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Snow R, Tse M, Hill F, Choi YR, Beatty J, Grioni A. CONCURRENT IRON OVERLOAD AND NEOPLASIA IN LESCHENAULT'S ROUSETTES ( ROUSETTUS LESCHENAULTII): A CASE SERIES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:235-247. [PMID: 38453508 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This case series investigates a cluster of deaths in a captive colony of Leschenault's rousettes (Rousettus leschenaultii). Six of seven bats that died between March and September 2021 were diagnosed postmortem with both iron overload (IO) and neoplasia, neither of which have previously been reported in this species. Iron status was assessed via hepatic histopathological grading, hepatic iron concentration, and, in two cases, serum iron concentration. On histopathological grading, all cases had hemochromatosis except one, which had hemosiderosis. Hepatic iron concentrations did not correlate with histopathological grading. Neoplasms in these six bats included hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 4), bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma (1), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (1), and sarcoma of the spleen and stomach (1). One bat had two neoplasms (HCC and sarcoma of the spleen and stomach). One additional case of HCC in 2018 was identified on retrospective case review. Etiology was investigated to the extent possible in a clinical setting. Nutritional analysis and drinking water testing found oral iron intake within acceptable bounds; however, dietary vitamin C was potentially excessive and may have contributed to IO. Panhepadnavirus PCR testing of liver tissue was negative for all bats. A species-associated susceptibility to IO, as seen in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), is possible. The high incidence of HCC is suspected to be related to IO; other differentials include viral infection. Causes or contributing factors were not definitively identified for the other neoplasms seen but could include age, inherited risk (given a high level of inbreeding), or an oncogenic virus. Pending further research in this species, it is recommended that keepers of Leschenault's rousettes offer conservative amounts of vitamin C and iron (as for Egyptian fruit bats), submit for postmortem examination any euthanized or found dead, and share records of similar cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Snow
- Fauna Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China,
| | - May Tse
- City University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fraser Hill
- City University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Ru Choi
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare & Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia Beatty
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare & Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alessandro Grioni
- Fauna Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Hill MAM, Satchell T, Troyer RM. Detection of Felis catus Gammaherpesvirus 1 in Domestic Cat Saliva: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Attempted Virus Isolation. Pathogens 2024; 13:111. [PMID: 38392850 PMCID: PMC10891546 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) infects domestic cats worldwide, yet it has not been successfully propagated in cell culture, and little is known about how it is shed and transmitted. To investigate the salivary shedding of FcaGHV1, we quantified FcaGHV1 DNA in feline saliva by qPCR. For FcaGHV1-positive saliva, we sequenced a portion of the viral glycoprotein B (gB) gene and attempted to isolate the infectious virus by passage in several felid and non-felid cell lines. We detected FcaGHV1 DNA in 45/227 (19.8%) saliva samples with variable viral DNA loads from less than 100 to greater than 3 million copies/mL (median 4884 copies/mL). Multiple saliva samples collected from an infected cat over a two-month period were consistently positive, indicating that chronic shedding can occur for at least two months. Cat age, sex, and health status were not associated with shedding prevalence or viral DNA load in saliva. Feral status was also not associated with shedding prevalence. However, feral cats had significantly higher FcaGHV1 DNA load than non-feral cats. Sequencing of FcaGHV1 gB showed low sequence diversity and >99.5% nucleotide identity to the worldwide consensus FcaGHV1 gB sequence. We did not detect virus replication during the passage of FcaGHV1-positive saliva in cell culture, as indicated by consistently negative qPCR on cell lysate and supernatant. To our knowledge, these data show for the first time that cats in Canada are infected with FcaGHV1. The data further suggest that shedding of FcaGHV1 in saliva is common, can occur chronically over an extended period of time, and may occur at higher levels in feral compared to non-feral cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A. M. Hill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | | | - Ryan M. Troyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
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Almendros A, Choi YR, Leung TL, Tam WYJ, Hernandez Muguiro D, Woodhouse FM, Gray JJ, Beatty JA, Barrs VR. Low prevalence of Babesia hongkongensis infection in community and privately-owned cats in Hong Kong. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102278. [PMID: 37979475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Domestic cats are susceptible to infection with at least 11 species of Babesia. In Hong Kong, where dogs are commonly infected with B. gibsoni, a single infection in a cat by a novel species, B. hongkongensis, was reported previously. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of Babesia spp. detection in cats in Hong Kong. Residual blood-derived DNA from healthy free-roaming community cats (n = 239), and privately-owned cats with and without anaemia undergoing diagnostic investigations (n = 125) was tested for Babesia spp. DNA using a pan-Babesia PCR targeting mitochondrial Cytochrome B, and a B. hongkongensis specific PCR targeting 18S rRNA. Positive samples were confirmed by sequencing and comparative sequence analysis against the GenBank nucleotide database. Babesia hongkongensis was detected in 4/239 (1.7 %) community cats, and 0/125 (0.0 %) privately-owned cats. Babesia gibsoni was detected in 0/239 community cats and 1/125 (0.8 %) privately-owned cats. Cats infected with B. hongkongensis were clinically healthy at the time of sampling. The B. gibsoni-infected cat was anaemic and thrombocytopenic. Cats in Hong Kong can be infected with B. hongkongensis and B. gibsoni, albeit at low frequency. The tick vector for B. hongkongensis is yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Almendros
