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Manigart O, Ouedraogo I, Ouedraogo HS, Sow A, Lokossou VK. Dengue epidemic in Burkina Faso: how can the response improve? Lancet 2024; 403:434-435. [PMID: 38272051 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Manigart
- West African Health Organization, Bobo-Dioulasso 01BP153, Burkina Faso; School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; GFA Consulting Group, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Issa Ouedraogo
- West African Health Organization, Bobo-Dioulasso 01BP153, Burkina Faso; General Direction of Public Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Abdourahmane Sow
- West African Health Organization, Bobo-Dioulasso 01BP153, Burkina Faso; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Virgile Kuassi Lokossou
- West African Health Organization, Bobo-Dioulasso 01BP153, Burkina Faso; Regional Center for Surveillance and Diseases Control, Abuja, Nigeria
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Kadjo YMAE, Adja AM, Guindo-Coulibaly N, Zoh DD, Traoré DF, Assouho KF, Sadia-Kacou MAC, Kpan MDS, Yapi A, Chandre F. Insecticide Resistance and Metabolic Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from Two Agrosystems (Vegetable and Cotton Crops) in Côte d'Ivoire. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:475-485. [PMID: 37615509 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes vectors mosquitoes poses a real challenge for arboviral-borne disease control. In Côte d'Ivoire, data are available on phenotypic resistance and the presence of kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti. Therefore, information on metabolic resistance in Aedes populations is very scarce. Here, we assessed the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti in periurban and rural areas of Côte d'Ivoire, and we investigated the role of detoxification enzymes as possible resistance mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Aedes mosquito eggs were collected between June 2019 to April 2021 in two agricultural sites. Adults of Ae. aegypti were tested using World Health Organization tube assays, with seven insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, organochlorines, carbamates, and organophosphates classes. We determined the knockdown times (KdT50, KdT95) and resistance ratios of pyrethroids in natural populations. The synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was used to investigate the role of enzymes in resistance. Biochemical assays were performed to detect potential increased activities in mixed-function oxidase levels, nonspecific esterases (NSEs), and glutathione S-transferases. Results: The results showed that Ae. aegypti populations were resistant to five insecticides with mortality of 46% and 89% for 0.75% permethrin, 68% and 92% for 0.05% deltamethrin, 57% and 89% for lambda-cyhalothrin, 41% and 47% for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 82% and 91% for chlorpyrifos-methyl in Songon-Agban and Kaforo, respectively. Susceptibility to carbamates was observed in our study sites. After exposure to PBO, the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to pyrethroids and DDT was partially restored in Songon-Agban. Whereas in Kaforo, none increase of the mortality rates of Ae. aegypti for these four insecticides was observed after exposure to PBO. Increased activity of NSE (α-esterases) was found in Songon-Agban compared with the reference susceptible strain. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable information to support decisions for vector control strategies in Cote d'Ivoire. Also, we highlight the need for the monitoring of insecticide resistance management in Aedes vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapo Marie-Ange Edwige Kadjo
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de la Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Akré M Adja
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de la Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Négnorogo Guindo-Coulibaly
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dounin Danielle Zoh
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de la Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Konan Fabrice Assouho
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | - Ahoua Yapi
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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Konkon AK, Padonou GG, Osse R, Salako AS, Zoungbédji DM, Sina H, Sovi A, Tokponnon F, Aïkpon R, Noukpo H, Baba-Moussa L, Akogbéto MC. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in southern Benin, West Africa. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:22. [PMID: 37085936 PMCID: PMC10122308 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes could undermine efforts to control arboviruses. The present study aims to assess in some communes of Southern Benin, the susceptibility level of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) to insecticides commonly used in public health, as well as mechanisms involved. METHODS Females Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti collected in Ifangni, Porto-Novo, Avrankou, Adjarra and Kétou from June 2021 to October 2022, were exposed to: deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, alpha-cypermethrin 0.05%, pirimiphos methyl 0.25% and bendiocarb 0.1%, following the standard WHO susceptibility tube test protocol. In some sites, pre-exposure to the synergist PBO was used to verify if pyrethroid resistance of populations of Aedes was mediated by oxidases. RESULTS Full susceptibility to deltamethrin and permethrin was observed in all tested populations of Ae. albopictus. However, with alphacypermethrin, a suspected resistance was observed in Adjarra (94.67%), Ifangni (93%) and Porto-Novo (94%), and a resistance in Avrankou (83%). The PBO-alphacypermethrin tests performed, led to a full susceptibility (100%) in all four sites, which confirms the full involvement of oxidases in resistance of all tested populations of Ae. albopictus to alphacypermethrin. At the opposite, Aedes aegypti was either resistant or suspected of being resistant to all tested pyrethroids in all four sites, except in Ifangni where a full susceptibility to alphacypermethrin was observed. The full susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl in all communes suggests that these two insecticides can be good candidates for an effective control of pyrethroid-resistant Aedes vector populations. Use of permethrin and deltamethrin could also be considered for controlling populations of Ae. albopictus. CONCLUSION Results of the present study will help guide strategy to implement for an effective control of Aedes vector populations in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse Keller Konkon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin.
