimaging methods, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and high-resolution ultrasonography, do not offer precise real-time positioning images for doctors during surgery. The clinical application of optical molecular imaging technology has led to the emergence of new concepts such as optical molecular imaging surgery, targeted surgery, and molecular-guided surgery. These advancements have made it possible to directly visualize surgical target areas, thereby providing a novel method for real-time identification of nerves during surgery planning. Unlike traditional white light imaging, optical molecular imaging technology enables precise positioning and identifies the cation of intraoperative nerves through the presentation of color images. Although a large number of experiments and data support its development, there are few reports on its actual clinical application. This paper summarizes the research results of optical molecular imaging technology and its ability to realize neural visualization. Additionally, it discusses the challenges neural visualization recognition faces and future development opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzheng Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenkai Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shufeng Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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4
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Yue W, Shen J. Local Delivery Strategies for Peptides and Proteins into the CNS: Status Quo, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:810. [PMID: 37375758 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, peptides and proteins have been increasingly important in the treatment of various human diseases and conditions owing to their specificity, potency, and minimized off-target toxicity. However, the existence of the practically impermeable blood brain barrier (BBB) limits the entry of macromolecular therapeutics into the central nervous systems (CNS). Consequently, clinical translation of peptide/protein therapeutics for the treatment of CNS diseases has been limited. Over the past decades, developing effective delivery strategies for peptides and proteins has gained extensive attention, in particular with localized delivery strategies, due to the fact that they are capable of circumventing the physiological barrier to directly introduce macromolecular therapeutics into the CNS to improve therapeutic effects and reduce systemic side effects. Here, we discuss various local administration and formulation strategies that have shown successes in the treatment of CNS diseases using peptide/protein therapeutics. Lastly, we discuss challenges and future perspectives of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhou Yue
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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5
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Zhou K, Luo W, Liu T, Ni Y, Qin Z. Neurotoxins Acting at Synaptic Sites: A Brief Review on Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 36668838 PMCID: PMC9865788 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxins generally inhibit or promote the release of neurotransmitters or bind to receptors that are located in the pre- or post-synaptic membranes, thereby affecting physiological functions of synapses and affecting biological processes. With more and more research on the toxins of various origins, many neurotoxins are now widely used in clinical treatment and have demonstrated good therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the structural properties and potential pharmacological effects of neurotoxins acting on different components of the synapse, as well as their important clinical applications, thus could be a useful reference for researchers and clinicians in the study of neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhenghong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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6
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Tetanus Toxin Fragment C: Structure, Drug Discovery Research and Production. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060756. [PMID: 35745675 PMCID: PMC9227095 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetanus toxoid (TTd) plays an important role in the pharmaceutical world, especially in vaccines. The toxoid is obtained after formaldehyde treatment of the tetanus toxin. In parallel, current emphasis in the drug discovery field is put on producing well-defined and safer drugs, explaining the interest in finding new alternative proteins. The tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC) has been extensively studied both as a neuroprotective agent for central nervous system disorders owing to its neuronal properties and as a carrier protein in vaccines. Indeed, it is derived from a part of the tetanus toxin and, as such, retains its immunogenic properties without being toxic. Moreover, this fragment has been well characterized, and its entire structure is known. Here, we propose a systematic review of TTFC by providing information about its structural features, its properties and its methods of production. We also describe the large uses of TTFC in the field of drug discovery. TTFC can therefore be considered as an attractive alternative to TTd and remarkably offers a wide range of uses, including as a carrier, delivery vector, conjugate, booster, inducer, and neuroprotector.
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Dremencov E, Jezova D, Barak S, Gaburjakova J, Gaburjakova M, Kutna V, Ovsepian SV. Trophic factors as potential therapies for treatment of major mental disorders. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136194. [PMID: 34433100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding major advances in psychotherapeutics, their efficacy and specificity remain limited. The slow onset of beneficial outcomes and numerous adverse effects of widely used medications remain of chief concern, warranting in-depth studies. The majority of frontline therapies are thought to enhance the endogenous monoaminergic drive, to initiate a cascade of molecular events leading to lasting functional and structural plasticity. They also involve alterations in trophic factor signalling, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), VGF (non-acronymic), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and others. In several major mental disorders, emerging data suggest protective and restorative effects of trophic factors in preclinical models, when applied on their own. Antidepressant outcomes of VGF and FGF2, for instance, were shown in experimental animals, while BDNF and GDNF prove useful in the treatment of addiction, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. The main challenge with the effective translation of these and other findings in the clinic is the knowledge gap in action mechanisms with potential risks, as well as the lack of effective platforms for validation under clinical settings. Herein, we review the state-of-the-art and advances in the therapeutic use of trophic factors in several major neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliyahu Dremencov
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Center of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Segev Barak
- School of Psychological Sciences and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jana Gaburjakova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Center of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Gaburjakova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Center of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viera Kutna
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
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8
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Roesl C, Evans ER, Dissanayake KN, Boczonadi V, Jones RA, Jordan GR, Ledahawsky L, Allen GCC, Scott M, Thomson A, Wishart TM, Hughes DI, Mead RJ, Shone CC, Slater CR, Gillingwater TH, Skehel PA, Ribchester RR. Confocal Endomicroscopy of Neuromuscular Junctions Stained with Physiologically Inert Protein Fragments of Tetanus Toxin. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1499. [PMID: 34680132 PMCID: PMC8534034 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Live imaging of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in situ has been constrained by the suitability of ligands for inert vital staining of motor nerve terminals. Here, we constructed several truncated derivatives of the tetanus toxin C-fragment (TetC) fused with Emerald Fluorescent Protein (emGFP). Four constructs, namely full length emGFP-TetC (emGFP-865:TetC) or truncations comprising amino acids 1066-1315 (emGFP-1066:TetC), 1093-1315 (emGFP-1093:TetC) and 1109-1315 (emGFP-1109:TetC), produced selective, high-contrast staining of motor nerve terminals in rodent or human muscle explants. Isometric tension and intracellular recordings of endplate potentials from mouse muscles indicated that neither full-length nor truncated emGFP-TetC constructs significantly impaired NMJ function or transmission. Motor nerve terminals stained with emGFP-TetC constructs were readily visualised in situ or in isolated preparations using fibre-optic confocal endomicroscopy (CEM). emGFP-TetC derivatives and CEM also visualised regenerated NMJs. Dual-waveband CEM imaging of preparations co-stained with fluorescent emGFP-TetC constructs and Alexa647-α-bungarotoxin resolved innervated from denervated NMJs in axotomized WldS mouse muscle and degenerating NMJs in transgenic SOD1G93A mouse muscle. Our findings highlight the region of the TetC fragment required for selective binding and visualisation of motor nerve terminals and show that fluorescent derivatives of TetC are suitable for in situ morphological and physiological characterisation of healthy, injured and diseased NMJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Roesl
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Elizabeth R. Evans
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (E.R.E.); (C.C.S.)