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Y R Choi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - T L Leung
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - W Y J Tam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - D Hernandez Muguiro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - F M Woodhouse
- The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Wan Chai, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - J J Gray
- The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Wan Chai, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - J A Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - V R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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Westman ME, Giselbrecht J, Norris JM, Malik R, Green J, Burton-Bradley E, Cheang A, Meili T, Meli ML, Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Field Performance of a Rapid Test to Detect Progressive, Regressive, and Abortive Feline Leukemia Virus Infections in Domestic Cats in Australia and Germany. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020491. [PMID: 36851705 PMCID: PMC9967048 DOI: 10.3390/v15020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Different feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection outcomes are possible in cats following natural exposure, such as progressive infections (persistent viremia), regressive infections (transient or no viremia followed by proviral persistence) and abortive infections (presence of only antibodies). Laboratory-based testing is currently required for categorization of infection outcomes in cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the field performance of a novel, rapid, combination point-of-care (PoC) test kit commercially available in Europe (v-RetroFel®Ag/Ab; 2020-2021 version) to determine different FeLV infection outcomes by concurrent detection of FeLV antigen (p27) and antibodies against FeLV transmembrane envelope protein (p15E). A secondary aim was to evaluate the performance of the same test kit (v-RetroFel®FIV) to determine positive/negative feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection status by the detection of antibodies to FIV capsid protein (p24) and transmembrane glycoprotein (gp40). Two cohorts of domestic cats were recruited and tested with v-RetroFel® using plasma or serum, including cats in Australia (n = 200) and cats in Germany (n = 170). Results from p27 antigen PoC testing, proviral DNA PCR, and neutralizing antibody testing or testing for antibodies against non-glycosylated surface unit envelope protein (p45) were used to assign cats to groups according to different FeLV infection outcomes. Testing with a laboratory-based FeLV p15E antibody ELISA was also performed for comparison. In the first cohort, v-RetroFel®Ag/Ab correctly identified 89% (109/122) FeLV-unexposed cats and 91% (21/23) progressive infections, but no regressive (0/23) or abortive (0/32) infections. In the second cohort, v-RetroFel®Ag/Ab correctly identified 94% (148/158) FeLV-unexposed cats and 100% (4/4) progressive infections, but no regressive (0/2) and only 17% (1/6) abortive infections. There was test agreement between v-RetroFel®Ab and the p15E laboratory ELISA in 58.9% of samples. As a secondary outcome of this study, the sensitivity and specificity of v-RetroFel®FIV testing in cohort 1 were 94.7% (18/19) and 98.3% (178/181), and in cohort 2, 30.0% (3/10) and 100.0% (160/160), respectively. Prior history of FIV vaccination did not produce any false-positive FIV results. In conclusion, v-RetroFel®Ag/Ab (2020-2021 version) was unable to accurately determine different FeLV infection outcomes in the field. Improvements of the test prior to application to field samples are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Juliana Giselbrecht
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, The University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline M. Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Jennifer Green
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elle Burton-Bradley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ashley Cheang
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Theres Meili
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, The University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, The University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, The University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Yang DN, Zhong LM, Huang FQ. Clinical effect of standardized nursing for lymphoma patients and the influencing factors of nosocomial infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32624. [PMID: 36701737 PMCID: PMC9857456 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To analyze the clinical effect of standardized nursing for lymphoma patients and the influencing factors of nosocomial infection, a total of 360 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with disease recurrence or progression after first-line treatment were retrospectively selected from our hospital from January 2021 to July 2022. After standardized nursing, the overall infection rate of lymphoma patients was 2.50% (9/360), which was significantly lower than the overall infection rate of our hospital in 2021 (7.44%, 844/11342) (P < .05). The proportion of 3 kinds of pathogenic