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Zhang Y, Yang Q, Peng Q, Tian Z, Lv F, Zeng X, Jiang Z, Cheng Q, Yang L, Zhong B, Lu X, Zhu Y. Impaired arginine/ornithine metabolism drives severe HFMD by promoting cytokine storm. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407035. [PMID: 38979420 PMCID: PMC11228176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), caused by enterovirus 71 infection, is a global public health emergency. Severe HFMD poses a significant threat to the life and well-being of children. Numerous studies have indicated that the occurrence of severe HFMD is associated with cytokine storm. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying cytokine storm development remains elusive, and there are currently no safe and effective treatments available for severe HFMD in children. Methods In this study, we established a mouse model of severe HFMD to investigate the molecular mechanisms driving cytokine storm. We specifically analyzed metabolic disturbances, focusing on arginine/ornithine metabolism, and assessed the potential therapeutic effects of spermine, an ornithine metabolite. Results Our results identified disturbances in arginine/ornithine metabolism as a pivotal factor driving cytokine storm onset in severe HFMD cases. Additionally, we discovered that spermine effectively mitigated the inflammatory injury phenotype observed in mice with severe HFMD. Discussion In conclusion, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying severe HFMD from a metabolic perspective while offering a promising new strategy for its safe and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Zhang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhihua Tian
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Fen Lv
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaomei Zeng
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Zaixue Jiang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Qingqiu Cheng
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Baimao Zhong
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Yinghua Zhu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
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Zhang Y, Chen S, Sun T, Duan G, Yang H, Feng H, Jiang W, Li D, Ji W, Zhu P, Jin Y. Abundant Neutrophil-Initiated Acute Myocardial Injury Following Coxsackievirus A6 Infection. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1440-1450. [PMID: 37738556 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) is currently considered as a predominant pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and is occasionally linked to myocardial injury. We first established a mouse model of CVA6-induced myocardial injury. Next, we analyzed the immune cell phenotypes CVA6-infected mice hearts by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and found that CVA6 led to massive neutrophils infiltration, suggesting their potential link with the occurrence of myocardial injury. We further used either αGr-1 or αLy6G antibody to deplete neutrophils, and found that neutrophil-depleted animals showed decreased cardiac enzymes, lower degree of pathology in hearts, and reduced inflammatory cytokine production compared to isotype controls. Finally, we confirmed the involvement of neutrophils in myocardial injury of clinical patients with severe HFMD. Our study suggests that excessive neutrophils contribute to myocardial injury caused by CVA6 infection, which provides new insights into myocardial injury during the development of HFMD severity and the outcome of immune cell-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huifen Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Li L, Huang RW, Liu XN, Xiang XY, Zhou YT, Feng XX, Tao LY, Yu J, Qin Yi, Wang YC, Liu XM. Modulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell and CD4 + T cell differentiation accompanied by upregulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway induced by enterovirus 71. Arch Virol 2024; 169:73. [PMID: 38472498 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a neurotropic enterovirus associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) fatalities. In this study, we investigated the impact of EV71 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and CD4+ T cells. The results showed that pDCs were promptly activated, secreting interferon (IFN)-α and inducing CD4+ T cell proliferation and differentiation during early EV71 infection. This initiated adaptive immune responses and promoted proinflammatory cytokine production by CD4+ T cells. Over time, viral nucleic acids and proteins were synthesized in pDCs and CD4+ T cells. Concurrently, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) was activated, exhibiting an anti-inflammatory role. With constant viral stimulation, pDCs and CD4+ T cells showed reduced differentiation and cytokine secretion. Defects in pDCs were identified as a key factor in CD4+ T cell tolerance. CAP had a more significant regulatory effect on CD4+ T cells than on pDCs and was capable of inhibiting inflammation in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Yunnan Medical Center for Pediatric Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Wei Huang
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiang
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan-Tao Zhou
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Xing-Xing Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Lv-Yuan Tao
- Yunnan Medical Center for Pediatric Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Yunnan Medical Center for Pediatric Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zouping People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256200, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Department of 2nd Infection, Kunming Children's Hospital, Zouping People's Hospital, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Liu
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Kunming, 650228, Yunnan, China.
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Wei Y, Liu H, Hu D, He Q, Yao C, Li H, Hu K, Wang J. Recent Advances in Enterovirus A71 Infection and Antiviral Agents. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100298. [PMID: 38008182 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that majorly affects children. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications, such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. HFMD caused by EV-A71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we introduced the properties and life cycle of EV-A71, and the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of EV-A71 infection, including tissue tropism and host range of virus infection, the diseases caused by the virus, as well as the genes and host cell immune mechanisms of major diseases caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, such as encephalitis and neurologic pulmonary edema. At the same time, clinicopathologic characteristics of EV-A71 infection were introduced. There is currently no specific medication for EV-A71 infection, highlighting the urgency and significance of developing suitable anti-EV-A71 agents. This overview also summarizes the targets of existing anti-EV-A71 agents, including virus entry, translation, polyprotein processing, replication, assembly and release; interferons; interleukins; the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase B signaling pathways; the oxidative stress pathway; the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and so on. Furthermore, it overviews the effects of natural products, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA interference against EV-A71. It also discusses issues limiting the research of antiviral drugs. This review is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the mechanism and pathological characteristics of EV-A71 infection, the latest progress of existing anti-EV-A71 agents. It would provide better understanding and guidance for the research and application of EV-A71 infection and antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Wang H, Chen F, Wang S, Li Y, Liu T, Li Y, Deng H, Dong J, Pang J, Song D, Zhang D, Yu J, Wang Y. Evaluation and mechanism study of Pien Tze Huang against EV-A71 infection. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1251731. [PMID: 37954857 PMCID: PMC10637388 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1251731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection, currently lacks specific preventive and therapeutic interventions. Here, we demonstrated that Pien Tze Huang (PZH) could dose-dependently inhibit EV-A71 replication at the cellular level, resulting in significant reductions in EV-A71 virus protein 1 (VP1) expression and viral yields in Vero and human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. More importantly, we confirmed that PZH could protect mice from EV-A71 infection for the first time, with Ribavirin serving as a positive control. PZH treatment reduced EV-A71 VP1 protein expression, viral yields in infected muscles, and improved muscle pathology. Additionally, we conducted a preliminary mechanism study using quantitative proteomics. The results suggested that the suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways may contribute to the anti-EV-A71 activity of PZH. These findings provide strong evidence supporting the potential therapeutic application of PZH for EV-A71 infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fenbei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shicong Wang
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute for Drug Control, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Danqing Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dousheng Zhang
- Institute for Drug Control, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wu J, Lu J, Mao L, Xu M, Dai L, Wang Y. Targeting HNRNPA2B1 inhibits enterovirus 71 replication in SK-N-SH cells. Virus Res 2023; 336:199224. [PMID: 37716669 PMCID: PMC10511483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (HNRNPA2B1) on the replication of enterovirus 71 (EV-71) in SK-N-SH cells. METHODS The mRNA and protein expression of HNRNPA2B1 in SK-N-SH cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting (WB), respectively. WB was used to detect HNRNPA2B1 protein expression in the nucleus and cytosol. The localization of HNRNPA2B1 protein in the nucleus and cytosol was detected by immunofluorescence (IF). The expression of HNRNPA2B1 was inhibited by small interfering RNA (si-HNRNPA2B1). Viral RNA, viral structural protein VP1, and viral titer were detected by qRT-PCR, WB, and viral dilution counting, respectively. RESULTS EV-71 infection significantly upregulates the expression of HNRNPA2B1 in SK-N-SH cells. EV-71 infection promotes HNRNPA2B1 nucleus-cytoplasm redistribution. Down-regulation of HNRNPA2B1 expression significantly inhibited EV-71 replication. CONCLUSION HNRNPA2B1 protein redistributed from nucleus to cytoplasm and is highly expressed in the cytoplasm during EV-71 infection. Inhibition of HNRNPA2B1 levels effectively inhibits EV-71 replication in SK-N-SH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Mental Health Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215137, China.