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Germain Gil Padonou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Razaki Osse
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
- École de Gestion et d'exploitation des Systèmes d'élevage de l'Université Nationale d'Agriculture de Porto-Novo, Porto-Novo, Benin
| | | | - David Mahouton Zoungbédji
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Haziz Sina
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Filemon Tokponnon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Rock Aïkpon
- Ministère de la Santé, 08 BP 882, Cotonou, Benin
- Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologies, Ingénierie Et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Abomey, Benin
| | - Herbert Noukpo
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
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Abdulai A, Owusu-Asenso CM, Akosah-Brempong G, Mohammed AR, Sraku IK, Attah SK, Forson AO, Weetman D, Afrane YA. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in southern and northern Ghana. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:135. [PMID: 37072865 PMCID: PMC10111668 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of Aedes-borne arboviral diseases are becoming rampant in Africa. In Ghana, there is no organized arboviral control programme with interventions restricted to mitigate outbreaks. Insecticide application is a crucial part of outbreak responses and future preventative control measures. Thus, knowledge of the resistance status and underlying mechanisms of Aedes populations is required to ensure optimal insecticide choices. The present study assessed the insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti populations from southern Ghana (Accra, Tema and Ada Foah) and northern Ghana (Navrongo) respectively. METHODS Phenotypic resistance was determined with WHO susceptibility tests using Ae. aegypti collected as larvae and reared into adults. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations were detected using allele-specific PCR. Synergist assays were performed with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to investigate the possible involvement of metabolic mechanisms in resistance phenotypes. RESULTS Resistance to DDT was moderate to high across sites (11.3 to 75.8%) and, for the pyrethroids deltamethrin and permethrin, moderate resistance was detected (62.5 to 88.8%). The 1534C kdr and 1016I kdr alleles were common in all sites (0.65 to 1) and may be on a trajectory toward fixation. In addition, a third kdr mutant, V410L, was detected at lower frequencies (0.03 to 0.31). Pre-exposure to PBO significantly increased the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to deltamethrin and permethrin (P < 0.001). This indicates that in addition to kdr mutants, metabolic enzymes (monooxygenases) may be involved in the resistance phenotypes observed in the Ae. aegypti populations in these sites. CONCLUSION Insecticide resistance underpinned by multiple mechanisms in Ae. aegypti indicates the need for surveillance to assist in developing appropriate vector control strategies for arboviral disease control in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Abdulai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher Mfum Owusu-Asenso
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gabriel Akosah-Brempong
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul Rahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kwame Sraku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Simon Kwaku Attah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Akua Obeng Forson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Balboné M, Diloma Soma D, Fogné Drabo S, Namountougou M, Konaté H, Benson Meda G, Sawadogo I, Romba R, Bilgo E, Nebié RCH, Bassolé IHN, Dabire RK, Gnankine O. Alternatives to Pyrethroid Resistance: Combinations of Cymbopogon nardus and Ocimum americanum Essential Oils Improve the Bioefficiency Control Against the Adults' Populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2102-2109. [PMID: 36223259 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dengue vector control strategies are mostly based on chemicals use against Aedes aegypti populations. The current study aimed at investigating the insecticidal effects of essential oils (EOs) obtained from five plant species, Cymbopogon citrates (D. C.) Stapf. (Poaceae), Cymbopogon nardus (Linn.) Rendle (Poaceae), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Linn. (Myrtaceae), Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae), and Ocimum americanum Linn. Lamiaceae, and combinations of Cymbopogon nardus and Ocimum americanum on Ae. aegypti populations from Bobo-Dioulasso. For this purpose, adults of the susceptible and field strains of Ae. aegypti were tested in WHO tubes with EO alone and binary combinations of O. americanum (OA) and C. nardus (CN; scored from C1 to C9). The extraction of the essential oils was done by hydrodistillation, and their components were determined by GC/MS. Among the 5 EOs tested, L. multiflora