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Abdalla AL, Guajardo-Contreras G, Mouland AJ. A Canadian Survey of Research on HIV-1 Latency-Where Are We Now and Where Are We Heading? Viruses 2024; 16:229. [PMID: 38400005 PMCID: PMC10891605 DOI: 10.3390/v16020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, almost 40 million people are currently living with HIV-1. The implementation of cART inhibits HIV-1 replication and reduces viremia but fails to eliminate HIV-1 from latently infected cells. These cells are considered viral reservoirs from which HIV-1 rebounds if cART is interrupted. Several efforts have been made to identify these cells and their niches. There has been little success in diminishing the pool of latently infected cells, underscoring the urgency to continue efforts to fully understand how HIV-1 establishes and maintains a latent state. Reactivating HIV-1 expression in these cells using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) has been successful, but only in vitro. This review aims to provide a broad view of HIV-1 latency, highlighting Canadian contributions toward these aims. We will summarize the research efforts conducted in Canadian labs to understand the establishment of latently infected cells and how this informs curative strategies, by reviewing how HIV latency is established, which cells are latently infected, what methodologies have been developed to characterize them, how new compounds are discovered and evaluated as potential LRAs, and what clinical trials aim to reverse latency in people living with HIV (PLWH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Abdalla
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Guajardo-Contreras
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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2
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Lian Y, Huang Z, Liu X, Deng Z, Gao D, Wang X. Discovery of Ten Anti-HIV Hit Compounds and Preliminary Pharmacological Mechanisms Studies. Curr HIV Res 2024; 22:82-90. [PMID: 38532605 DOI: 10.2174/011570162x301289240320082840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The research and development of HIV drugs is very important, but at the same time it is a long cycle and expensive system project. High-throughput drug screening systems and molecular libraries of potential hit compounds remain the main ways for the discovery of hit compounds with anti-HIV activity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to screen out the hit compounds against HIV-1 in the natural product molecule library and the antiviral molecule library, and elucidate the molecular mechanism of their inhibition of HIV-1, so as to provide a new choice for AIDS drug research. METHODS In this study, a drug screening system using HIV Rev-dependent indicator cell line (Rev-A3R5-GFP reporter cells) with pseudoviruses (pNL4-3) was used. The natural drug molecule library and antiviral molecule library were screened, and preliminary drug mechanism studies were performed. RESULTS Ten promising hit compounds were screened. These ten molecules and their drug inhibitory IC50 were as follows: Cephaeline (0.50 μM), Yadanziolide A (8.82 μM), Bruceine D (2.48 μM), Astragaloside IV (4.30 μM), RX-3117 (1.32 μM), Harringtonine (0.63 μM), Tubercidin (0.41 μM), Theaflavine-3, 3'-digallate (0.41 μM), Ginkgetin (10.76 μM), ZK756326 (5.97 μM). The results of the Time of additions showed that except for Astragaloside IV and Theaflavine-3, 3'-digallate had a weak entry inhibition effect, and it was speculated that all ten compounds had an intracellular inhibition effect. Cephaeline, Harringtonine, Astragaloside IV, Bruceine D, and Tubercidin may have pre-reverse transcriptional inhibition. Yadanziolide A, Theaflavine-3, 3'-digallate, Ginkgetin and RX-3117 may be in the post-reverse transcriptional inhibition. The inhibitory effect of ZK 75632 may be in the reverse transcriptional process. CONCLUSION A drug screening system using Rev-A3R5-GFP reporter cells with pseudoviruses (pNL4-3) is highly efficient. This study provided potential hit compounds for new HIV drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Lian
- Department of Prevention and control of infectious diseases, School of public health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhimin Huang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhicheng Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Prevention and control of infectious diseases, School of public health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Serna-Arbeláez MS, García-Cárcamo V, Rincón-Tabares DS, Guerra D, Loaiza-Cano V, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Pereañez JA, Pastrana-Restrepo M, Galeano E, Zapata W. In Vitro and In Silico Antiviral Activity of Di-Halogenated Compounds Derived from L-Tyrosine against Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1). Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8173-8200. [PMID: 37886959 PMCID: PMC10605077 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is considered one of the major public health problems worldwide. Due to the limited access to antiretroviral therapy, the associated side effects, and the resistance that the virus can generate, it has become necessary to continue the development of new antiviral agents. The study aimed to identify potential antiviral agents for HIV-1 by evaluating the in vitro and in silico activity of 16 synthetic di-halogenated compounds derived from L-Tyrosine. The compounds were tested for cytotoxicity, which was determined using MTT, and a combined antiviral screening strategy (pre- and post-infection treatment) was performed against R5 and X4 strains of HIV-1. The most promising compounds were evaluated against a pseudotyped virus (HIV-GFP-VSV-G), and the effectiveness of these compounds was measured through GFP flow cytometry. Also, the antiviral effect of these compounds was evaluated in PBMCs using flow cytometry and ELISA for p24. The TODB-2M, TODC-2M, TODC-3M, and YDC-3M compounds showed low toxicity and significant inhibitory activity against HIV-1. In silico docking and molecular dynamics assays suggest that the compounds' antiviral activity may be due to interaction with reverse transcriptase, viral protease, or envelope gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Serna-Arbeláez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.S.S.-A.); (V.G.-C.)