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Meiqin Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Mental Health Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215137, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Mental Health Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215137, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Mental Health Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215137, China
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Wu W, Li B, Xie T. Children with severe enterovirus A71 infection. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:172. [PMID: 37055743 PMCID: PMC10100469 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few reports on the timing of onset and the symptoms of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection, which can easily be misdiagnosed. This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of children with severe EV-A71 infection. METHODS This retrospective observational study included children with severe EV-A71 infection admitted to Hebei Children's Hospital between January 2016 and January 2018. RESULTS A total of 101 patients were included: 57 males (56.4%) and 44 females (43.6%). They were 1-13 years of age. The symptoms were fever in 94 patients (93.1%), rash in 46 (45.5%), irritability in 70 (69.3%), and lethargy in 56 (55.4%). There were 19 (59.3%) patients with abnormal neurological magnetic resonance imaging [pontine tegmentum (n = 14, 43.8%), medulla oblongata (n = 11, 34.4%), midbrain (n = 9, 28.1%), cerebellum and dentate nucleus (n = 8, 25.0%), basal ganglia (n = 4, 12.5%), cortex (n = 4, 12.5%), spinal cord (n = 3, 9.3%), and meninges (n = 1, 3.1%)]. There was a positive correlation between the ratio of neutrophil count and white blood cell count in cerebrospinal fluid in the first 3 days of the disease (r = 0.415, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The clinical symptoms of EV-A71 infection are fever and/or skin rash, irritability, and lethargy. Some patients have abnormal neurological magnetic resonance imaging. The white blood cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with EV-A71 infection may increase alongside neutrophil counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Hebei Children's Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Epilepsy and Neurological Diseases, 133 Jianhua Nan street, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Baoguang Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Hebei Children's Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Epilepsy and Neurological Diseases, 133 Jianhua Nan street, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China.
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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Sun J, Ma X, Sun L, Zhang Y, Hao C, Wang W. Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of proanthocyanidins against enterovirus 71 infection. Virus Res 2023; 329:199098. [PMID: 36944412 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PC), a natural flavonoid compound, was reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor and anti-viral effects. In this study, the anti-Enterovirus 71 (EV71) activities and mechanisms of PC were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that PC possessed anti-EV71 activities in different cell lines with low toxicity. PC can block both the adsorption and entry processes of EV71 via directly binding to virus VP1 protein. PC may competitively interfere with the binding of VP1 to its receptor SCARB2. PC can also regulate three different MAPK signaling pathways to reduce EV71 infection and attenuate virus induced inflammatory responses. Importantly, intramuscular therapy of EV71-infected mice with PC markedly improved their survival and attenuated the severe clinical symptoms. Therefore, the natural compound PC has potential to be developed into a novel anti-EV71 agent targeting viral VP1 protein and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Lishan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Cui Hao
- Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China.
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TRAF3 activates STING-mediated suppression of EV-A71 and target of viral evasion. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:79. [PMID: 36823147 PMCID: PMC9950063 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents one of the main host responses to viral infection.1-3 STING (Stimulator of interferon genes), a crucial immune adapter functioning in host cells, mediates cGAS (Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase) sensing of exogenous and endogenous DNA fragments and generates innate immune responses.4 Whether STING activation was involved in infection and replication of enterovirus remains largely unknown. In the present study, we discovered that human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection triggered STING activation in a cGAS dependent manner. EV-A71 infection caused mitochondrial damage and the discharge of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol of infected cells. However, during EV-A71 infection, cGAS-STING activation was attenuated. EV-A71 proteins were screened and the viral protease 2Apro had the greatest capacity to inhibit cGAS-STING activation. We identified TRAF3 as an important factor during STING activation and as a target of 2Apro. Supplement of TRAF3 rescued cGAS-STING activation suppression by 2Apro. TRAF3 supported STING activation mediated TBK1 phosphorylation. Moreover, we found that 2Apro protease activity was essential for inhibiting STING activation. Furthermore, EV-D68 and CV-A16 infection also triggered STING activation. The viral protease 2Apro from EV-D68 and CV-A16 also had the ability to inhibit STING activation. As STING activation prior to EV-A71 infection generated cellular resistance to EV-A71 replication, blocking EV-A71-mediated STING suppression represents a new anti-viral target.