| | - Kosala N. Dissanayake
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Veronika Boczonadi
- Applied Neuromuscular Junction Facility, Bio-Imaging Unit, Biosciences Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (V.B.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Ross A. Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Graeme R. Jordan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Leire Ledahawsky
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Guy C. C. Allen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Molly Scott
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Alanna Thomson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Thomas M. Wishart
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - David I. Hughes
- Spinal Cord Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK;
| | - Clifford C. Shone
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (E.R.E.); (C.C.S.)
| | - Clarke R. Slater
- Applied Neuromuscular Junction Facility, Bio-Imaging Unit, Biosciences Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (V.B.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Thomas H. Gillingwater
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Paul A. Skehel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
| | - Richard R. Ribchester
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (C.R.); (K.N.D.); (R.A.J.); (G.R.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.C.A.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.H.G.)
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The C-terminal domain of the heavy chain of tetanus toxin prevents the oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by acute toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Res 2021; 174:36-45. [PMID: 34453989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant carboxyl-terminal domain of the heavy chain of tetanus toxin (Hc-TeTx) exerts neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects on the dopaminergic system of animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study aimed to determine the effect of the Hc-TeTx fragment on the markers of oxidative stress and nitrosative stress generated by the acute toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). For this purpose, the Hc-TeTx fragment was administered once a day in three 20 μg/kg consecutive injections into the grastrocnemius muscle of the rats, with an intra-striatal unilateral injection of 1 μL of MPP+ [10 μg/mL] then administered in order to cause a dopaminergic lesion. The results obtained show that the rats treated with Hc-TeTx plus MPP+ presented an increase in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a significantly greater decrease in the levels of the markers of oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, and neurodegeneration than that observed for the group injured with only MPP+. Moreover, it was observed that total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and copper/zinc SOD activity increased with the administration of Hc-TeTx. Finally, immunoreactivity levels were observed to decrease for the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and the glial fibrillary acidic protein in the ipsilateral striatum of the rats treated with Hc-TeTx plus MPP+, in contrast with those lesioned with MPP+ alone. Our results demonstrate that the recombinant Hc-TeTx fragment may be a potent antioxidant and, therefore, could be suggested as a therapeutic tool against the dopaminergic neuronal impairment observed in the early stages of PD.
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10
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Amoebae as Targets for Toxins or Effectors Secreted by Mammalian Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080526. [PMID: 34437397 PMCID: PMC8402458 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous microorganisms, pathogenic for mammals, come from the environment where they encounter predators such as free-living amoebae (FLA). The selective pressure due to this interaction could have generated virulence traits that are deleterious for amoebae and represents a weapon against mammals. Toxins are one of these powerful tools that are essential for bacteria or fungi to survive. Which amoebae are used as a model to study the effects of toxins? What amoeba functions have been reported to be disrupted by toxins and bacterial secreted factors? Do bacteria and fungi effectors affect eukaryotic cells similarly? Here, we review some studies allowing to answer these questions, highlighting the necessity to extend investigations of microbial pathogenicity, from mammals to the environmental reservoir that are amoebae.
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11
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Betancor M, Moreno-Martínez L, López-Pérez Ó, Otero A, Hernaiz A, Barrio T, Badiola JJ, Osta R, Bolea R, Martín-Burriel I. Therapeutic Assay with the Non-toxic C-Terminal Fragment of Tetanus Toxin (TTC) in Transgenic Murine Models of Prion Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5312-5326. [PMID: 34283400 PMCID: PMC8497292 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The non-toxic C-terminal fragment of the tetanus toxin (TTC) has been described as a neuroprotective molecule since it binds to Trk receptors and activates Trk-dependent signaling, activating neuronal survival pathways and inhibiting apoptosis. Previous in vivo studies have demonstrated the ability of this molecule to increase mice survival, inhibit apoptosis and regulate autophagy in murine models of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in which the main pathogenic event is the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal and misfolded isoform known as PrPSc. These diseases share different pathological features with other neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Hitherto, there are no effective therapies to treat prion diseases. Here, we present a pilot study to test the therapeutic potential of TTC to treat prion diseases. C57BL6 wild-type mice and the transgenic mice Tg338, which overexpress PrPC, were intracerebrally inoculated with scrapie prions and then subjected to a treatment consisting of repeated intramuscular injections of TTC. Our results indicate that TTC displays neuroprotective effects in the murine models of prion disease reducing apoptosis, regulating autophagy and therefore increasing neuronal survival, although TTC did not increase survival time in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno-Martínez
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adelaida Hernaiz
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Barrio
- UMR Institut National de La Recherche Pour L'Agriculture, L'Alimentation Et L'Environment (INRAE)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) 1225 IHAP (Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes), 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Zhang CM, Imoto Y, Hikima T, Inoue T. Structural flexibility of the tetanus neurotoxin revealed by crystallographic and solution scattering analyses. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2021; 5:100045. [PMID: 33598655 PMCID: PMC7868712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) delivers its protease domain (LC) across the synaptic vesicle lumen into the cytosol via its receptor binding domain (HC) and translocation domain (HN), the molecular mechanism coordinating this membrane translocation remains unresolved. Here, we report the high-resolution crystal structures of full-length reduced TeNT (rTeNT, 2.3 Å), TeNT isolated HN (TeNT/iHN, 2.3 Å), TeNT isolated HC (TeNT/iHC, 1.5 Å), together with the solution structures of TeNT/iHN and beltless TeNT/iHN (TeNT/blHN). TeNT undergoes significant domains rotation of the HN and LC were demonstrated by structural comparison of rTeNT and non-reduced-TeNT (nrTeNT). A linker loop connects the HN and HC is essential for the self-domain rotation of TeNT. The TeNT-specific C869-C1093 disulfide bond is sensitive to the redox environment and its disruption provides linker loop flexibility, which enables domain arrangement of rTeNT distinct from that of nrTeNT. Furthermore, the mobility of C869 in the linker loop and the sensitivity to redox condition of C1093 were confirmed by crystal structure analysis of TeNT/iHC. On the other hand, the structural flexibility of HN was investigated by crystallographic and solution scattering analyses. It was found that the region (residues 698-769), which follows the translocation region had remarkable change in TeNT/iHN. Besides, the so-called belt region has a high propensity to swing around the upper half of TeNT/iHN at acidic pH. It provides the first overview of the dynamics of the Belt in solution. These newly obtained structural information that shed light on the transmembrane mechanism of TeNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Zhang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Imoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hikima
