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Hu L, Guo C, Chen J, Jia R, Sun Y, Cao S, Xiang P, Wang Y. Venturicidin A Is a Potential Fungicide for Controlling Fusarium Head Blight by Affecting Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis, Toxisome Formation, and Mitochondrial Structure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12440-12451. [PMID: 37566096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, which causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals, is one of the most devastating fungal diseases by causing great yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. A major bioactive ingredient, venturicidin A (VentA), was isolated from Streptomyces pratensis S10 mycelial extract with an activity-guided approach. No report is available on antifungal activity of VentA against F. graminearum and effects on deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis. Here, VentA showed a high antagonistic activity toward F. graminearum with an EC50 value of 3.69 μg/mL. As observed by scanning electron microscopy, after exposure to VentA, F. graminearum conidia and mycelia appeared abnormal. Different dyes staining revealed that VentA increased cell membrane permeability. In growth chamber and field trials, VentA effectively reduced disease severity of FHB. Moreover, VentA inhibited DON biosynthesis by reducing pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA production, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and then inhibiting trichothecene (TRI) genes expression and toxisome formation. These results suggest that VentA is a potential fungicide for controlling FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimin Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU Purdue Joint Research Center, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Hu L, Jia R, Sun Y, Chen J, Chen N, Zhang J, Wang Y. Streptomyces pratensis S10 Controls Fusarium Head Blight by Suppressing Different Stages of the Life Cycle and ATP Production. PLANT DISEASE 2023:PDIS09222063RE. [PMID: 36269586 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-22-2063-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, predominately caused by Fusarium graminearum, is an economically important plant disease worldwide. With increased fungicide resistance, controlling this filamentous fungal disease has become an enormous challenge. Biocontrol agents alone or integrated with other methods could better manage FHB. Streptomyces pratensis S10 has strong antagonistic activity against FHB as reported in our previous study. We now have investigated S10 controls of FHB in more detail by combining microscope observations, biological assays, and transcriptome profiling. S10 culture filtrates (SCF) significantly inhibited essential stages of the life cycle of F. graminearum in the laboratory and under simulated natural conditions. SCF at different concentrations inhibited conidiation of F. graminearum with an inhibition of 57.49 to 83.83% in the medium and 64.04 to 85.89% in plants. Different concentrations of SCF reduced conidia germination by 47.33 to 67.67%. Two percent (vol/vol) SCF suppressed perithecia formation of F. graminearum by 84 and 81% in the laboratory and under simulated natural conditions, respectively. The S10 also reduced the pathogenicity and penetration ability of F. graminearum by suppressing ATP production. Collectively, these findings indicate that S. pratensis S10 should be explored further for efficacy at controlling FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Ruimin Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Na Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Ju C, Zhang X, Huang J. Quantitative multiplexed proteomics analysis reveals reshaping of the lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome in Fusarium graminearum by tebuconazole. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:145. [PMID: 35180840 PMCID: PMC8855566 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a newly discovered posttranslational modification (PTM) and has been identified in several prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Fusarium graminearum, a major pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereal crops, can cause considerable yield loss and produce various mycotoxins that threaten human health. The application of chemical fungicides such as tebuconazole (TEC) remains the major method to control this pathogen. However, the distribution of Khib in F. graminearum and whether Khib is remodified in response to fungicide stress remain unknown. Results Here, we carried out a proteome-wide analysis of Khib in F. graminearum, identifying the reshaping of the lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome by tebuconazole, using the most recently developed high-resolution LC–MS/MS technique in combination with high-specific affinity enrichment. Specifically, 3501 Khib sites on 1049 proteins were identified, and 1083 Khib sites on 556 modified proteins normalized to the total protein content were changed significantly after TEC treatment. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Khib proteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes and may be involved in virulence and deoxynivalenol (DON) production, as well as sterol biosynthesis, in F. graminearum. Conclusions Here, we provided a wealth of resources for further study of the roles of Khib in the fungicide resistance of F. graminearum. The results enhanced our understanding of this PTM in filamentous ascomycete fungi and provided insight into the remodification of Khib sites during azole fungicide challenge in F. graminearum. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08372-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Zhao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Ju
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China.