essential oil was the most efficient, with KDT50 values below 60 min on all Ae. aegypti strains tested, and also with a rate of mortality up to 100 and 85% for Bora Bora and Bobo-Dioulasso strains, respectively. This efficacy may be due to its major compounds which are with major compounds as β-caryophyllene, p-cymene, thymol acetate, and 1.8 cineol. Interestingly, on all strains, C8 combination showed a synergistic effect, while C2 showed an additive effect. These combinations exhibit a rate of mortality varying from 80 to 100%. Their toxicity would be due to the major compounds and the putative combined effects of some major and minor compounds. More importanly, L. multiflora EO and combinations of C. nardus and O. americanum EO, may be used as alternatives against pyrethroid resistant of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamoudou Balboné
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Samuel Fogné Drabo
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso BP 545, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamadou Konaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso BP 545, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Georges Benson Meda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Ignace Sawadogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7047, Burkina Faso
| | - Rahim Romba
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Etienne Bilgo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Roger C H Nebié
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7047, Burkina Faso
| | - Imaël H N Bassolé
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabire
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankine
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Kwame Amlalo G, Akorli J, Etornam Akyea-Bobi N, Sowa Akporh S, Aqua-Baidoo D, Opoku M, Frempong K, Pi-Bansa S, Boakye HA, Joannides J, Nyarko Osei JH, Pwalia R, Abla Akorli E, Manu A, Dadzie SK. Evidence of High Frequencies of Insecticide Resistance Mutations in Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Urban Accra, Ghana: Implications for Insecticide-based Vector Control of Aedes-borne Arboviral Diseases. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2090-2101. [PMID: 36066455 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The most widespread arboviral diseases such as Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika are transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes. Due to the lack of effective therapeutics for most of these diseases, vector control remains the most effective preventative and control measure. This study investigated and compared the species composition, insecticide susceptibility, and resistance mechanisms in Aedes mosquito populations from a forest reserve converted to an eco-park and a peri-domestic sites in urban Accra, Ghana. Immature Aedes were sampled from the study sites, raised to adults, and exposed to deltamethrin, permethrin, DDT, fenitrothion, bendiocarb, permethrin + PBO, and deltamethrin + PBO using WHO tube assays. Melting curve analyses were performed for F1536C, V1016I, and V410L genetic mutations in surviving and dead mosquitoes following exposure to deltamethrin and permethrin. Microplate assay was used to access enzyme activity levels in adult mosquitoes from both populations. Aedes aegypti was found to be the dominant species from both study populations. The susceptibility test results revealed a high frequency of resistance to all the insecticides except fenitrothion. F1534C mutations were observed in 100% and 97% of mosquitoes from the peri-domestic and forest population, respectively but were associated with pyrethroid resistance only in the forest population (P < 0.0001). For the first time in Aedes mosquitoes in Ghana, we report the existence V410L mutations, mostly under selection only in the forest population (HWE P < 0.0001) and conclude that Aedes vectors in urban Accra have developed resistance to many commonly used insecticides. This information is important for the formulation of vector control strategies for Aedes control in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Kwame Amlalo
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nukunu Etornam Akyea-Bobi
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Sowa Akporh
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dominic Aqua-Baidoo
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Millicent Opoku
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Frempong
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sellase Pi-Bansa
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena A Boakye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joannitta Joannides
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rebecca Pwalia
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Esinam Abla Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alexander Manu
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel K Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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7