- Advanced Photon Technology Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, 679-6148, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
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13
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Moreno-Martinez L, de la Torre M, Muñoz MJ, Zaragoza P, Aguilera J, Calvo AC, Osta R. Neuroprotective Fragment C of Tetanus Toxin Modulates IL-6 in an ALS Mouse Model. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050330. [PMID: 32429516 PMCID: PMC7290364 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology, leading to the development of therapies targeting inflammation in recent years. Our group has studied the tetanus toxin C-terminal fragment (TTC) as a therapeutic molecule, showing neuroprotective properties in the SOD1G93A mouse model. However, it is unknown whether TTC could have some effect on inflammation. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of TTC on the regulation of inflammatory mediators to elucidate its potential role in modulating inflammation occurring in ALS. After TTC treatment in SOD1G93A mice, levels of eotaxin-1, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha (α) and galectin-1 were analyzed by immunoassays in plasma samples, whilst protein expression of caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) was measured in the spinal cord, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and soleus (SOL) muscle. The results showed reduced levels of IL-6 in spinal cord, EDL and SOL in treated SOD1G93A mice. In addition, TTC showed a different role in the modulation of NLRP3 and caspase-1 depending on the tissue analyzed. In conclusion, our results suggest that TTC could have a potential anti-inflammatory effect by reducing IL-6 levels in tissues drastically affected by the disease. However, further research is needed to study more in depth the anti-inflammatory effect of TTC in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moreno-Martinez
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.M.-M.); (M.d.l.T.); (M.J.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Miriam de la Torre
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.M.-M.); (M.d.l.T.); (M.J.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - María J. Muñoz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.M.-M.); (M.d.l.T.); (M.J.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.M.-M.); (M.d.l.T.); (M.J.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - José Aguilera
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ana C. Calvo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.M.-M.); (M.d.l.T.); (M.J.M.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.C.); (R.O.); Tel.: +34-976761622 (A.C.C.); +34-976761621 (R.O.)
| | - Rosario Osta
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.M.-M.); (M.d.l.T.); (M.J.M.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.C.); (R.O.); Tel.: +34-976761622 (A.C.C.); +34-976761621 (R.O.)
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14
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Leese C, Bresnahan R, Doran C, Simsek D, Fellows AD, Restani L, Caleo M, Schiavo G, Mavlyutov T, Henke T, Binz T, Davletov B. Duplication of clostridial binding domains for enhanced macromolecular delivery into neurons. Toxicon X 2020; 5:100019. [PMID: 32140681 PMCID: PMC7043326 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases constitute a quarter of global disease burden and are expected to rise worldwide with the ageing of human populations. There is an increasing need to develop new molecular systems which can deliver drugs specifically into neurons, non-dividing cells meant to last a human lifetime. Neuronal drug delivery must rely on agents which can recognise neurons with high specificity and affinity. Here we used a recently introduced ‘stapling’ system to prepare macromolecules carrying duplicated binding domains from the clostridial family of neurotoxins. We engineered individual parts of clostridial neurotoxins separately and combined them using a strong alpha-helical bundle. We show that combining two identical binding domains of tetanus and botulinum type D neurotoxins, in a sterically defined way by protein stapling, allows enhanced intracellular delivery of molecules into neurons. We also engineered a botulinum neurotoxin type C variant with a duplicated binding domain which increased enzymatic delivery compared to the native type C toxin. We conclude that duplication of the binding parts of tetanus or botulinum neurotoxins will allow production of high avidity agents which could deliver imaging reagents and large therapeutic enzymes into neurons with superior efficiency. Macromolecules carrying duplicated clostridial binding domains (Hc) were produced. Double tetanus Hc increased protein delivery into cultured rodent neurones. Double tetanus Hc increased enzyme delivery into rodent spinal cord and brain area. Double BoNT/D Hc increased enzyme delivery into rat and human neurones in culture. Recombinant double-Hc BoNT/C was engineered, increasing delivery in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Leese
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Rebecca Bresnahan
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ciara Doran
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Deniz Simsek
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alexander D Fellows
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Laura Restani
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Pisa, 1-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Pisa, 1-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Timur Mavlyutov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tina Henke
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Thomas Binz
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Bazbek Davletov
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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15
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scFv6.C4 DNA vaccine with fragment C of Tetanus toxin increases protective immunity against CEA-expressing tumor. Gene Ther 2019; 26:441-454. [PMID: 30770895 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the main tumor-associated antigen of colorectal cancers. Previously, we developed a DNA vaccine using scFv6.C4, a CEA surrogate, against CEA-expressing tumors; 40% of the vaccinated mice were tumor-free after tumor challenge. In order to enhance vaccine efficacy, fragment C of Tetanus Toxin (FrC) was tested as adjuvant. C57BL/6J-CEA2682 mice were electroporated intramuscularly 4 times with uP-PS/scFv6.C4-FrC or uP-PS/scFv6.C4, challenged by s.c. injection of 1 × 105 MC38-CEA cells, and tumor growth was monitored over 100 days. The humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed by ELISA, immunocytochemistry, in-vitro lymphocyte proliferation, and CTL cytotoxicity assays. Immunization with uP-PS/scFv6.C4-FrC or uP-PS/scFv6.C4 induced similar anti-CEA antibody titers. However, immunocytochemistry analysis showed stronger staining with uP-PS/scFv6.C4-FrC-immunized mice sera. When challenged with MC38-CEA cells, 63% of the FrC-vaccinated mice did not develop tumors, half of the rest had a significant tumor growth delay, and the probability of being free of tumors was on average 40% higher than that of scFv6.C4-immunized mice. Addition of the adjuvant led to higher CD4+ and CD8+ proliferative responses and strong CD8+ CTL response against MC38-CEA cells. DNA immunization with scFv6.C4 and FrC increased antitumor effect via induction of high and specific humoral and cellular immune responses to CEA.