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Sun PP, Li D, Su M, Ren Q, Guo WP, Wang JL, Du LY, Xie GC. Cell membrane-bound toll-like receptor-1/2/4/6 monomers and -2 heterodimer inhibit enterovirus 71 replication by activating the antiviral innate response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187035. [PMID: 37207203 PMCID: PMC10189127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune activation is critical for enterovirus 71 (EV71) clearance and immunopathogenesis. However, the mechanism of innate immune activation, especially of cell membrane-bound toll-like receptors (TLRs), against EV71 remains unknown. We previously demonstrated that TLR2 and its heterodimer inhibit EV71 replication. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of TLR1/2/4/6 monomers and TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/TLR1, TLR2/TLR6, and TLR2/TLR4) on EV71 replication and innate immune activation. We found that the overexpression of human- or mouse-derived TLR1/2/4/6 monomers and TLR2 heterodimer significantly inhibited EV71 replication and induced the production of interleukin (IL)-8 via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Furthermore,human-mouse chimeric TLR2 heterodimer inhibited EV71 replication and activated innate immunity. Dominant-negative TIR-less (DN)-TLR1/2/4/6 did not exert any inhibitory effects, whereas DN-TLR2 heterodimer inhibited EV71 replication. Prokaryotic expression of purified recombinant EV71 capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) or overexpression of EV71 capsid proteins induced the production of IL-6 and IL-8 via activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Notably, two types of EV71 capsid proteins served as pathogen-associated molecular patterns for TLR monomers (TLR2 and TLR4) and TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/TLR1, TLR2/TLR6, and TLR2/TLR4) and activated innate immunity. Collectively, our results revealed that membrane TLRs inhibited EV71 replication via activation of the antiviral innate response, providing insights into the EV71 innate immune activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Meng Su
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Ping Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Jiang-Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Chengde Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Luan-Ying Du
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Guang-Cheng Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Cheng Xie,
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11
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Engineering antiviral immune-like systems for autonomous virus detection and inhibition in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7629. [PMID: 36494373 PMCID: PMC9734111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that viral diseases represent an enormous public health and economic threat to mankind and that individuals with compromised immune systems are at greater risk of complications and death from viral diseases. The development of broad-spectrum antivirals is an important part of pandemic preparedness. Here, we have engineer a series of designer cells which we term autonomous, intelligent, virus-inducible immune-like (ALICE) cells as sense-and-destroy antiviral system. After developing a destabilized STING-based sensor to detect viruses from seven different genera, we have used a synthetic signal transduction system to link viral detection to the expression of multiple antiviral effector molecules, including antiviral cytokines, a CRISPR-Cas9 module for viral degradation and the secretion of a neutralizing antibody. We perform a proof-of-concept study using multiple iterations of our ALICE system in vitro, followed by in vivo functionality testing in mice. We show that dual output ALICESaCas9+Ab system delivered by an AAV-vector inhibited viral infection in herpetic simplex keratitis (HSK) mouse model. Our work demonstrates that viral detection and antiviral countermeasures can be paired for intelligent sense-and-destroy applications as a flexible and innovative method against virus infection.
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Song J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Qu Z, Liu P, Li F, Yang C, Fan F, Chen Z. TMEM173 rs7447927 genetic polymorphism and susceptibility to severe enterovirus 71 infection in Chinese children. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e742. [PMID: 36444630 PMCID: PMC9695089 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was designed to explore the association between the TMEM173 polymorphism (rs7447927) and the severity of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection among Chinese children. METHODS The TMEM173 polymorphism was identified in EV71-infected patients (n = 497) and healthy controls (n = 535) using the improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR). The interferon-α (IFN-α) serum levels were detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The frequencies of the GG genotype and G allele of TMEM173 rs7447927 in the mild EV71 infection and severe EV71 infection groups were markedly higher than those in the control group. The GG genotype and G allele frequencies in severely infected EV71 patients were significantly higher than those in mildly infected EV71 patients. Severely infected EV71 patients with the GG genotype had higher white blood cell counts (WBC), and C-reactive proteins (CRP), and blood glucose (BG) levels, longer fever duration, higher vomiting frequency, spirit changes, and electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities. IFN-α serum concentration in severely infected patients was significantly higher than in the mildly infected group. The IFN-α concentration in the GG genotype was significantly higher compared with those in the GC and CC genotypes in severe cases. CONCLUSIONS The TMEM173 rs7447927 polymorphism was associated with EV71 infection susceptibility and severity. The G allele and GG genotype are susceptibility factors in the development of severe EV71 infection in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of PediatricsThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of PediatricsThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of PediatricsShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Zhenghai Qu
- Department of PediatricsThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of PediatricsThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Fei Li
- Department of PediatricsThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Chengqing Yang
- Department of PediatricsThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of PediatricsThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
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13
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Zhao Y, Li L, Wang X, He S, Shi W, Chen S. Temporal Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Analysis of EV-A71-Infected Human Cells. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2367-2384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Proteomics Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lin Li
- Proteomics Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sudan He
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - She Chen
- Proteomics Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
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The CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis Promotes Disease Pathogenesis in Mice upon CVA2 Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0230721. [PMID: 35604176 PMCID: PMC9241849 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02307-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A2 (CVA2) is an emerging pathogen that results in hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks. Systemic inflammatory response and central nervous system inflammation are the main pathological features of fatal HFMD. However, the immunopathogenesis of CVA2 infection is poorly understood. We first detected the transcriptional levels of 81 inflammation-related genes in neonatal mice with CVA2 infection. Remarkably, CVA2 induced higher expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) in multiple organs and tissues. CXCL10 acts through its cognate receptor chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3) and regulates immune responses. CXCL10/CXCR3 activation contributes to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. Next, we found CXCL10 and CXCR3 expression to be significantly elevated in the organs and tissues from CVA2-infected mice at 5 days postinfection (dpi) using immunohistochemistry (IHC). To further explore the role of CXCL10/CXCR3 in CVA2 pathogenesis, an anti-CXCR3 neutralizing antibody (αCXCR3) or IgG isotype control antibody was used to treat CVA2-infected mice on the same day as infection and every 24 h until 5 dpi. Our results showed that αCXCR3 therapy relieved the clinical manifestations and pathological damage and improved the survival rate of CVA2-infected mice. Additionally, αCXCR3 treatment reduced viral loads and reversed the proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin 6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and IL-1β) expression, apoptosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration induced by CVA2. Collectively, our study presents evidence for the involvement of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis in CVA2 pathogenesis. The activation of CXCL10/CXCR3 contributes to CVA2 pathogenesis by inducing apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and inflammatory cell infiltration, which can be reversed by αCXCR3 therapy. This study provides new insight into the pathogenesis of HFMD, which has an important guiding significance for the treatment of HFMD. IMPORTANCE Systemic inflammatory response and central nervous system inflammation are the main pathological features of fatal HFMD cases. We detected the expression of 81 inflammation-related genes and found higher expression of CXCL10 in CVA2-infected mice. Next, we confirmed CXCL10/CXCR3 activation using immunohistochemistry and found that anti-CXCR3 neutralizing antibody (αCXCR3) therapy could relieve the clinical manifestations and pathological damage and improve the survival rate of CVA2-infected mice. Additionally, αCXCR3 treatment reduced viral loads and reversed the proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) expression, apoptosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration induced by CVA2. Collectively, our study presents the first evidence for the involvement of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis in CVA2 pathogenesis. The activation of CXCL10/CXCR3 contributes to CVA2 pathogenesis via inducing apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and inflammatory cell infiltration, which can be reversed by αCXCR3 therapy. This study provides new insight into the pathogenesis of HFMD, which has an important guiding significance for the treatment of HFMD.