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Toé HK, Zongo S, Guelbeogo MW, Kamgang B, Viana M, Tapsoba M, Sanou A, Traoré A, McCall PJ, Sagnon N. Multiple insecticide resistance and first evidence of V410L kdr mutation in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) from Burkina Faso. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:309-319. [PMID: 35869781 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The response to recent dengue outbreaks in Burkina Faso was insecticide-based, despite poor knowledge of the vector population's susceptibility to the insecticides used. Here, we report on the susceptibility to the main insecticide classes and identify important underlying mechanisms in Aedes aegypti populations in Ouagadougou and Banfora, in 2019 and 2020. Wild Ae. aegypti were tested as adults in WHO bioassays and then screened in real time melting curve qPCR analyses to genotype the F1534C, V1016I, and V410L Aedes kdr mutations. Ae. aegypti showed moderate resistance to 0.1% bendiocarb (80-95% survival post-exposure), 0.8% Malathion (60-100%), 0.21% pirimiphos-methyl (75% - 97%), and high resistance to 0.03% deltamethrin (20-70%). PBO pre-exposure partially restored pyrethroid susceptibility. Genotyping detected high frequency of 1534C allele (0.92) and moderate 1016I (0.1-0.32). The V410L mutation was detected in Burkina Faso for the first time (frequency 0.1-0.36). Mosquitoes surviving 4 h exposure to 0.03% deltamethrin had significantly higher frequencies of the F1534C mutation than dead mosquitoes (0.70 vs. 0.96, p < 0.0001) and mosquitoes surviving 2 - 4 h exposure had a significantly reduced life span. Ae. aegypti from Burkina Faso are resistant to multiple insecticide classes with multiple mechanisms involved, demonstrating the essential role of insecticide resistance monitoring within national dengue control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyacinthe K Toé
- Laboratoire de recherche, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Soumanaba Zongo
- Laboratoire de recherche, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa W Guelbeogo
- Laboratoire de recherche, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Madou Tapsoba
- Laboratoire de recherche, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Antoine Sanou
- Laboratoire de recherche, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alphonse Traoré
- Laboratoire de recherche, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Philip J McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - N'Falé Sagnon
- Laboratoire de recherche, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Balboné M, Soma DD, Namountougou M, Drabo SF, Konaté H, Toe O, Bayili K, Meda GB, Dabiré RK, Gnankine O. Essential Oils From Five Local Plants: An Alternative Larvicide for Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Control in Western Burkina Faso. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.853405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMalaria and dengue are two main vector-borne infectious diseases transmitted by Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, respectively, in tropical and subtropical regions. The concern for environmental safety and the increasing development of resistance to the chemical in main arthropod vectors raises interest in the search for botanicals such as essential oils (EOs) that can be used in vector control.MethodsLarvicidal bioassays were performed according to the WHO standard methods using Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae larvae collected from Bobo-Dioulasso and in the Kou Valley (VK), respectively, two areas located in Houet Province of western Burkina Faso. Kisumu and Bora bora, the susceptible strains of An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti, respectively, were used as controls. OEs extracted from leaves of five aromatic plants, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Lippia multiflora, and Ocimum americanum, naturally growing in Burkina Faso were tested. The pyriproxyfen was used as a positive control.ResultsAs a result, the lethal concentrations (LC50) for Ae. aegypti from Bobo-Dioulasso and An. gambiae from VK ranged from 41.9 to 103.8 ppm and 39.5 to 138.1 ppm, respectively. As for LC90 values, they ranged from 74.6 to 311.3 ppm for Ae. aegypti from Bobo-Dioulasso and from 90.2 to 328.9 ppm for An. gambiae from VK. Among the EOs tested, L. multiflora showed the highest activity against all the strains of An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti larvae. No difference in terms of LC50 values was found between L. multiflora and pyriproxyfen used as a positive control on An. gambiae larvae. It is not the case for Aedes aegypti populations, where pyriproxyfen remains the most toxic. Overall, An. gambiae populations were the most susceptible to EOs tested as compared to Ae. aegypti populations.ConclusionOur study furthers our knowledge of the larvicidal activity of EOs in the western part of Burkina and opens new avenues in their putative use in vector control strategies.