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16
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Huey R, Rathbone D, McCarron P, Hawthorne S. Design, stability and efficacy of a new targeting peptide for nanoparticulate drug delivery to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. J Drug Target 2019; 27:959-970. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1567737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Huey
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Dan Rathbone
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul McCarron
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Susan Hawthorne
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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17
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Effectiveness of Fragment C Domain of Tetanus Toxin and Pramipexole in an Animal Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:699-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Neurobiology and therapeutic applications of neurotoxins targeting transmitter release. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 193:135-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Squaiella-Baptistão CC, Magnoli FC, Marcelino JR, Sant'Anna OA, Tambourgi DV. Quality of horse F(ab') 2 antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulins: protein content and anticomplementary activity. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:16. [PMID: 29946337 PMCID: PMC6006770 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Among other applications, immunotherapy is used for the post-exposure treatment and/or prophylaxis of important infectious diseases, such as botulism, diphtheria, tetanus and rabies. The effectiveness of serum therapy is widely proven, but improvements on the immunoglobulin purification process and on the quality control are necessary to reduce the amount of protein aggregates. These may trigger adverse reactions in patients by activating the complement system and inducing the generation of anaphylatoxins. Herein, we used immunochemical methods to predict the quality of horse F(ab’)2 anti-botulinum AB, anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies immunoglobulins, in terms of amount of proteins and protein aggregates. Methods Samples were submitted to protein quantification, SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis and molecular exclusion chromatography. The anticomplementary activity was determined in vitro by detecting the production of C5a/C5a desArg, the most potent anaphylatoxin. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-test, and differences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Results Horse F(ab’)2 antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulin preparations presented different amounts of protein. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses revealed the presence of protein aggregates, non-immunoglobulin contaminants and, unexpectedly, IgG whole molecules in the samples, indicating the non-complete digestion of immunoglobulins. The chromatographic profiles of antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulins allowed to estimate the percentage of contaminants and aggregates in the samples. Although protein aggregates were present, the samples were not able to induce the generation of C5a/C5a desArg in vitro, indicating that they probably contain acceptable levels of aggregates. Conclusions Anti-botulinum AB (bivalent), anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies horse F(ab’)2 immunoglobulins probably contain acceptable levels of aggregates, although other improvements on the preparations must be carried out. Protein profile analysis and in vitro anticomplementary activity of F(ab’)2 immunoglobulin preparations should be included as quality control steps, to ensure acceptable levels of aggregates, contaminants and whole IgG molecules on final products, reducing the chances of adverse reactions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Carlos Magnoli
- 1Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - José Roberto Marcelino
- 2Seção de Processamento de Plasmas Hiperimunes, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Augusto Sant'Anna
- 1Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Denise V Tambourgi
- 1Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
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20
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Surana S, Tosolini AP, Meyer IF, Fellows AD, Novoselov SS, Schiavo G. The travel diaries of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Toxicon 2018; 147:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Sozbilen MC, Ozturk M, Kaftan G, Dagci T, Ozyalcin H, Armagan G. Neuroprotective Effects of C-terminal Domain of Tetanus Toxin on Rat Brain Against Motorneuron Damages After Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E327-E333. [PMID: 28767631 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental animal study investigating the efficacy of C-terminal domain of tetanus toxin application as neuroprotective effects on rat brain in a model of spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of C-terminal domain of tetanus toxin (Hc-TeTx) on cell death mechanisms including apoptosis and autophagy following SCI. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Traumatic SCI can lead to posttraumatic inflammation, oxidative stress, motor neuron apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy of tissue. To promote and enhance recovery after SCI, recent development of devices and therapeutic interventions are needed. METHODS Twenty-eight adult rats were divided into four groups (n = 7 each) as follows: sham, trauma (SCI), SCI + Hc-TeTx, and SCI + methylprednisolone groups. The functional neurological deficits due to the SCI were assessed by behavioral analysis using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) open-field locomotor test. The alterations in pro-/anti-apoptotic and autophagy related-protein levels were measured by Western blotting technique. RESULTS In this study, Hc-TeTx promotes locomotor recovery and motor neuron survival of SCI rats. Hc-TeTx also decreased expression of bax, bad, bak, cleaved caspase-3, Ask1, and autophagy-related proteins including Atg5 and LC3II in brain. Our study provides an evidence that cell death mechanisms play critical roles in SCI and that the nontoxic peptides including Hc-TeTx may exert protective effect and decrease cell death following SCI. CONCLUSION Our preliminary findings suggest a possible therapeutic agent to improve survival after spinal cord trauma, but further analysis are still needed to evaluate the difference between acute and chronic injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Celal Sozbilen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Dr Behcet Uz Child Diseases and Surgery Research and Training Hospital, Konak Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Ozturk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine Hospital, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kaftan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Taner Dagci