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Duan Y, Lu F, Zhou Z, Zhao H, Zhang J, Mao Y, Li M, Wang J, Zhou M. Quinone outside inhibitors affect DON biosynthesis, mitochondrial structure and toxisome formation in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122908. [PMID: 32512449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) are currently extensively used agricultural fungicides. However, the application of QoIs in controlling Fusarium graminearum was rarely reported. No information is available on pharmacological characteristics of QoIs against F. graminearum, as well as their effects on DON biosynthesis. Here, we found that six QoIs exhibited an excellent fungicidal activity against F. graminearum based on mycelial growth and spore germination. ATP production assay further confirmed that QoIs decreased ATP production via inhibiting mitochondrial respiration, which contributes their fungicidal activity. Unfortunately, QoIs can stimulate DON production and up-regulate the expression of Tri5 and Tri6 genes. Additionally, acetyl-CoA, the basic precursor of DON biosynthesis, significantly increased as affected by QoIs, furtherly indicating that QoIs indeed enhance DON biosynthesis. We also found that QoIs can accelerate the formation of toxisomes and enhance the fluorescence signals of Tri-GFP labeled toxisomes, which may be due to the effect of QoIs on toxisome-related endoplasmic reticulum-remodeling. In addition, QoIs could disrupt the homeostasis of mitochondrial dynamics, resulting in the fragmented mitochondria. Finally, the simulated inoculation assay with wheat grains further verified that QoIs can stimulate DON production relative to wheat grain weight, especially relative to mycelial biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huahua Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yushuai Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Zhou Z, Duan Y, Zhou M. Carbendazim-resistance associated β 2 -tubulin substitutions increase deoxynivalenol biosynthesis by reducing the interaction between β 2 -tubulin and IDH3 in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:598-614. [PMID: 31760682 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule is a well-known structural protein participating in cell division, motility and vesicle traffic. In this study, we found that β2 -tubulin, one of the microtubule components, plays an important role in regulating secondary metabolite deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum by interacting with isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit 3 (IDH3). We found IDH3 negatively regulate DON biosynthesis by reducing acetyl-CoA accumulation in F. graminearum and DON biosynthesis was stimulated by exogenous acetyl-CoA. In addition, the expression of IDH3 significantly decreased in the carbendazim-resistant mutant nt167 (Fgβ2 F167Y ). Furthermore, we found that carbendazim-resistance associated β2 -tubulin substitutions reducing the interaction intensity between β2 -tubulin and IDH3. Interestingly, we demonstrated that β2 -tubulin inhibitor carbendazim can disrupt the interaction between β2 -tubulin and IDH3. The decreased interaction intensity between β2 -tubulin and IDH3 resulted in the decreased expression of IDH3, which can cause the accumulation of acetyl-CoA, precursor of DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum. Thus, we revealed that carbendazim-resistance associated β2 -tubulin substitutions or carbendazim treatment increases DON biosynthesis by reducing the interaction between β2 -tubulin and IDH3 in F. graminearum. Taken together, the novel findings give the new perspectives of β2 -tubulin in regulating secondary metabolism in phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Furukawa T, Yoshinari T, Sakuda S. Intracellular superoxide level controlled by manganese superoxide dismutases affects trichothecene production in Fusarium graminearum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 364:4349741. [PMID: 29029036 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular superoxide level is a clue to clarification of the regulatory mechanism for mycotoxin production in Fusarium graminearum. In this study, we focused on two manganese superoxide dismutases (SODs) of the fungus, FgSOD2 and FgSOD3, to investigate the relationship of the superoxide level to trichothecene production. Recombinant FgSOD2 and FgSOD3 showed SOD activity, and they were localized mainly in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, respectively. Trichothecene production and mRNA levels of Tri5 and Tri6, which encode a trichothecene biosynthetic enzyme and a key regulator of trichothecene production, respectively, were greatly reduced in gene-deletion mutants of FgSod2 and FgSod3 (ΔFgSod2 and ΔFgSod3). Significant increases in the cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide levels were observed in ΔFgSod2 and ΔFgSod3, respectively. These results suggested that the cellular superoxide level affects trichothecene production in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Furukawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyouga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0098, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Sakuda S, Yoshinari T, Furukawa T, Jermnak U, Takagi K, Iimura K, Yamamoto T, Suzuki M, Nagasawa H. Search for aflatoxin and trichothecene production inhibitors and analysis of their modes of action. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:43-54. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1086261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of crops is a serious problem throughout the world because of its impact on human and animal health as well as economy. Inhibitors of mycotoxin production are useful not only for developing effective methods to prevent mycotoxin contamination, but also for investigating the molecular mechanisms of secondary metabolite production by fungi. We have been searching for mycotoxin production inhibitors among natural products and investigating their modes of action. In this article, we review aflatoxin and trichothecene production inhibitors, including our works on blasticidin S, methyl syringate, cyclo(l-Ala-l-Pro), respiration inhibitors, and precocene II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Furukawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Usuma Jermnak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Keiko Takagi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kurin Iimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Subramaniam R, Narayanan S, Walkowiak S, Wang L, Joshi M, Rocheleau H, Ouellet T, Harris LJ. Leucine metabolism regulates TRI6 expression and affects deoxynivalenol production and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:760-9. [PMID: 26248604 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TRI6 is a positive regulator of the trichothecene gene cluster and the production of trichothecene mycotoxins [deoxynivalenol (DON)] and acetylated forms such as 15-Acetyl-DON) in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. As a global transcriptional regulator, TRI6 expression is modulated by nitrogen-limiting conditions, sources of nitrogen and carbon, pH and light. However, the mechanism by which these diverse environmental factors affect TRI6 expression remains underexplored. In our effort to understand how nutrients affect TRI6 regulation, comparative digital expression profiling was performed with a wild-type F. graminearum and a Δtri6 mutant strain, grown in nutrient-rich conditions. Analysis showed that TRI6 negatively regulates genes of the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolic pathway. Feeding studies with deletion mutants of MCC, encoding methylcrotonyl-CoA-carboxylase, one of the key enzymes of leucine metabolism, showed that addition of leucine specifically down-regulated TRI6 expression and reduced 15-ADON accumulation. Constitutive expression of TRI6 in the Δmcc mutant strain restored 15-ADON production. A combination of cellophane breach assays and pathogenicity experiments on wheat demonstrated that disrupting the leucine metabolic pathway significantly reduced disease. These findings suggest a complex interaction between one of the primary metabolic pathways with a global regulator of mycotoxin biosynthesis and virulence in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Swara Narayanan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Sean Walkowiak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By, Ottawa, K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Manisha Joshi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Hélène Rocheleau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
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Furukawa T, Sakamoto N, Suzuki M, Kimura M, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Precocene II, a Trichothecene Production Inhibitor, Binds to Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel and Increases the Superoxide Level in Mitochondria of Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135031. [PMID: 26248339 PMCID: PMC4527739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Precocene II, a constituent of essential oils, shows antijuvenile hormone activity in insects and inhibits trichothecene production in fungi. We investigated the molecular mechanism by which precocene II inhibits trichothecene production in Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight and trichothecene contamination in grains. Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, was identified as the precocene II-binding protein by an affinity magnetic bead method. Precocene II increased the superoxide level in mitochondria as well as the amount of oxidized mitochondrial proteins. Ascorbic acid, glutathione, and α-tocopherol promoted trichothecene production by the fungus. These antioxidants compensated for the inhibitory activity of precocene II on trichothecene production. These results suggest that the binding of precocene II to VDAC may cause high superoxide levels in mitochondria, which leads to stopping of trichothecene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Furukawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Genetic approaches to chemotype determination in type B-trichothecene producing Fusaria. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 189:164-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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