bacteria detected were G+ bacteria (33.5%), G- bacteria (53.3%), and fungi (13.2%). The pathogenic bacteria genus with the most G+ bacteria is Enterococcus, the pathogenic bacteria genus with the most G+ bacteria is Enterobacteriaceae, and the pathogenic bacteria with the most fungi is Candida albicans. Female infection rate was significantly higher than male (P < .05). There was no significant difference in nosocomial infection among different marital status/fertility status (P > .05). The nosocomial infection of patients with different hospitalization times was statistically significant (P < .05). The duration of hospitalization in the infected group was significantly higher than that in the non-infected group (P < .05). The clinical effect of standardized nursing for lymphoma patients is significant, and the influencing factors of nosocomial infection include patient gender, hospitalization frequency, and hospitalization duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Na Yang
- General Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhong
- General Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * Correspondence: Li-Ming Zhong, General Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China (e-mail: )
| | - Feng-Qiong Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Choi YR, Chen MC, Carrai M, Rizzo F, Chai Y, Tse M, Jackson K, Martella V, Steiner J, Pesavento PA, Beatty JA, Barrs VR. Hepadnavirus DNA Is Detected in Canine Blood Samples in Hong Kong but Not in Liver Biopsies of Chronic Hepatitis or Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071543. [PMID: 35891523 PMCID: PMC9320092 DOI: 10.3390/v14071543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) caused by the hepadnavirus hepatitis B virus (HBV) are significant causes of human mortality. A hepatitis-B-like virus infecting cats, domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH), was reported in 2018. DCH DNA is hepatotropic and detectable in feline blood or serum (3.2 to 12.3%). Detection of HBV DNA has been reported in sera from 10% of free-roaming dogs in Brazil, whereas 6.3% of sera from dogs in Italy tested positive for DCH DNA by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). If DCH, HBV, or another hepadnavirus is hepatotropic in dogs, a role for such a virus in the etiology of canine idiopathic chronic hepatitis (CH) or HCC warrants investigation. This study investigated whether DCH DNA could be detected via qPCR in blood from dogs in Hong Kong and also whether liver biopsies from dogs with confirmed idiopathic CH or HCC contained hepadnaviral DNA using two panhepadnavirus conventional PCRs (cPCR) and a DCH-specific cPCR. DCH DNA was amplified from 2 of 501 (0.4%) canine whole-blood DNA samples. A second sample taken 6 or 7 months later from each dog tested negative in DCH qPCR. DNA extracted from 101 liver biopsies from dogs in Hong Kong or the USA, diagnosed by board-certified pathologists as idiopathic CH (n = 47) or HCC (n = 54), tested negative for DCH DNA and also tested negative using panhepadnavirus cPCRs. This study confirms that DCH DNA can be detected in canine blood by qPCR, although at a much lower prevalence than that reported previously. We identified no evidence to support a pathogenic role for a hepadnavirus in canine idiopathic CH or HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ru Choi
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China; (Y.R.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Min-Chun Chen
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.-C.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Maura Carrai
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China; (Y.R.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China;
| | - Yingfei Chai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China;
| | - May Tse
- CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China;
| | - Ken Jackson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Joerg Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.-C.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Patricia A. Pesavento
- School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Julia A. Beatty
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China; (Y.R.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China; (Y.R.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China;
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Rose EC, Tse TY, Oates AW, Jackson K, Pfeiffer S, Donahoe SL, Setyo L, Barrs VR, Beatty JA, Pesavento PA. Oropharyngeal Shedding of Gammaherpesvirus DNA by Cats, and Natural Infection of Salivary Epithelium. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030566. [PMID: 35336972 PMCID: PMC8950464 DOI: 10.3390/v14030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Felis catus gammaherpesvirus-1 (FcaGHV1), a novel candidate oncogenic virus, infects cats worldwide. Whether the oropharynx is a site of virus shedding and persistence, and whether oronasal carcinomas harbor FcaGHV1 nucleic acid were investigated. In a prospective molecular epidemiological study, FcaGHV1 DNA was detected by cPCR in oropharyngeal swabs from 26/155 (16.8%) of cats. Oropharyngeal shedding was less frequently detected in kittens ≤3 months of age (5/94, 5.3%) than in older animals; >3 months to ≤1 year: 8/26, 30.8%, (p = 0.001, OR 7.91, 95% CI (2.320, 26.979)); >1 year to ≤6 years: 10/20, 50%, (p < 0.001, OR 17.8 95% CI (5.065, 62.557)); >6 years: 3/15, 33% (p = 0.078). Provenance (shelter-owned/privately owned) was not associated with shedding. In situ hybridization (ISH) identified FcaGHV1-infected cells in salivary glandular epithelium but not in other oronasal tissues from two of three cats shedding viral DNA in the oropharynx. In a retrospective dataset of 11 oronasopharyngeal carcinomas, a single tumor tested positive for FcaGHV1 DNA by ISH, a papillary carcinoma, where scattered neoplastic cells showed discrete nuclear hybridization. These data support the oronasopharynx as a site of FcaGHV1 shedding, particularly after maternal antibodies are expected to decline. The salivary epithelium is identified as a potential site of FcaGHV1 persistence. No evidence supporting a role for FcaGHV1 in feline oronasal carcinomas was found in the examined tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Rose