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.,Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halit Ozyalcin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine Hospital, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Fu C, Xiang Y, Li X, Fu A. Targeted transport of nanocarriers into brain for theranosis with rabies virus glycoprotein-derived peptide. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 87:155-166. [PMID: 29549945 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For successful theranosis of brain diseases, limited access of therapeutic molecules across blood-brain barrier (BBB) needs be overcome in brain delivery. Currently, peptide derivatives of rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) have been exploited as delivery ligands to transport nanocarriers across BBB and specifically into the brain. The targeting peptides usually conjugate to the nanocarrier surface, and the cargoes, including siRNA, miRNA, DNA, proteins and small molecular chemicals, are complexed or encapsulated in the nanocarriers. The peptide ligand of the RVG-modified nanocarriers introduces the conjugated targeted-delivery into the brain, and the cargoes are involved in disease theranosis. The peptide-modified nanocarriers have been applied to diagnose and treat various brain diseases, such as glioma, Alzheimer's disease, ischemic injury, protein misfolding diseases etc. Since the targeting delivery system has displayed good biocompatibility and desirable therapeutic effect, it will raise a potential application in treating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yonggang Xiang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ailing Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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23
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Bayart C, Peronin S, Jean E, Paladino J, Talaga P, Borgne ML. The combined use of analytical tools for exploring tetanus toxin and tetanus toxoid structures. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1054:80-92. [PMID: 28448854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde detoxification is a process used to convert toxin into toxoid for vaccine applications. In the case of tetanus toxin (TT), formaldehyde is used to obtain the tetanus toxoid (TTd), which is used either for the tetanus vaccine or as carrier protein in conjugate vaccines. Several studies have already been conducted to better understand the exact mechanism of this detoxification. Those studies led to the identification of a number of formaldehyde-induced modifications on lab scale TTd samples. To obtain greater insights of the changes induced by formaldehyde, we used three industrial TTd batches to identify repeatable modifications in the detoxification process. Our strategy was to combine seven analytical tools to map these changes. Mass spectrometry (MS), colorimetric test and amino acid analysis (AAA) were used to study modifications on amino acids. SDS-PAGE, asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4), fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) were used to study formaldehyde modifications on the whole protein structure. We identified 41 formaldehyde-induced modifications across the 1315 amino acid primary sequence of TT. Of these, five modifications on lysine residues were repeatable across TTd batches. Changes in protein conformation were also observed using SDS-PAGE, AF4 and CD techniques. Each analytical tool brought a piece of information regarding formaldehyde induced-modifications, and all together, these methods provided a comprehensive overview of the structural changes that occurred with detoxification. These results could be the first step leading to site-directed TT mutagenesis studies that may enable the production of a non-toxic equivalent protein without using formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bayart
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie - ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453 -INSERM US7, 8 avenue Rockefeller, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 8, France; Reaction and Coupling Chemistry Laboratory, MTech, Sanofi Pasteur, 31/33 quai Armand Barbès, 69250 Neuville-sur-Saône, France
| | - Sébastien Peronin
- Structural Analysis Laboratory, MTech, Sanofi Pasteur, 31/33 quai Armand Barbès, 69250 Neuville-sur-Saône, France
| | - Elisa Jean
- Reaction and Coupling Chemistry Laboratory, MTech, Sanofi Pasteur, 31/33 quai Armand Barbès, 69250 Neuville-sur-Saône, France
| | - Joseph Paladino
- Reaction and Coupling Chemistry Laboratory, MTech, Sanofi Pasteur, 31/33 quai Armand Barbès, 69250 Neuville-sur-Saône, France
| | - Philippe Talaga
- Analytical Research and Development Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Mérieux,1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie - ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453 -INSERM US7, 8 avenue Rockefeller, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 8, France.
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The Molecular Basis of Toxins' Interactions with Intracellular Signaling via Discrete Portals. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030107. [PMID: 28300784 PMCID: PMC5371862 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which microbial, plant or animal-secreted toxins exert their action provides the most important element for assessment of human health risks and opens new insights into therapies addressing a plethora of pathologies, ranging from neurological disorders to cancer, using toxinomimetic agents. Recently, molecular and cellular biology dissecting tools have provided a wealth of information on the action of these diverse toxins, yet, an integrated framework to explain their selective toxicity is still lacking. In this review, specific examples of different toxins are emphasized to illustrate the fundamental mechanisms of toxicity at different biochemical, molecular and cellular- levels with particular consideration for the nervous system. The target of primary action has been highlighted and operationally classified into 13 sub-categories. Selected examples of toxins were assigned to each target category, denominated as portal, and the modulation of the different portal’s signaling was featured. The first portal encompasses the plasma membrane lipid domains, which give rise to pores when challenged for example with pardaxin, a fish toxin, or is subject to degradation when enzymes of lipid metabolism such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2) or phospholipase C (PLC) act upon it. Several major portals consist of ion channels, pumps, transporters and ligand gated ionotropic receptors which many toxins act on, disturbing the intracellular ion homeostasis. Another group of portals consists of G-protein-coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors that, upon interaction with discrete toxins, alter second messengers towards pathological levels. Lastly, subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, nucleus, protein- and RNA-synthesis machineries, cytoskeletal networks and exocytic vesicles are also portals targeted and deregulated by other diverse group of toxins. A fundamental concept can be drawn from these seemingly different toxins with respect to the site of action and the secondary messengers and signaling cascades they trigger in the host. While the interaction with the initial portal is largely determined by the chemical nature of the toxin, once inside the cell, several ubiquitous second messengers and protein kinases/ phosphatases pathways are impaired, to attain toxicity. Therefore, toxins represent one of the most promising natural molecules for developing novel therapeutics that selectively target the major cellular portals involved in human physiology and diseases.