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Owusu-Asenso CM, Mingle JAA, Weetman D, Afrane YA. Spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Ghana. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:61. [PMID: 35183249 PMCID: PMC8858493 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control is the main intervention used to control arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes because there are no effective vaccines or treatments for most of them. Control of Aedes mosquitoes relies heavily on the use of insecticides, the effectiveness of which may be impacted by resistance. In addition, rational insecticide application requires detailed knowledge of vector distribution, dynamics, resting, and feeding behaviours, which are poorly understood for Aedes mosquitoes in Africa. This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti across ecological extremes of Ghana. Methods
Immature mosquitoes were sampled from containers in and around human dwellings at seven study sites in urban, suburban, and rural areas of Ghana. Adult Aedes mosquitoes were sampled indoors and outdoors using Biogents BG-Sentinel 2 mosquito traps, human landing catches, and Prokopack aspiration. Distributions of immature and adult Aedes mosquitoes were determined indoors and outdoors during dry and rainy seasons at all sites. The phenotypic resistance status of Aedes mosquitoes to insecticides was determined using World Health Organization susceptibility bioassays. The host blood meal source was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Results A total of 16,711 immature Aedes were sampled, with over 70% found in car tyres. Significantly more breeding containers had Aedes immatures during the rainy season (11,856; 70.95%) compared to the dry season (4855; 29.05%). A total of 1895 adult Aedes mosquitos were collected, including Aedes aegypti (97.8%), Aedes africanus (2.1%) and Aedesluteocephalus (0.1%). Indoor sampling of adult Aedes yielded a total of 381 (20.1%) and outdoor sampling a total of 1514 (79.9%) mosquitoes (z = − 5.427, P = 0.0000) over the entire sampling period. Aedes aegypti populations were resistant to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at all study sites. Vectors showed suspected resistance to bendiocarb (96–97%), permethrin (90–96%) and deltamethrin (91–96%), and were susceptible to the organophosphate for all study sites. Blood meal analysis showed that the Aedes mosquitoes were mostly anthropophilic, with a human blood index of 0.9 (i.e. humans, 90%; human and dog, 5%; dog and cow, 5%). Conclusions Aedes mosquitoes were found at high densities in all ecological zones of Ghana. Resistance of Aedes spp. to pyrethroids and carbamates may limit the efficacy of vector control programmes and thus requires careful monitoring. Graphical
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Mukhtar MM, Ibrahim SS. Temporal Evaluation of Insecticide Resistance in Populations of the Major Arboviral Vector Aedes Aegypti from Northern Nigeria. INSECTS 2022; 13:187. [PMID: 35206760 PMCID: PMC8876019 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To support evidence-based control measures, two Nigerian Aedes populations (BUK and Pantami) were characterised. Larval bioassay using temephos and deltamethrin revealed a significant increase in deltamethrin resistance, with LC50 of 0.018mg/L (resistance ratio compared to New Orleans, RR = 2.250) in 2018 increasing ~6-fold, by 2019 (LC50 = 0.100mg/L, RR = 12.5), and ~11-fold in 2020 (LC50 = 0.198mg/L, RR = 24.750). For the median deltamethrin concentration (0.05mg/L), a gradual decrease in mortality was observed, from 50.6% in 2018, to 44.9% in 2019, and 34.2% in 2020. Extremely high DDT resistance was observed, with <3% mortalities and LT50s of 352.87 min, 369.19 min and 406.94 min in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Significant temporal increase in resistance was observed towards ƛ-cyhalothrin (a type II pyrethroid) over three years. Synergist bioassays with diethylmaleate and piperonylbutoxide significantly recovered DDT and ƛ-cyhalothrin susceptibility respectively, implicating glutathione S-transferases and CYP450s. Cone bioassays revealed increased resistance to the PermaNet® 3.0, side panels (mortalities of 94% in 2018, 66.4% in 2019, and 73.6% in 2020), while full susceptibility was obtained with the roof of PermaNet® 3.0. The F1534C kdr mutation occurred in low frequency, with significant correlation between heterozygote genotypes and DDT resistance. This temporal increase in resistance is a major challenge for control of this vector of public health importance.
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Review of the ecology and behaviour of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Western Africa and implications for vector control. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100074. [PMID: 35726222 PMCID: PMC7612875 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Western Africa is vulnerable to arboviral disease transmission, having recently experienced major outbreaks of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika. However, there have been relatively few studies on the natural history of the two major human arbovirus vectors in this region, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, potentially limiting the implementation of effective vector control. We systematically searched for and reviewed relevant studies on the behaviour and ecology of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Western Africa, published over the last 40 years. We identified 73 relevant studies, over half of which were conducted in Nigeria, Senegal, or Côte d'Ivoire. Most studies investigated the ecology of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, exploring the impact of seasonality and land cover on mosquito populations and identifying aquatic habitats. This review highlights the adaptation of Ae. albopictus to urban environments and its invasive potential, and the year-round maintenance of Ae. aegypti populations in water storage containers. However, important gaps were identified in the literature on the behaviour of both species, particularly Ae. albopictus. In Western Africa, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus appear to be mainly anthropophilic and to bite predominantly during the day, but further research is needed to confirm this to inform planning of effective vector control strategies. We discuss the public health implications of these findings and comment on the suitability of existing and novel options for control in Western Africa.