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Tiffany Y. Tse
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Andrew W. Oates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ken Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Susanne Pfeiffer
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Shannon L. Donahoe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Laura Setyo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julia A. Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Patricia A. Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
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8
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Tsai MS, François S, Newman C, Macdonald DW, Buesching CD. Patterns of Genital Tract Mustelid Gammaherpesvirus 1 (Musghv-1) Reactivation Are Linked to Stressors in European Badgers ( Meles Meles). Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050716. [PMID: 34064759 PMCID: PMC8151406 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesvirus reactivation can promote diseases or impair reproduction. Understanding reactivation patterns and associated risks of different stressors is therefore important. Nevertheless, outside the laboratory or captive environment, studies on the effects of stress on gammaherpesvirus reactivation in wild mammals are lacking. Here we used Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) infection in European badgers (Meles meles) as a host-pathogen wildlife model to study the effects of a variety of demographic, physiological and environmental stressors on virus shedding in the genital tract. We collected 251 genital swabs from 150 free-ranging individuals across three seasons and screened them for the presence of MusGHV-1 DNA using PCR targeting the DNA polymerase gene. We explored possible links between MusGHV-1 DNA presence and seven variables reflecting stressors, using logistic regression analysis. The results reveal different sets of risk factors between juveniles and adults, likely reflecting primary infection and reactivation. In adults, virus shedding was more likely in badgers in poorer body condition and younger than 5 years or older than 7; while in juveniles, virus shedding is more likely in females and individuals in better body condition. However, living in social groups with more cubs was a risk factor for all badgers. We discuss possible explanations for these risk factors and their links to stress in badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-shan Tsai
- Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK; (C.N.); (D.W.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah François
- Evolve.Zoo, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK;
| | - Chris Newman
- Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK; (C.N.); (D.W.M.)
- Cook’s Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc. (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, NS B0J 2H0, Canada;
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK; (C.N.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Christina D. Buesching
- Cook’s Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc. (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, NS B0J 2H0, Canada;
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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9
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Anti-SU Antibody Responses in Client-Owned Cats Following Vaccination against Feline Leukaemia Virus with Two Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccines (Fel-O-Vax ® Lv-K and Fel-O-Vax ® 5). Viruses 2021; 13:v13020240. [PMID: 33546485 PMCID: PMC7913631 DOI: 10.3390/v13020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A field study undertaken in Australia compared the antibody responses induced in client-owned cats that had been vaccinated using two inactivated whole feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) vaccines, the monovalent vaccine Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K and the polyvalent vaccine Fel-O-Vax® 5. Serum samples from 428 FeLV-uninfected cats (118 FeLV-vaccinated and 310 FeLV-unvaccinated) were tested for anti-FeLV neutralising antibodies (NAb) using a live virus neutralisation assay to identify 378 FeLV-unexposed (NAb-negative) and 50 FeLV-exposed (NAb-positive; abortive infections) cats, following by anti-surface unit (SU) FeLV-A and FeLV-B antibody ELISA testing. An additional 42 FeLV-infected cats (28 presumptively regressively infected, 14 presumptively progressively infected) were also tested for anti-SU antibodies. NAb-positive cats displayed significantly higher anti-SU antibody ELISA responses compared to NAb-negative cats (p < 0.001). FeLV-unexposed cats (NAb-negative) that had been vaccinated less than 18 months after a previous FeLV vaccination using the monovalent vaccine (Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K) displayed higher anti-SU antibody ELISA responses than a comparable group vaccinated with the polyvalent vaccine (Fel-O-Vax® 5) (p < 0.001 for both anti-FeLV-A and FeLV-B SU antibody responses). This difference in anti-SU antibody responses between cats vaccinated with the monovalent or polyvalent vaccine, however, was not observed in cats that had been naturally exposed to FeLV (NAb-positive) (p = 0.33). It was postulated that vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® 5 primed the humoral response prior to FeLV exposure, such that antibody production increased when the animal was challenged, while vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K induced an immediate preparatory antibody response that did not quantitatively increase after FeLV exposure. These results raise questions about the comparable vaccine efficacy of the different FeLV vaccine formulations and correlates of protection.