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Ovsepian SV, O'Leary VB, Ntziachristos V, Dolly JO. Circumventing Brain Barriers: Nanovehicles for Retroaxonal Therapeutic Delivery. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:983-993. [PMID: 27720365 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to safeguarding the central nervous system (CNS) from the vast majority of pathogens and toxins, transvascular barriers impose immense challenges to the delivery of beneficial cargo. A few toxins and neurotropic viruses capable of penetrating the brain have proved to be potentially valuable for neuron targeting and enhanced transfer of restorative medicine and therapeutic genes. Here we review molecular concepts and implications of the highly neurotropic tetanus toxin (TeTx) and botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and their ability to infiltrate and migrate throughout neurons. We discuss recent applications of their detoxified variants as versatile nanovehicles for retroaxonal delivery of therapeutics to motor neurons and synapses. Continued advances in research on these remarkable agents in preclinical trials might facilitate their future use for medical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saak V Ovsepian
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Oliván S, Calvo AC, Rando A, Herrando-Grabulosa M, Manzano R, Zaragoza P, Tizzano EF, Aquilera J, Osta R. Neuroprotective Effect of Non-viral Gene Therapy Treatment Based on Tetanus Toxin C-fragment in a Severe Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:76. [PMID: 27605908 PMCID: PMC4995219 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a hereditary childhood disease that causes paralysis and progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles and spinal motor neurons. SMA is associated with reduced levels of full-length Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) protein, due to mutations in the Survival of Motor Neuron 1 gene. Nowadays there are no effective therapies available to treat patients with SMA, so our aim was to test whether the non-toxic carboxy-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin heavy chain (TTC), which exhibits neurotrophic properties, might have a therapeutic role or benefit in SMA. In this manuscript, we have demonstrated that TTC enhance the SMN expression in motor neurons “in vitro” and evaluated the effect of intramuscular injection of TTC-encoding plasmid in the spinal cord and the skeletal muscle of SMNdelta7 mice. For this purpose, we studied the weight and the survival time, as well as, the survival and cell death pathways and muscular atrophy. Our results showed that TTC treatment reduced the expression of autophagy markers (Becn1, Atg5, Lc3, and p62) and pro-apoptotic genes such as Bax and Casp3 in spinal cord. In skeletal muscle, TTC was able to downregulate the expression of the main marker of autophagy, Lc3, to wild-type levels and the expression of the apoptosis effector protein, Casp3. Regarding the genes related to muscular atrophy (Ankrd1, Calm1, Col19a1, Fbox32, Mt2, Myod1, NogoA, Pax7, Rrad, and Sln), TTC suggest a compensatory effect for muscle damage response, diminished oxidative stress and modulated calcium homeostasis. These preliminary findings suggest the need for further experiments to depth study the effect of TTC in SMA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Oliván
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Grupo AMB, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana C Calvo
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Amaya Rando
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mireia Herrando-Grabulosa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Raquel Manzano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo F Tizzano
- Área de Genética Clínica y Molecular, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Aquilera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
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Lopes CD, Oliveira H, Estevão I, Pires LR, Pêgo AP. In vivo targeted gene delivery to peripheral neurons mediated by neurotropic poly(ethylene imine)-based nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2675-83. [PMID: 27354797 PMCID: PMC4907712 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in neuronal gene therapy is to achieve safe, efficient, and minimally invasive transgene delivery to neurons. In this study, we report the use of a nonviral neurotropic poly(ethylene imine)-based nanoparticle that is capable of mediating neuron-specific transfection upon a subcutaneous injection. Nanoparticles were targeted to peripheral neurons by using the nontoxic carboxylic fragment of tetanus toxin (HC), which, besides being neurotropic, is capable of being retrogradely transported from neuron terminals to the cell bodies. Nontargeted particles and naked plasmid DNA were used as control. Five days after treatment by subcutaneous injection in the footpad of Wistar rats, it was observed that 56% and 64% of L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia neurons, respectively, were expressing the reporter protein. The delivery mediated by HC-functionalized nanoparticles spatially limited the transgene expression, in comparison with the controls. Histological examination revealed no significant adverse effects in the use of the proposed delivery system. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and safety of the developed neurotropic nanoparticles for the minimally invasive delivery of genes to the peripheral nervous system, opening new avenues for the application of gene therapy strategies in the treatment of peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Df Lopes
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto (UPorto), Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, NanoBiomaterials for Targeted Therapies Group, UPorto, Porto, Portugal; FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Oliveira
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto (UPorto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Estevão
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto (UPorto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Raquel Pires
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto (UPorto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto (UPorto), Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, NanoBiomaterials for Targeted Therapies Group, UPorto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, UPorto, Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Mendieta L, Granado N, Aguilera J, Tizabi Y, Moratalla R. Fragment C Domain of Tetanus Toxin Mitigates Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity and Its Motor Consequences in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw021. [PMID: 26945022 PMCID: PMC5006194 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C-terminal domain of the heavy chain of tetanus toxin (Hc-TeTx) is a nontoxic peptide with demonstrated in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effects against striatal dopaminergic damage induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and 6-hydoxydopamine, suggesting its possible therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease. Methamphetamine, a widely abused psychostimulant, has selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity in rodents, monkeys, and humans. This study was undertaken to determine whether Hc-TeTx might also protect against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and the consequent motor impairment. METHODS For this purpose, we treated mice with a toxic regimen of methamphetamine (4mg/kg, 3 consecutive i.p. injections, 3 hours apart) followed by 3 injections of 40 ug/kg of Hc-TeTx into grastrocnemius muscle at 1, 24, and 48 hours post methamphetamine treatment. RESULTS We found that Hc-TeTx significantly reduced the loss of dopaminergic markers tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter and the increases in silver staining (a well stablished degeneration marker) induced by methamphetamine in the striatum. Moreover, Hc-TeTx prevented the increase of neuronal nitric oxide synthase but did not affect microglia activation induced by methamphetamine. Stereological neuronal count in the substantia nigra indicated loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons after methamphetamine that was partially prevented by Hc-TeTx. Importantly, impairment in motor behaviors post methamphetamine treatment were significantly reduced by Hc-TeTx. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate that Hc-TeTx can provide significant protection against acute methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity and motor impairment, suggesting its therapeutic potential in methamphetamine abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mendieta, Granado, and Moratalla); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mendieta, Granado, Aguilera, and Moratalla); Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Aguilera); Departament of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC (Dr Tizabi).