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Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo MS, Mavridis K, Talipouo A, Nchoutpouen E, Makoudjou I, Bamou R, Mayi AMP, Awono-Ambene P, Tchuinkam T, Vontas J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Analyses of Insecticide Resistance Genes in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquito Populations from Cameroon. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060828. [PMID: 34071214 PMCID: PMC8229692 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes could pose major challenges for arboviral-borne disease control. In this paper, insecticide susceptibility level and resistance mechanisms were assessed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from urban settings of Cameroon. The F1 progeny of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus collected in Douala, Yaoundé and Dschang from August to December 2020 was tested using WHO tube assays with four insecticides: deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, DDT 4% and bendiocarb 0.1%. TaqMan, qPCR and RT-qPCR assays were used to detect kdr mutations and the expression profiles of eight detoxification genes. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Douala were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. Three kdr mutations, F1534C, V1016G and V1016I were detected in Aedes aegypti populations from Douala and Dschang. The kdr allele F1534C was predominant (90%) in Aedes aegypti and was detected for the first time in Aedes albopictus (2.08%). P450s genes, Cyp9J28 (2.23-7.03 folds), Cyp9M6 (1.49-2.59 folds), Cyp9J32 (1.29-3.75 folds) and GSTD4 (1.34-55.3 folds) were found overexpressed in the Douala and Yaoundé Aedes aegypti populations. The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus calls for alternative strategies towards the control and prevention of arboviral vector-borne diseases in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.-T.); (C.A.-N.)
| | - Mariette Stella Nana-Ndjangwo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Idene Makoudjou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Audrey Marie Paul Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Correspondence: (B.D.-T.); (C.A.-N.)
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Sene NM, Mavridis K, Ndiaye EH, Diagne CT, Gaye A, Ngom EHM, Ba Y, Diallo D, Vontas J, Dia I, Diallo M. Insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in Aedes aegypti populations from Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009393. [PMID: 33970904 PMCID: PMC8136859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the main epidemic vector of arboviruses in Africa. In Senegal, control activities are mainly limited to mitigation of epidemics, with limited information available for Ae. aegypti populations. A better understanding of the current Ae. aegypti susceptibility status to various insecticides and relevant resistance mechanisms involved is needed for the implementation of effective vector control strategies. The present study focuses on the detection of insecticide resistance and reveals the related mechanisms in Ae. aegypti populations from Senegal. Bioassays were performed on Ae. aegypti adults from nine Senegalese localities (Matam, Louga, Barkedji, Ziguinchor, Mbour, Fatick, Dakar, Kédougou and Touba). Mosquitoes were exposed to four classes of insecticides using the standard WHO protocols. Resistance mechanisms were investigated by genotyping for pyrethroid target site resistance mutations (V1016G, V1016I, F1534C and S989P) and measuring gene expression levels of key detoxification genes (CYP6BB2, CYP9J26, CYP9J28, CYP9J32, CYP9M6, CCEae3a and GSTD4). All collected populations were resistant to DDT and carbamates except for the ones in Matam (Northern region). Resistance to permethrin was uniformly detected in mosquitoes from all areas. Except for Barkédji and Touba, all populations were characterized by a susceptibility to 0.75% Permethrin. Susceptibility to type II pyrethroids was detected only in the Southern regions (Kédougou and Ziguinchor). All mosquito populations were susceptible to 5% Malathion, but only Kédougou and Matam mosquitoes were susceptible to 0.8% Malathion. All populations were resistant to 0.05% Pirimiphos-methyl, whereas those from Louga, Mbour and Barkédji, also exhibited resistance to 1% Fenitrothion. None of the known target site pyrethroid resistance mutations was present in the mosquito samples included in the genotyping analysis (performed in > 1500 samples). In contrast, a remarkably high (20-70-fold) overexpression of major detoxification genes was observed, suggesting that insecticide resistance is mostly mediated through metabolic mechanisms. These data provide important evidence to support dengue vector control in Senegal. In Senegal, as in most African countries, the arbovirus epidemics control policy relies on the control of the main vector Ae. aegypti though insecticide applications. Vector control strategies have been largely adopted without information on the vector populations’ insecticide resistance mechanisms. We profiled here the resistance status of nine Ae. aegypti populations from Senegal to four classes of insecticides and their related mechanisms. Our findings revealed high resistance to carbamates, a relative susceptibility of southern populations to pyrethroids and a variable efficacy of organophosphates. Resistance to pyrethroids was driven by a significant overexpression of detoxification genes linked to insecticide metabolism. Our results contribute towards a more targeted and efficient control of Ae. aegypti populations and thus of arbovirus epidemics in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Crete, Greece
| | - El Hadji Ndiaye
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- MIVEGEC (Infectious Diseases and Vector: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control), IRD (Institut de recherché pour le Développement), Montpellier, France
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Yamar Ba
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Crete, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
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