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10
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Little S, Levy J, Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie M, Olah G, Denis KS. 2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:5-30. [PMID: 31916872 PMCID: PMC11135720 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19895940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infections are found in cats worldwide. Both infections are associated with a variety of clinical signs and can impact quality of life and longevity. SCOPE This document is an update of the 2008 American Association of Feline Practitioners' feline retrovirus management guidelines and represents current knowledge on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of retrovirus infections in cats. TESTING AND INTERPRETATION Although vaccines are available for FeLV in many countries and for FIV in some countries, identification of infected cats remains an important factor for preventing new infections. The retrovirus status of every cat at risk of infection should be known. Cats should be tested as soon as possible after they are acquired, following exposure to an infected cat or a cat of unknown infection status, prior to vaccination against FeLV or FIV, and whenever clinical illness occurs. It might not be possible to determine a cat's infection status based on testing at a single point in time; repeat testing using different methods could be required. Although FeLV and FIV infections can be associated with clinical disease, some infected cats, especially those infected with FIV, can live for many years with good quality of life. MANAGEMENT OF INFECTED CATS There is a paucity of data evaluating treatments for infected cats, especially antiretroviral and immunomodulatory drugs. Management of infected cats is focused on effective preventive healthcare strategies, and prompt identification and treatment of illness, as well as limiting the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Levy
- Charing Cross Cat Clinic, Brantford, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Glenn Olah
- Charing Cross Cat Clinic, Brantford, ON, Canada
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11
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Novacco M, Kohan NR, Stirn M, Meli ML, Díaz-Sánchez AA, Boretti FS, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Prevalence, Geographic Distribution, Risk Factors and Co-Infections of Feline Gammaherpesvirus Infections in Domestic Cats in Switzerland. Viruses 2019; 11:E721. [PMID: 31390829 PMCID: PMC6723517 DOI: 10.3390/v11080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a gammaherpesvirus was described in domestic cats (FcaGHV1). The goal of the present study was to investigate the presence of FcaGHV1 in Swiss domestic cats and analyze potential risk factors. Blood samples from 881 cats presented to veterinarians in all Swiss cantons and from 91 stray cats and neoplastic tissue samples from 17 cats with lymphoma were evaluated. FcaGHV1 was detected by real-time PCR targeting the glycoprotein B gene, followed by sequencing. Blood samples were also tested for feline hemoplasmas, feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The molecular prevalence of FcaGHV1 was 6.0% (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.5-7.8%) in cats presented to veterinarians and 5.5% (95% CI, 1.8-12.4%) in stray cats. FcaGHV1 PCR-positive cats originated from 19/26 Swiss cantons. Factors significantly associated with FcaGHV1 detection included male sex, age >3 years, nonpedigree status and co-infection with FIV and hemoplasmas. Moreover, FeLV viremia tended to be associated with FcaGHV1 detection. High FcaGHV1 blood loads were found more frequently in FeLV-viremic cats and less frequently in hemoplasma-infected cats than in uninfected cats. Clinical information was unavailable for most of the 881 cats, but leukemia, carcinoma and cardiomyopathy were reported in FcaGHV1-positive cats. None of the tissue samples from the 17 cats with lymphoma tested positive for FcaGHV1. Sequence analyses revealed homogeneity among the Swiss isolates and >99.7% identity to published FcaGHV1 sequences. In conclusion, FcaGHV1 is present in Switzerland with a similar prevalence in cats presented to veterinarians and in stray cats. The pathogenic potential of FcaGHV1 needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Neda Ranjbar Kohan
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Alberto Díaz-Sánchez
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Felicitas S Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Westman M, Norris J, Malik R, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Harvey A, McLuckie A, Perkins M, Schofield D, Marcus A, McDonald M, Ward M, Hall E, Sheehy P, Hosie M. The Diagnosis of Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) Infection in Owned and Group-Housed Rescue Cats in Australia. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060503. [PMID: 31159230 PMCID: PMC6630418 DOI: 10.3390/v11060503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A field study was undertaken to (i) measure the prevalence of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) exposure and FeLV infection in a cross-section of healthy Australian pet cats; and (ii) investigate the outcomes following natural FeLV exposure in two Australian rescue facilities. Group 1 (n = 440) consisted of healthy client-owned cats with outdoor access, predominantly from eastern Australia. Groups 2 (n = 38) and 3 (n = 51) consisted of a mixture of healthy and sick cats, group-housed in two separate rescue facilities in Sydney, Australia, tested following identification of index cases of FeLV infection in cats sourced from these facilities. Diagnostic testing for FeLV exposure/infection included p27 antigen testing using three different point-of-care FeLV kits and a laboratory-based ELISA, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing to detect FeLV proviral DNA in leukocytes, real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) testing to detect FeLV RNA in plasma, and neutralising antibody (NAb) testing. Cats were classified as FeLV-uninfected (FeLV-unexposed and presumptively FeLV-abortive infections) or FeLV-infected (presumptively regressive and