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Song J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu P, Li F, Yang C, Pan X, Yi L, Fan F, Zhao H, Chen Z. Association of the IRAK4 rs4251545 genetic polymorphism with severity of enterovirus-71 infection in Chinese children. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e614. [PMID: 35478439 PMCID: PMC9017637 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to explore the association between the IRAK4 polymorphism rs4251545 and the severity of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Chinese children. METHODS We analyzed the IRAK4 polymorphism rs4251545 in 617 EV71-infected patients and 410 controls using the improved multiplex ligation detection reaction. IRAK4 mRNA expression was tested by qRT-PCR. Serum concentrations of IL-6 and NF-κB were detected using ELISA. RESULTS The frequencies of the GA + AA genotype and A allele in the mild EV71 infection group and in the severe EV71 infection group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group. The frequency of the GA + AA genotype and A allele in severely infected EV71 patients was markedly higher than that in mildly infected EV71 patients. IRAK4 mRNA expression in mildly infected EV71 patients and severely infected patients was significantly higher than that in the control group. IRAK4 mRNA expression in GA + AA genotypes in both mild and severe EV71 infection groups was significantly higher than that in patients with the GG genotype. IL-6 concentration and the ratio of IL-6/NF-κB in severe EV71 cases were significantly lower in patients with the GA + AA genotype than in those with the GG genotype. The ratio of IL-6/NF-κB was distinctly higher in severely infected EV71 patients than in mildly infected and control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The IRAK4 polymorphism rs4251545 was associated with the susceptibility and severity of EV71 infection. The A allele is a susceptible factor in the development of severe EV71 infection in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chengqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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16
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Yang F, Zhang N, Chen Y, Yin J, Xu M, Cheng X, Ma R, Meng J, Du Y. Role of Non-Coding RNA in Neurological Complications Associated With Enterovirus 71. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:873304. [PMID: 35548469 PMCID: PMC9081983 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.873304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogenic virus that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Studies have reported that EV71-induced infections including aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even neurogenic pulmonary edema, can progress to severe neurological complications in infants, young children, and the immunosuppressed population. However, the mechanisms through which EV71 causes neurological diseases have not been fully explored. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are RNAs that do not code for proteins, play a key role in biological processes and disease development associated with EV71. In this review, we summarized recent advances concerning the impacts of ncRNAs on neurological diseases caused by interaction between EV71 and host, revealing the potential role of ncRNAs in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of EV71-induced neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiancai Yin
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Muchen Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyi Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jialin Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
| | - Yinan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
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Dong Y, Liu J, Lu N, Zhang C. Enterovirus 71 Antagonizes Antiviral Effects of Type III Interferon and Evades the Clearance of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:806084. [PMID: 35185830 PMCID: PMC8848745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.806084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen causing severe neurological complications and hand, foot, and mouth disease. The intestinal mucosal immune system has a complete immune response and immune regulation mechanism, consisting of densely arranged monolayer intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) distributed among the IECs, which constitute the first line of intestinal mucosa against infection of foreign pathogens. As an enterovirus, EV71 is transmitted by the intestinal tract; however, the mechanisms it uses to evade the immunosurveillance of the intestinal mucosal immune system are still incompletely clarified. The present study investigated how EV71 evades from recognizing and eliminating IECs, iIELs, and iNK cells. We found that EV71 infection induced a higher level of type III interferons (IFN-λ) than type I interferons (IFN-β) in IECs, and the addition of IFN-λ markedly restricted EV71 replication in IECs. These results indicate that IFN-λ plays a more important role in anti-EV71 intestinal infection. However, EV71 infection could markedly attenuate the antiviral responses of IFN-λ. Mechanistically, 2A protease (2Apro) and 3C protease (3Cpro) of EV71 inhibited the IFN-λ production and IFN-λ receptor expression and further decreased the response of IECs to IFN-λ. In addition, we found that EV71-infected IECs were less susceptible to the lysis of intestinal NK (iNK) cells and CD3+iIELs. We revealed that the viral 2Apro and 3Cpro could significantly reduce the expression of the ligands of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) and promote the expression of PD-L1 on IECs, rendering them to evade the recognition and killing of iNK and CD3+iIELs. These results provide novel evasion mechanisms of EV71 from intestinal mucosal innate immunity and may give new insights into antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmin Dong
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Institute of Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Gunaseelan S, Ariffin MZ, Khanna S, Ooi MH, Perera D, Chu JJH, Chua JJE. Pharmacological perturbation of CXCL1 signaling alleviates neuropathogenesis in a model of HEVA71 infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:890. [PMID: 35173169 PMCID: PMC8850555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Human Enterovirus A71 (HEVA71) infection is typically a benign infection. However, in minority of cases, children can develop severe neuropathology that culminate in fatality. Approximately 36.9% of HEVA71-related hospitalizations develop neurological complications, of which 10.5% are fatal. Yet, the mechanism by which HEVA71 induces these neurological deficits remain unclear. Here, we show that HEVA71-infected astrocytes release CXCL1 which supports viral replication in neurons by activating the CXCR2 receptor-associated ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Elevated CXCL1 levels correlates with disease severity in a HEVA71-infected mice model. In humans infected with HEVA71, high CXCL1 levels are only present in patients presenting neurological complications. CXCL1 release is specifically triggered by VP4 synthesis in HEVA71-infected astrocytes, which then acts via its receptor CXCR2 to enhance viral replication in neurons. Perturbing CXCL1 signaling or VP4 myristylation strongly attenuates viral replication. Treatment with AZD5069, a CXCL1-specific competitor, improves survival and lessens disease severity in infected animals. Collectively, these results highlight the CXCL1-CXCR2 signaling pathway as a potential target against HFMD neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Zacky Ariffin
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Khanna
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Mong How Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - David Perera