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Patricio-Martínez A, Mendieta L, Martínez I, Aguilera J, Limón I. The recombinant C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin protects against cholinotoxicity by intraseptal injection of β-amyloid peptide (25–35) in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 315:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Massaad CA, Zhang G, Pillai L, Azhdarinia A, Liu W, Sheikh KA. Fluorescently-tagged anti-ganglioside antibody selectively identifies peripheral nerve in living animals. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15766. [PMID: 26514366 PMCID: PMC4626805 DOI: 10.1038/srep15766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective in vivo delivery of cargo to peripheral nervous system (PNS) has broad clinical and preclinical applications. An important applicability of this approach is systemic delivery of fluorescently conjugated ligands that selectively label PNS, which could allow visualization of peripheral nerves during any surgery. We examine the use of an anti-ganglioside monoclonal antibody (mAb) as selective neuronal delivery vector for surgical imaging of peripheral nerves. Systemic delivery of an anti-ganglioside mAb was used for selective intraneuronal/axonal delivery of fluorescent agents to visualize nerves by surgical imaging in living mice. In this study, we show that intact motor, sensory, and autonomic nerve fibers/paths are distinctly labeled following a single nanomolar systemic injection of fluorescently labeled anti-ganglioside mAb. Tissue biodistribution studies with radiolabeled mAb were used to validate neuronal uptake of fluorescently labeled mAb. Implications of this proof of concept study are that fluorescent conjugates of anti-ganglioside mAbs are valuable delivery vectors to visualize nerves during surgery to avoid nerve injury and monitor nerve degeneration and regeneration after injury. These findings support that antibodies, and their derivatives/fragments, can be used as selective neuronal delivery vector for transport of various cargos to PNS in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Massaad
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laila Pillai
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ali Azhdarinia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine-Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kazim A Sheikh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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31
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Zhan C, Li C, Wei X, Lu W, Lu W. Toxins and derivatives in molecular pharmaceutics: Drug delivery and targeted therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:101-18. [PMID: 25959429 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein and peptide toxins offer an invaluable source for the development of actively targeted drug delivery systems. They avidly bind to a variety of cognate receptors, some of which are expressed or even up-regulated in diseased tissues and biological barriers. Protein and peptide toxins or their derivatives can act as ligands to facilitate tissue- or organ-specific accumulation of therapeutics. Some toxins have evolved from a relatively small number of structural frameworks that are particularly suitable for addressing the crucial issues of potency and stability, making them an instrumental source of leads and templates for targeted therapy. The focus of this review is on protein and peptide toxins for the development of targeted drug delivery systems and molecular therapies. We summarize disease- and biological barrier-related toxin receptors, as well as targeted drug delivery strategies inspired by those receptors. The design of new therapeutics based on protein and peptide toxins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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32
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From naturally-occurring neurotoxic agents to CNS shuttles for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 74:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ovsepian SV, Ovespian SV, Bodeker M, O'Leary VB, Lawrence GW, Oliver Dolly J. Internalization and retrograde axonal trafficking of tetanus toxin in motor neurons and trans-synaptic propagation at central synapses exceed those of its C-terminal-binding fragments. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220:1825-38. [PMID: 25665801 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prominent tropism of tetanus toxin (TeTx) towards peripheral nerves with retrograde transport and transfer to central neurons render it an invaluable probe for exploring fundamental neuronal processes such as endocytosis, retrograde trafficking and trans-synaptic transport to central neurons. While the specificity of TeTx to nerve cells has been attributed to its binding domains (HC and HCC), molecular determinants of the long-range trafficking that ensure its central delivery and induction of spastic paralysis remain elusive. Here, we report that a protease-inactive TeTx mutant (TeTIM) fused to core streptavidin (CS) proved superior to CS-HC and CS-HCC fragments in antagonizing the internalization of the active toxin in cultured spinal cord neurons. Also, in comparison to CS-HC and CS-HCC, CS-TeTIM undergoes faster clearance from motor nerve terminals after peripheral injection, and is detected in a greater number of neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem ipsi-lateral to the administration site. Consistent with trans-synaptic transfer from motor neurons to inter-neurons, CS-TeTIM infiltrated non-cholinergic cells in the spinal cord; in contrast, the retrograde spread of CS-HC was largely restricted to neurons stained for choline acetyltransferase. Peripheral injection of CS-TeTIM conjugated to a lentivirus encoding mutated SNAP-25, resistant to cleavage by botulinum neurotoxin A, E and C1, rendered spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in motor neurons resilient to challenge by type A toxin in vitro, whereas the same virus conjugated to CS-HC proved ineffective. These findings indicate that full-length inactive TeTx greatly exceeds HC and HCC in targeting and invading motor nerve terminals at the periphery and exploits more efficiently the retrograde transport and trans-synaptic transfer mechanisms of motor neurons to arrive at central neurons. Such qualities render TeTIM a more suitable research probe and neuron-targeting vehicle for retro-axonal delivery of viral vectors to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saak V Ovespian
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland,
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McCall RL, Cacaccio J, Wrabel E, Schwartz ME, Coleman TP, Sirianni RW. Pathogen-inspired drug delivery to the central nervous system. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e944449. [PMID: 25610755 PMCID: PMC4292043 DOI: 10.4161/21688362.2014.944449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For as long as the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been evolving to exclude bloodborne agents from the central nervous system (CNS), pathogens have adopted a multitude of strategies to bypass it. Some pathogens, notably viruses and certain bacteria, enter the CNS in whole form, achieving direct physical passage through endothelial or neuronal cells to infect the brain. Other pathogens, including bacteria and multicellular eukaryotic organisms, secrete toxins that preferentially interact with specific cell types to exert a broad range of biological effects on peripheral and central neurons. In this review, we will discuss the directed mechanisms that viruses, bacteria, and the toxins secreted by higher order organisms use to enter the CNS. Our goal is to identify ligand-mediated strategies that could be used to improve the brain-specific delivery of engineered nanocarriers, including polymers, lipids, biologically sourced materials, and imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L McCall
- Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center; Barrow Neurological Institute ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | | | - Eileen Wrabel
- Nemucore Medical Innovations, Inc. ; Worcester, MA USA
| | | | - Timothy P Coleman
- Blue Ocean Biomanufacturing , Worcester, MA USA ; Nemucore Medical Innovations, Inc. ; Worcester, MA USA ; Center for Translational Cancer Nanomedicine; Northeastern University ; Boston, MA USA ; Foundation for the Advancement of Personalized Medicine Manufacturing ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Rachael W Sirianni
- Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center; Barrow Neurological Institute ; Phoenix, AZ USA
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35
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The restorative effect of intramuscular injection of tetanus toxin C-fragment in hemiparkinsonian rats. Neurosci Res 2014; 84:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cubí R, Candalija A, Ortega A, Gil C, Aguilera J. Tetanus Toxin Hc Fragment Induces the Formation of Ceramide Platforms and Protects Neuronal Cells against Oxidative Stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68055. [PMID: 23826362 PMCID: PMC3694913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetanus toxin (TeTx) is the protein, synthesized by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus disease. TeTx gains entry into target cells by means of its interaction with lipid rafts, which are membrane domains enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol. However, the exact mechanism of host membrane binding remains to be fully established. In the present study we used the recombinant carboxyl terminal fragment from TeTx (Hc-TeTx), the domain responsible for target neuron binding, showing that Hc-TeTx induces a moderate but rapid and sustained increase in the ceramide/sphingomyelin ratio in primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons and in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells, as well as induces the formation of ceramide platforms in the plasma membrane. The mentioned increase is due to the promotion of neutral sphingomyelinase activity and not to the de novo synthesis, since GW4869, a specific neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor, prevents neutral sphingomyelinase activity increase and formation of ceramide platforms. Moreover, neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition with GW4869 prevents Hc-TeTx-triggered signaling (Akt phosphorylation), as well as the protective effect of Hc-TeTx on PC12 cells subjected to oxidative stress, while siRNA directed against nSM2 prevents protection by Hc-TeTx of NSC-34 cells against oxidative insult. Finally, neutral sphingomyelinase activity seems not to be related with the internalization of Hc-TeTx into PC12 cells. Thus, the presented data shed light on the mechanisms triggered by TeTx after membrane binding, which could be related with the events leading to the neuroprotective action exerted by the Hc-TeTx fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Cubí
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Ana Candalija
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, México DF, Mexico
| | - Carles Gil
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - José Aguilera
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
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Mendieta L, Bautista E, Sánchez A, Guevara J, Herrando-Grabulosa M, Moran J, Martínez R, Aguilera J, Limón ID. The C-terminal domain of the heavy chain of tetanus toxin given by intramuscular injection causes neuroprotection and improves the motor behavior in rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:156-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wang J, Zurawski TH, Meng J, Lawrence GW, Aoki KR, Wheeler L, Dolly JO. Novel chimeras of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins yield insights into their distinct sites of neuroparalysis. FASEB J 2012; 26:5035-48. [PMID: 22942075 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-210112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) A or E and tetanus toxin (TeTx) bind to motor-nerve endings and undergo distinct trafficking; their light-chain (LC) proteases cleave soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) peripherally or centrally and cause flaccid or spastic paralysis, respectively. To seek protein domains responsible for local blockade of transmitter release (BoNTs) rather than retroaxonal transport to spinal neurons (TeTx), their acceptor-binding moieties (H(C))--or in one case, heavy chain (HC)--were exchanged by gene recombination. Each chimera, expressed and purified from Escherichia coli, entered rat cerebellar neurons to cleave their substrates, blocked in vitro nerve-induced muscle contractions, and produced only flaccid paralysis in mice. Thus, the local cytosolic delivery of BoNT/A or BoNT/E proteases and the contrasting retrograde transport of TeTx are not specified solely by their HC or H(C); BoNT/A LC translocated locally irrespective of being targeted by either of the latter TeTx domains. In contrast, BoNT/E protease fused to a TeTx enzymatically inactive mutant (TeTIM) caused spastic paralysis and cleaved SNAP-25 in spinal cord but not the injected muscle. Apparently, TeTIM precludes cytosolic release of BoNT/E protease at motor nerve endings. It is deduced that the LCs of the toxins, acting in conjunction with HC domains, dictate their local or distant destinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Wang
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Fu A, Wang Y, Zhan L, Zhou R. Targeted delivery of proteins into the central nervous system mediated by rabies virus glycoprotein-derived peptide. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1562-9. [PMID: 22231987 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Delivery of therapeutic proteins across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is severely limited by their size and biochemical properties. Here we showed that a 39-amino acid peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (RDP) was exploited as an efficient protein carrier for brain-targeting delivery. METHODS Three proteins with different molecular weight and pI, β-galactosidase (β-Gal), luciferase (Luc) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), were fused to RDP and intravenously injected into the mice respectively. The slices of different tissues with X-Gal staining were used to examine whether RDP could deliver β-Gal targeted into the CNS. The time-course relationship of RDP-Luc was studied to confirm the transport efficiency of RDP. The neuroprotective function of RDP-BDNF was examined in mouse experimental stroke to explore the pharmacological effect of RDP fusion protein. RESULTS The results showed that the fusion proteins rapidly and specific entered the nerve cells in 15 min, and the t(1/2) was about 1 hr. Furthermore, RDP-BDNF fusion protein showed the neuroprotective properties in mouse experimental stroke including reduction of stroke volume and neural deficit. CONCLUSIONS RDP provides an effective approach for the targeted delivery of biological active proteins into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Tian Sheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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