presumptively progressive infections). In Group 1, 370 FeLV-unexposed cats (370/440, 84%), 47 abortive infections (47/440, 11%), nine regressive infections (9/440, 2%), and two progressive infections (2/440, 0.5%) were identified, and 12 FeLV-uninfected cats (12/440, 3%) were unclassifiable as FeLV-unexposed or abortive infections due to insufficient samples available for NAb testing. In Groups 2 and 3, 31 FeLV-unexposed cats (31/89, 35%), eight abortive infections (8/89, 9%), 22 regressive infections (22/89; 25%), and 19 progressive infections (19/89; 21%) were discovered, and nine FeLV-uninfected cats (9/89; 10%) were unclassifiable due to insufficient samples available for NAb testing. One of the presumptively progressively-infected cats in Group 3 was likely a focal FeLV infection. Two other presumptively progressively-infected cats in Group 3 may have been classified as regressive infections with repeated testing, highlighting the difficulties associated with FeLV diagnosis when sampling cats at a single time point, even with results from a panel of FeLV tests. These results serve as a reminder to Australian veterinarians that the threat of FeLV to the general pet cat population remains high, thus vigilant FeLV testing, separate housing for FeLV-infected cats, and FeLV vaccination of at-risk cats is important, particularly in group-housed cats in shelters and rescue facilities, where outbreaks of FeLV infection can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, The University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Harvey
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, 1 Richardson Place, North Ryde, Sydney, 2113 NSW, Australia.
| | - Alicia McLuckie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | - Alan Marcus
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Mike McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Michael Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Paul Sheehy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Margaret Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
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13
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14
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Beatty JA, Sharp CR, Duprex WP, Munday JS. Novel feline viruses: Emerging significance of gammaherpesvirus and morbillivirus infections. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:5-11. [PMID: 30472918 PMCID: PMC10814182 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18808102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE New technologies capable of sequencing the genetic material in any given biological sample, combined with computer-based algorithms for sequence assembly and analysis, have revolutionised infectious disease research. The rate at which novel viruses are being discovered now exceeds our understanding of their clinical relevance. Novel viruses may contribute to diseases that are major causes of feline morbidity and mortality, including cancer and chronic kidney disease. The identification of new viral pathogens raises the prospect of not only improved patient outcomes through specific treatment but even disease prevention through viral control measures. CLINICAL CHALLENGES It can be difficult to determine the role of a novel virus in disease development. Disease may be an occasional outcome, often years after infection. A high prevalence of infection in the general population can make disease associations harder to identify and almost impossible to rule out. Host cofactors such as immune dysfunction, genetic background or coinfections may be required for manifestation of disease, and one virus species may be linked to a range of pathological sequelae. Establishing causality relies on evaluating accumulating evidence from multiple investigations, which is often hard to access by practitioners. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE The worldwide distribution of gammaherpesvirus and morbillivirus infections in domestic cats underlines the potential of these viruses to negatively impact feline health and welfare globally. EVIDENCE BASE This review relies on grade la-III evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Beatty
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Claire R Sharp
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
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15
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Paulin MV, Couronné L, Beguin J, Le Poder S, Delverdier M, Semin MO, Bruneau J, Cerf-Bensussan N, Malamut G, Cellier C, Benchekroun G, Tiret L, German AJ, Hermine O, Freiche V. Feline low-grade alimentary lymphoma: an emerging entity and a potential animal model for human disease. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:306. [PMID: 30305106 PMCID: PMC6180644 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade alimentary lymphoma (LGAL) is characterised by the infiltration of neoplastic T-lymphocytes, typically in the small intestine. The incidence of LGAL has increased over the last ten years and it is now the most frequent digestive neoplasia in cats and comprises 60 to 75% of gastrointestinal lymphoma cases. Given that LGAL shares common clinical, paraclinical and ultrasonographic features with inflammatory bowel diseases, establishing a diagnosis is challenging. A review was designed to summarise current knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline LGAL. Electronic searches of PubMed and Science Direct were carried out without date or language restrictions. RESULTS A total of 176 peer-reviewed documents were identified and most of which were published in the last twenty years. 130 studies were found from the veterinary literature and 46 from the human medicine literature. Heterogeneity of study designs and outcome measures made meta-analysis inappropriate. The pathophysiology of feline LGAL still needs to be elucidated, not least the putative roles of infectious agents, environmental factors as well as genetic events. The most common therapeutic strategy is combination treatment with prednisolone and chlorambucil, and prolonged remission can often be achieved. Developments in immunohistochemical analysis and clonality testing have improved the confidence of clinicians in obtaining a correct diagnosis between LGAL and IBD. The condition shares similarities with some diseases in humans, especially human indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSIONS The pathophysiology of feline LGAL still needs to be elucidated and prospective studies as well as standardisation of therapeutic strategies are needed. A combination of conventional histopathology and immunohistochemistry remains the current gold-standard test, but clinicians should be cautious about reclassifying cats previously diagnosed with IBD to lymphoma on the basis of clonality testing. Importantly, feline LGAL could be considered to be a potential animal model for indolent digestive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, a rare condition in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu V Paulin
- Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lucile Couronné
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Beguin
- Internal Medicine Department, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA-ENVA-ANSES, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Odile Semin
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM 1163, Institut Imagine, Site Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,UMR 1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Malamut
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Cellier
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Ghita Benchekroun
- Internal Medicine Department, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Tiret
- Inserm U955-E10 BNMS, IMRB, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94000, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Freiche
- Internal Medicine Department, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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16
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Detection of parvovirus and herpesvirus DNA in the blood of feline and canine blood donors. Vet Microbiol 2018; 224:66-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Aghazadeh M, Shi M, Pesavento PA, Durham AC, Polley T, Donahoe SL, Troyer RM, Barrs VR, Holmes EC, Beatty JA. Transcriptome Analysis and In Situ Hybridization for FcaGHV1 in Feline Lymphoma. Viruses 2018; 10:E464. [PMID: 30200210 PMCID: PMC6165513 DOI: 10.3390/v10090464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is one of the most common malignancies in domestic cats. The lymphomagenic potential of Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1), a common infection in domestic cats, is unknown. In other species, including humans, cellular transformation by gammaherpesviruses is typically mediated by viral genes expressed during latency. We analysed tumour RNA, from diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) appearing in cats coinfected with FcaGHV1 and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) (n = 10), by high throughput transcriptome sequencing and reverse transcription PCR. A limited repertoire of FcaGHV transcripts was identified in five tumors, including homologs of oncogenic latency-associated transcripts, latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA, ORF73) and vFLIP (F7), lytic genes (ORF50, ORF6, ORF59, F10), and an ORF unique to FcaGHV1, F20. In situ hybridization of FIV-associated DLBCLs (n = 9), post-transplant lymphomas (n = 6) and high-grade B and T-cell intestinal lymphomas (n = 8) identified a single case in which FcaGHV1 nucleic acid was detectable. These results demonstrate that FcaGHV1 transcripts can be detected in some FIV-associated lymphomas, but at low copy number, precluding assessment of a potential role for FcaGHV1 in lymphomagenesis. Future investigation of the FcaGHV1 transcriptome in clinical samples might employ viral enrichment and greater sequencing depth to enhance the retrieval of viral reads. Our results suggest prioritization of a subset of intestinal T-cell tumors, large granular lymphocyte lymphoma, for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdis Aghazadeh
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mang Shi
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Amy C Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Tamsen Polley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Shannon L Donahoe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Ryan M Troyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Edward C Holmes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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18
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Makundi I, Koshida Y, Endo Y, Nishigaki K. Identification of Felis catus Gammaherpesvirus 1 in Tsushima Leopard Cats ( Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070378. [PMID: 30029545 PMCID: PMC6071243 DOI: 10.3390/v10070378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) is a widely endemic infection of domestic cats. Current epidemiological data identify domestic cats as the sole natural host for FcaGHV1. The Tsushima leopard cat (TLC; Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is a critically endangered species that lives only on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki, Japan. Nested PCR was used to test the blood or spleen of 89 TLCs for FcaGHV1 DNA; three (3.37%; 95% CI, 0.70⁻9.54) were positive. For TLC management purposes, we also screened domestic cats and the virus was detected in 13.02% (95% CI, 8.83⁻18.27) of 215 cats. Regarding phylogeny, the partial sequences of FcaGHV1 from domestic cats and TLCs formed one cluster, indicating that similar strains circulate in both populations. In domestic cats, we found no significant difference in FcaGHV1 detection in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected (p = 0.080) or feline leukemia virus-infected (p = 0.163) cats, but males were significantly more likely to be FcaGHV1 positive (odds ratio, 5.86; 95% CI, 2.27⁻15.14) than females. The higher frequency of FcaGHV1 detection in domestic cats than TLCs, and the location of the viral DNA sequences from both cats within the same genetic cluster suggests that virus transmission from domestic cats to TLCs is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Makundi
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. BOX 3019, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania.