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Tan JK, Chen R, Lee RCH, Li F, Dai K, Zhou GC, Chu JJH. Discovery of Novel Andrographolide Derivatives as Antiviral Inhibitors against Human Enterovirus A71. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020115. [PMID: 35215228 PMCID: PMC8880313 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) caused by human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has been associated with severe neurological complications. With the lack of an internationally approved antiviral, coupled with a surge in outbreaks globally, EV-A71 has emerged as a neurotropic virus of high clinical importance. Andrographolide has many pharmacological effects including antiviral activity and its derivative, andrographolide sulfonate, has been used in China clinically to treat EV-A71 infections. This study sought to identify novel andrographolide derivatives as EV-A71 inhibitors and elucidate their antiviral mode of action. Using an immunofluorescence-based phenotypic screen, we identified novel EV-A71 inhibitors from a 344-compound library of andrographolide derivatives and validated them with viral plaque assays. Among these hits, ZAF-47, a quinolinoxy-andrographolide, was selected for downstream mechanistic studies. It was found that ZAF-47 acts on EV-A71 post-entry stages and inhibits EV-A71 protein expression. Subsequent luciferase studies confirm that ZAF-47 targets EV-A71 genome RNA replication specifically. Unsuccessful attempts in generating resistant mutants led us to believe a host factor is likely to be involved which coincide with the finding that ZAF-47 exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against other enteroviruses (CV-A16, CV-A6, Echo7, CV-B5, CV-A24 and EV-D68). Furthermore, ZAF-46 and ZAF-47, hits from the screen, were derivatives of the same series containing quinolinoxy and olefin modifications, suggesting that an andrographolide scaffold mounted with these unique moieties could be a potential anti-EV-A71/HFMD strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kai Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.K.T.); (R.C.H.L.)
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (R.C.); (F.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.K.T.); (R.C.H.L.)
| | - Feng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (R.C.); (F.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (R.C.); (F.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Guo-Chun Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (R.C.); (F.L.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence: (G.-C.Z.); (J.J.H.C.)
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.K.T.); (R.C.H.L.)
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Correspondence: (G.-C.Z.); (J.J.H.C.)
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Dai K, Tan JK, Qian W, Lee RCH, Hann Chu JJ, Zhou GC. Discovery of 14S-(2'-chloro-4'-nitrophenoxy)-8R/S,17-epoxy andrographolide as EV-A71 infection inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114820. [PMID: 34748818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major etiological agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and there is presently no internationally approved antiviral against EV-A71. In this study, it is disclosed that 14S-(2'-chloro-4'-nitrophenoxy)-8R/S,17-epoxy andrographolide (2) was discovered to be an effective inhibitor against EV-A71 infection showing significant reduction of viral titre. In addition to EV-A71, compound 2 exerts broad-spectrum antiviral effects against other enteroviruses. It is revealed that compound 2 inhibits the post-entry stages of EV-A71 viral replication cycle and significantly reduces viral protein expression of structural proteins such as VP0 and VP2 via inhibiting EV-A71 RNA replication. Moreover, the inhibitory property of compound 2 is specific to viral RNA replication. Furthermore, compound 2 is more likely to target a host factor in EV-A71 RNA replication. As a result, introduction of epoxide at positions 8 and 17 of andrographolide is effective for anti-EV-A71 infection and is a potential anti-EV-A71 strategy. Further work to discover more potent andrographolide derivatives and elucidate comprehensive SAR is under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Kai Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiyi Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore, Singapore; Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore, Singapore; Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138673 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Guo-Chun Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Ji W, Zhu P, Liang R, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Tao L, Chen S, Yang H, Jin Y, Duan G. Coxsackievirus A2 Leads to Heart Injury in a Neonatal Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081588. [PMID: 34452454 PMCID: PMC8402683 DOI: 10.3390/v13081588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A2 (CVA2) has emerged as an active pathogen that has been implicated in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina outbreaks worldwide. It has been reported that severe cases with CVA2 infection develop into heart injury, which may be one of the causes of death. However, the mechanisms of CVA2-induced heart injury have not been well understood. In this study, we used a neonatal mouse model of CVA2 to investigate the possible mechanisms of heart injury. We detected CVA2 replication and apoptosis in heart tissues from infected mice. The activity of total aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was notably increased in heart tissues from infected mice. CVA2 infection also led to the disruption of cell-matrix interactions in heart tissues, including the increases of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3, MMP8, MMP9, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)4. Infiltrating leukocytes (CD45+ and CD11b+ cells) were observed in heart tissues of infected mice. Correspondingly, the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in tissue lysates of hearts, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly elevated in CVA2 infected mice. Inflammatory signal pathways in heart tissues, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), were also activated after infection. In summary, CVA2 infection leads to heart injury in a neonatal mouse model, which might be related to viral replication, increased expression levels of MMP-related enzymes and excessive inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ruonan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yuexia Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Ling Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China;
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (G.D.)
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22
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IKKε isoform switching governs the immune response against EV71 infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:663. [PMID: 34079066 PMCID: PMC8172566 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal interactions between pathogens and hosts are complicated and profound. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions is essential for developing effective therapies against infectious diseases. Interferon responses induced upon virus infection are critical for establishing host antiviral innate immunity. Here, we provide a molecular mechanism wherein isoform switching of the host IKKε gene, an interferon-associated molecule, leads to alterations in IFN production during EV71 infection. We found that IKKε isoform 2 (IKKε v2) is upregulated while IKKε v1 is downregulated in EV71 infection. IKKε v2 interacts with IRF7 and promotes IRF7 activation through phosphorylation and translocation of IRF7 in the presence of ubiquitin, by which the expression of IFNβ and ISGs is elicited and virus propagation is attenuated. We also identified that IKKε v2 is activated via K63-linked ubiquitination. Our results suggest that host cells induce IKKε isoform switching and result in IFN production against EV71 infection. This finding highlights a gene regulatory mechanism in pathogen-host interactions and provides a potential strategy for establishing host first-line defense against pathogens.
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23
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Polymorphisms in the DC-SIGN gene and their association with the severity of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1133-1140. [PMID: 33590343 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection is associated with high mortality and disability. DC-SIGN, a receptor for EV71, is widely distributed in dendritic cells and may influence the severity of HFMD caused by EV71 infection. This observational study attempts to explore whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DC-SIGN are related to the severity of EV71-associated HFMD. Based on linkage disequilibrium and functional predictions, two DC-SIGN SNPs were selected and tested to explore their potential association with the severity of HFMD caused by EV71 infection. Two hundred sixteen Han Chinese children with HFMD caused by EV71 were enrolled to obtain clinical data, including the severity of HFMD, serum DC-SIGN levels, and DC-SIGN SNPs. We found a significant association between the rs7248637 polymorphism (A vs. G: OR = 0.644, 95% CI = 0.515-0.806) and the severity of HFMD caused by EV71 infection, as well as the rs4804800 polymorphism (A vs. G: OR = 1.539, 95% CI =1.229-1.928). These two DC-SIGN SNPs may have an effect on the severity of HFMD caused by EV71 infection.
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24
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Yi M, Lin S, Zhang B, Jin H, Ding L. Antiviral potential of natural products from marine microbes. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112790. [PMID: 32937282 PMCID: PMC7457942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans have been suffered from viral infections over the centuries, such as influenza, HSV, and HIV, which have killed millions of people worldwide. However, the availability of effective treatments for infectious diseases remains limited until now, as most of the viral pathogens resisted to many medical treatments. Marine microbes are currently one of the most copious sources of pharmacologically active natural products, which have constantly provided promising antivirus agents. To date, a large number of marine microbial secondary metabolites with antiviral activities have been widely reported. In this review, we have summarized the potential antivirus compounds from marine microorganisms over the last decade. In addition, the structures, bioactivities, and origins of these compounds were discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yi
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Sixiao Lin
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Haixiao Jin
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Lijian Ding
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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25
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Screening for the Proteins That Can Interact with Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus Capsid Protein. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090985. [PMID: 32899810 PMCID: PMC7552068 DOI: 10.3390/v12090985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) can infect many species of fish and has an 80-100% mortality rate. NNV capsid protein (NNVCP) is the only structural protein of NNV, but there are few studies on the protein-protein interaction between NNVCP and the host cell. To investigate NNV morphogenesis, native NNV capsid protein (NNVCP) was used to screen for protein-protein interactions in this study. The results identified that 49 grouper optic nerve proteins can interact with NNVCP and may function as putative receptor or co-receptor, cytoskeleton, glucose metabolism and ATP generation, immunity, mitochondrial ion regulation, and ribosomal proteins. Creatine kinase B-type (CKB) is one of those 49 optic nerve proteins. CKB, a kind of enzyme of ATP generation, was confirmed to interact with NNVCP by far-Western blot and showed to colocalize with NNVCP in GF-1 cells. Compared to the control, the expression of CKB was significantly induced in the brain and eyes infected with NNV. Moreover, the amount of replication of NNV is relatively high in cells expressing CKB. In addition to providing the database of proteins that can interact with NNVCP for subsequent analysis, the results of this research also verified that CKB plays an important role in the morphogenesis of NNV.
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26
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Song J, Liu P, Wu S, Tan Y, Fan F, Chen Z. Association of CD14 rs2569190 G/A genetic polymorphism with the severity of enterovirus 71 infection in Chinese children. Virology 2020; 548:25-30. [PMID: 32838942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, No. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, No. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
| | - Sifei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
| | - Yuxia Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China; Department of Pediatrics, Zibo City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No. 11 Xingyuandong Road, Zibo, Shandong, 255029, PR China.
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, No. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
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27
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Li D, Su M, Sun PP, Guo WP, Wang CY, Wang JL, Wang H, Zhang Q, Du LY, Xie GC. Global profiling of the alternative splicing landscape reveals transcriptomic diversity during the early phase of enterovirus 71 infection. Virology 2020; 548:213-225. [PMID: 32763492 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The alteration of host cell splicing is a major strategy favouring viral replication; however, the interaction between human tonsillar epithelial cells (HTECs) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) has not been fully elucidated. Here, a total of 201 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 3266 novel genes with coding potential were identified. A total of 3479 skipped exons (SEs), 515 alternative 3' splice sites (A3SSs), 391 alternative 5' splice sites (A5SSs), 531 mutually exclusive exons (MXEs) and 825 retained introns (RIs) were identified as significantly altered alternative splicing (AS) events. The enriched DEGs were mainly related to the cell cycle, spliceosome, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways. Finally, the replication of EV71 was significantly inhibited by TLR2 heterodimers. Our findings suggest that AS events induced by EV71 increase the transcriptomic diversity of HTECs in response to EV71 infection. Additionally, TLR2 heterodimers have the potential to protect HTECs against EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Meng Su
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Ping-Ping Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Wen-Ping Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Chun-Yang Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jiang-Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Chengde Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Luan-Ying Du
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Guang-Cheng Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China.