| | - Yushi Koshida
- Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, 642-2 Kamiagata, Tsushima, Nagasaki 817-1602, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Endo
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Nishigaki
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Murphy BG, Eckstrand C, Castillo D, Poon A, Liepnieks M, Harmon K, Moore P. Multiple, Independent T Cell Lymphomas Arising in an Experimentally FIV-Infected Cat during the Terminal Stage of Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060280. [PMID: 29794987 PMCID: PMC6024646 DOI: 10.3390/v10060280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has serially reported on the virologic and immunopathologic features of a cohort of experimental feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats for more than eight years. At 8.09 years post infection (PI), one of these animals entered the terminal stage of infection, characterized by undulating hyperthermia, progressive anorexia, weight loss, and pancytopenia; the animal was not responsive to therapeutic interventions, necessitating euthanasia six weeks later (8.20 years PI). Subsequent analyses indicated that neoplastic lymphocytes infiltrated multiple cervical lymph nodes and a band-like region of the mucosal lamina propria within a segment of the intestine. Immunohistochemistry and T cell clonality testing determined that the nodal and intestinal lesions were independently arising from CD3 T cell lymphomas. In-situ RNA hybridization studies indicated that diffuse neoplastic lymphocytes from the cervical lymph node contained abundant viral nucleic acid, while viral nucleic acid was not detectable in lymphocytes from the intestinal lymphoma lesion. The proviral long terminal repeat (LTR) was amplified and sequenced from multiple anatomic sites, and a common clone containing a single nucleotide polymorphism was determined to be defective in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-mediated promoter activation in a reporter gene assay. This assay revealed a previously unidentified PMA response element within the FIV U3 region 3’ to the TATA box. The possible implications of these results on FIV-lymphoma pathogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Christina Eckstrand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - Diego Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Andre Poon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Molly Liepnieks
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Kristy Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Peter Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
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A Novel Hepadnavirus Identified in an Immunocompromised Domestic Cat in Australia. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050269. [PMID: 29772771 PMCID: PMC5977262 DOI: 10.3390/v10050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput transcriptome sequencing allows for the unbiased detection of viruses in host tissues. The application of this technique to immunosuppressed animals facilitates the detection of viruses that might otherwise be excluded or contained in immunocompetent individuals. To identify potential viral pathogens infecting domestic cats we performed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of tissues from cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). A novel member of the Hepadnaviridae, tentatively named domestic cat hepadnavirus, was discovered in a lymphoma sample and its complete 3187 bp genome characterized. Phylogenetic analysis placed the domestic cat hepadnavirus as a divergent member of mammalian orthohepadnaviruses that exhibits no close relationship to any other virus. DNA extracted from whole blood from pet cats was positive for the novel hepadnavirus by PCR in 6 of 60 (10%) FIV-infected cats and 2 of 63 (3.2%) FIV-uninfected cats. The higher prevalence of hepadnavirus viraemia detected in FIV-infected cats mirrors that seen in human immunodeficiency virus-infected humans coinfected with hepatitis B virus. In summary, we report the first hepadnavirus infection in a carnivore and the first in a companion animal. The natural history, epidemiology and pathogenic potential of domestic cat hepadnavirus merits additional investigation.
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