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Luo W, Yang L, Pan Q, Qiu L. [Enterovirus 71 can induce autophagy and apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:828-836. [PMID: 32895198 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.06.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate enterovirus 71 (EV71)-induced of autophagy, apoptosis and the related signaling pathways in THP-1 macrophages. METHODS THP-1 macrophages were infected with EV71 at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 for 2, 8 or 16 h, and the cell proliferation and toxicity were analyzed using CCK-8 kit. The intracellular viral nucleic acid in THP-1 macrophages were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the ultrastructural changes of the cells were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Cell apoptosis induced by EV71 infection was detected using Hoechst 33342 staining and AnnexinV/PI double staining. Western blotting was performed for analysis of changes in autophagy and apoptosis of the cells and in the expressions of the related proteins. The effect of EV71 infection on apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages incubated with 3-MA and Ac-DEVD-CHO inhibitor for 2 h was assessed using Western blotting. RESULTS EV71 infection significantly lowered the cell survival rate of THP-1 macrophages at 2, 8 h and 16 h after the infection (P < 0.05). The total copy number of viral nucleic acid in THP-1 macrophages incubated with EV71 increased significantly and progressively over time (P < 0.01). Intracellular autophagosomes and virions could be seen in EV71-infected THP-1 macrophages. The total apoptotic rate of the infected cell also increased significantly over time (P < 0.01). EV71 infection significantly increased LC3 conversion (LC3-Ⅱ/ LC3-I) and the expression of cleaved caspase 3 protein and decreased the protein expressions of p62, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 (P < 0.01) without causing obvious changes in cleaved caspase-8 (P>0.05). 3-MA significantly inhibited the EV71-induced autophagy of THP-1 macrophages and reduced LC3 conversion (LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-I) and p62 protein expression at 8 h after EV71 infection (P < 0.01). Compared with DMSO, Ac-DEVD-CHO significantly inhibited EV71-induced apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages (15.5% vs 7.7%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS EV71 not only can infect and replicate in THP-1 macrophages, but also induces autophagy and cell apoptosis possibly by activating LC3/p62 autophagy pathway and caspase apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Lawei Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Qingjun Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
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MicroRNA-628-5p Facilitates Enterovirus 71 Infection by Suppressing TRAF3 Signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:1320-1322. [PMID: 32398803 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Induction of SOCS Expression by EV71 Infection Promotes EV71 Replication. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2430640. [PMID: 32149091 PMCID: PMC7054758 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2430640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). However, no effective antiviral therapy is currently available. Some viruses could escape the host's innate immunity by upregulating suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. Until now, whether EV71 evades the host immune system by regulating the expression of SOCS proteins remains unknown. In this study, we found that EV71 infection promoted SOCS expression at both mRNA and protein levels in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, the infectivity of EV71 was decreased significantly in the SOCS3 or SOCS1 knockdown cells, suggesting that SOCS1 and especially SOCS3 are crucial for EV71 infection. Further investigation showed that SOCS3 promoted virus infection by inhibiting interferon-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. SOCS1 and SOCS3 mRNA expressions were independent on virus-induced type I interferon expression but were blocked by the inhibitor of NF-κB. Therefore, EV71 infection stimulates the expression of SOCS proteins in an interferon-independent way and negatively regulates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, thus escaping host immunity. All these results may add new information to the mechanism of EV71 in fighting against type I interferon responses.
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31
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Song W, Zhang W, Li J, Li C, Qiu Y, Fang Y, Jiang Q, Li X, Yan B. Exosomes from EV71-infected oral epithelial cells can transfer miR-30a to promote EV71 infection. Oral Dis 2020; 26:778-788. [PMID: 31958204 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As an extracellular vesicle, exosomes can release from virus-infected cells containing various viral or host cellular elements and could stimulate recipient's cellular response. Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a single-strand positive-sense RNA virus, is known to cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and bring about severe clinical diseases. METHODS Separated the human oral epithelial cells (OE cells) from normal buccal mucosa through enzyme digestion. Performed a comprehensive miRNA profiling in exosomes from EV71-infected OE cells through deep small RNA-seq. Using the Human Antiviral Response RT Profiler PCR Array profiles to explore the interactions of innate immune signaling networks with exosomal miR-30a. Knocked out the MyD88 gene in macrophages using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing method. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that the miR-30a was preferentially enriched in exosomes that released from EV71-infected human oral epithelial cells through small RNA-seq. We found that the transfer of exosomal miR-30a to macrophages could suppress type Ⅰ interferon response through targeting myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and subsequently facilitate the viral replication. CONCLUSIONS Exosomes released from EV71-infected OE cells selectively packaged high level of miR-30a that can be functionally transferred to the recipient macrophages resulted in targeting MyD88 and subsequently inhibited type I interferon production in receipt cells, thus promoting the EV71 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijian Song
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiasu Li
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengxi Li
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingying Qiu
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanchun Fang
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Li
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Chen WC, Simanjuntak Y, Chu LW, Ping YH, Lee YL, Lin YL, Li WS. Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives as Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Antiviral Agents against Dengue and Zika Virus Infections. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1313-1327. [PMID: 31972088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and resurging mosquito-borne flaviviruses are an important public health challenge. The increased prevalence of dengue virus (DENV) infection has had a significant socioeconomic impact on epidemic countries. The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) has created an international public health emergency because ZIKV infection has been linked to congenital defects and Guillain-Barré syndrome. To develop potentially prophylactic antiviral drugs for combating these acute infectious diseases, we have targeted the host calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) for inhibition. By using CaMKII structure-guided inhibitor design, we generated four families of benzenesulfonamide (BSA) derivatives for SAR analysis. Among these substances, N-(4-cycloheptyl-4-oxobutyl)-4-methoxy-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide (9) showed superior properties as a lead CaMKII inhibitor and antiviral agent. BSA 9 inhibited CaMKII activity with an IC50 value of 0.79 μM and displayed EC50 values of 1.52 μM and 1.91 μM against DENV and ZIKV infections of human neuronal BE(2)C cells, respectively. Notably, 9 significantly reduced the viremia level and increased animal survival time in mouse-challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chia Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Yogy Simanjuntak
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Chu
- Institute of Biophotonics , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei 11221 , Taiwan.,Reseach Center for Applied Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsin Ping
- Institute of Biophotonics , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei 11221 , Taiwan.,Department and Institute of Pharmacology , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei 11221 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan.,Genomic Research Center , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shan Li
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan.,Ph.D Program in Biotechnology Research and Development , Taipei Medical University , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708 , Taiwan
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Liu HB, Yu L, Zhang J, Huang XQ, Yang ZQ, Liao GY, Sun H, Ma SH. A 5-year molecular epidemiology survey of human enterovirus 71 before vaccine application in Yunnan Province, China. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1085-1092. [PMID: 31850595 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection is known to cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Last year, an inactivated EV-A71 whole virus vaccine was used to prevent this disease in Yunnan, China. To obtain a viral genetic background for evaluating vaccine protection and monitor the adaptive evolution of the virus after the vaccination, a 5-year molecular epidemiology survey was performed before the vaccination. Twenty-six EV-A71 strains were separated from 561 stool specimens of patients with serious HFMD. The whole-genomic sequences of these strains were sequenced. Phylogenetic trees were constructed, and the mutation spectra were analyzed based on these viral sequences. There was no obvious mutation for the circular EV-A71 strains of the same year. Pathogenic EV-A71 strains may arise from a "subgroup" randomly each year. Whole-genomic analyses showed that a hotspot nonsynonymous substitution potentially affecting the immunogenicity of vaccines was found in the 2A gene, but not in genes of the viral capsid proteins, and the genetic diversity of whole viral genomes associated with the incidence of HFMD. Therefore, it will be valuable to monitor the genome-wide changes of EV-A71 to detect the adaptive mutations affecting immunogenicity or perform investigations using genetic diversity as a parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Huang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Zhao-Qing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Guo-Yang Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Shao-Hui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
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Lin CJ, Chang L, Chu HW, Lin HJ, Chang PC, Wang RYL, Unnikrishnan B, Mao JY, Chen SY, Huang CC. High Amplification of the Antiviral Activity of Curcumin through Transformation into Carbon Quantum Dots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902641. [PMID: 31468672 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that carbon quantum dots derived from curcumin (Cur-CQDs) through one-step dry heating are effective antiviral agents against enterovirus 71 (EV71). The surface properties of Cur-CQDs, as well as their antiviral activity, are highly dependent on the heating temperature during synthesis. The one-step heating of curcumin at 180 °C preserves many of the moieties of polymeric curcumin on the surfaces of the as-synthesized Cur-CQDs, resulting in superior antiviral characteristics. It is proposed that curcumin undergoes a series of structural changes through dehydration, polymerization, and carbonization to form core-shell CQDs whose surfaces remain a pyrolytic curcumin-like polymer, boosting the antiviral activity. The results reveal that curcumin possesses insignificant inhibitory activity against EV71 infection in RD cells [half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) >200 µg mL-1 ] but exhibits high cytotoxicity toward RD cells (half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50 ) <13 µg mL-1 ). The EC50 (0.2 µg mL-1 ) and CC50 (452.2 µg mL-1 ) of Cur-CQDs are >1000-fold lower and >34-fold higher, respectively, than those of curcumin, demonstrating their far superior antiviral capabilities and high biocompatibility. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of Cur-CQDs significantly decreases mortality and provides protection against virus-induced hind-limb paralysis in new-born mice challenged with a lethal dose of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Jung Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Lung Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wei Chu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y L Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkuo, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Binesh Unnikrishnan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yi Mao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Yi Chen
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
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Sun Y, Feng L, Li J, Xu H, Mei X, Feng L, Sun H, Gao J, Zhang X. miR-545 promoted enterovirus 71 replication via directly targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15686-15697. [PMID: 30697739 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a small, nonenveloped icosahedral RNA virus and is the predominant causative pathogen of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of EV71 replication. This study investigated the role of miR-545 in the EV71 replication and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. We showed that miR-545 was upregulated in the EV71-infected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Overexpression of miR-545 promoted the viral replication of EV71 and attenuated the inhibitory effects of EV71 on cell viability in HEK293 and RD cells; while knockdown of miR-545 significantly suppressed the EV71 replication in these two cell lines. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-545 directly targeted the 3'untranslated region of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, miR-545 negatively regulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of PTEN and TRAF6. The mRNA and protein expression of PTEN and TRAF6 was also suppressed by EV71 infection, which was attenuated by miR-545 knockdown in HEK293 cells. Overexpression of PTEN and TRAF6 both suppressed the EV71 replication in HKE293 cells, and also attenuated the enhanced effects of miR-545 overexpression on the EV71 replication in HEK293 cells. Collectively, our study for the first time showed that miR-545 had an enhanced effect on the EV71 replication in HEK293 and RD cells. Further mechanistic results indicated that miR-545 promoted EV71 replication at least partly via targeting PTEN and TRAF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Long Feng
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huaming Xu
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xue Mei
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Medical College, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huijuan Sun
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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36
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Aw‐Yong KL, NikNadia NMN, Tan CW, Sam I, Chan YF. Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2073. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw‐Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Nasir NikNadia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - I‐Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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37
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Characterization of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood cells of children with EV71 infection. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 53:705-714. [PMID: 30914258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Immune cells play a critical role in determining the outcomes of virus infection. We aimed to characterize the lymphocyte subsets and transcriptional levels of T lymphocytes-associated transcription factors in peripheral blood cells of children with EV71 infection. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from 32 children with EV71 infection and 32 control subjects were included in this study. The frequencies of T-, B-lymphocytes, and their subsets were determined by flow cytometry. The expression of transcription factors, including T-bet, Gata3, ROR γ t, Foxp3, TCF-1, and BCL-6 in the whole blood cells were evaluated by real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS The frequencies of T cells, helper T cells (Th), cytotoxic T cells (Tc), IFN-γ+ Th1, IFN-γ+ Tc1, and regulatory T (Treg) cells were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in children with EV71 infection. As for IL-4+ Th2, IL-4+ Tc2, IL-17+ Th17, IL-17+ Tc17, follicular helper T cells (Tfh), CD3+CD8+IL-21+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, and CD19+IL-10+ B10 cells, their frequencies were significantly increased in the EV71 group (P < 0.01). The EV71 group had lower mRNA expressions of T-bet, Gata3, and Foxp3 than the control group (P < 0.05), whereas the expressions of ROR γ t, TCF-1, and BCL-6 showed no significant difference between two groups. CONCLUSIONS EV71 infection in children caused a decreased frequency of total Th, Tc and Treg cells, and increased percentages of B cell, Th2 and Th17 cells in blood.
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Characterization of Critical Functions of Long Non-Coding RNAs and mRNAs in Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Infected by Enterovirus 71 Using RNA-Seq. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100556. [PMID: 30314355 PMCID: PMC6213062 DOI: 10.3390/v10100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen of severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recognized as pivotal factors during the pathogenesis of viral infection. However, the critical functions of lncRNAs in EV71–host interactions have not been characterized. Here, for the first time, we performed global transcriptome analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in EV71-infected human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and skeletal muscle of mice using second-generation sequencing. In our study, a total of 3801 novel lncRNAs were identified. In addition, 23 lncRNAs and 372 mRNAs exhibited remarkable differences in expression levels between infected and uninfected RD cells, while 104 lncRNAs and 2647 mRNAs were differentially expressed in infected skeletal muscle from neonatal mice. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis included target gene prediction, lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network construction, as well as gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis mainly focused on differentially-expressed genes (DEGs). Our results suggest that lncRNAs may participate in EV71 infection-induced pathogenesis through regulating immune responses, protein binding, cellular component biogenesis and metabolism. The present study provides novel insights into the functions of lncRNAs and the possible pathogenic mechanism following EV71 infection.
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