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
| | - Valentina García-Cárcamo
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.S.S.-A.); (V.G.-C.)
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
| | - Daniel S. Rincón-Tabares
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
| | - Diego Guerra
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales PECET, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Vanessa Loaiza-Cano
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680005, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
| | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680005, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
| | - Jaime A. Pereañez
- Grupo Toxinología, Alternativas Terapéuticas y Alimentarias, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
| | - Manuel Pastrana-Restrepo
- Productos Naturales Marinos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.P.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Productos Naturales Marinos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.P.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.S.S.-A.); (V.G.-C.)
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
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Tietjen I, Schonhofer C, Sciorillo A, Naidu ME, Haq Z, Kannan T, Kossenkov AV, Rivera-Ortiz J, Mounzer K, Hart C, Gyampoh K, Yuan Z, Beattie KD, Rali T, Shuda McGuire K, Davis RA, Montaner LJ. The Natural Stilbenoid (-)-Hopeaphenol Inhibits HIV Transcription by Targeting Both PKC and NF-κB Signaling and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0160022. [PMID: 36975214 PMCID: PMC10112218 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01600-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), people living with HIV (PLWH) continue to harbor replication-competent and transcriptionally active virus in infected cells, which in turn can lead to ongoing viral antigen production, chronic inflammation, and increased risk of age-related comorbidities. To identify new agents that may inhibit postintegration HIV beyond cART, we screened a library of 512 pure compounds derived from natural products and identified (-)-hopeaphenol as an inhibitor of HIV postintegration transcription at low to submicromolar concentrations without cytotoxicity. Using a combination of global RNA sequencing, plasmid-based reporter assays, and enzyme activity studies, we document that hopeaphenol inhibits protein kinase C (PKC)- and downstream NF-κB-dependent HIV transcription as well as a subset of PKC-dependent T-cell activation markers, including interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine and CD25 and HLA-DRB1 RNA production. In contrast, it does not substantially inhibit the early PKC-mediated T-cell activation marker CD69 production of IL-6 or NF-κB signaling induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). We further show that hopeaphenol can inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) enzymatic activity required for HIV transcription. Finally, it inhibits HIV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected in vitro and dampens viral reactivation in CD4+ cells from PLWH. Our study identifies hopeaphenol as a novel inhibitor that targets a subset of PKC-mediated T-cell activation pathways in addition to CDK9 to block HIV expression. Hopeaphenol-based therapies could complement current antiretroviral therapy otherwise not targeting cell-associated HIV RNA and residual antigen production in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Tietjen
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cole Schonhofer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Maya E. Naidu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zahra Haq
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Immune Disorders Treatment Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin Hart
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kwasi Gyampoh
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karren D. Beattie
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Topul Rali
- School of Natural and Physical Sciences, The University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Rohan A. Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Bai R, Song C, Lv S, Chang L, Hua W, Weng W, Wu H, Dai L. Role of microglia in HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:16. [PMID: 36927791 PMCID: PMC10018946 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of antiretroviral treatment (ART) has considerably decreased the morbidity and mortality related to HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) infection. However, ART is ineffective in eradicating the virus from the persistent cell reservoirs (e.g., microglia), noticeably hindering the cure for HIV-1. Microglia participate in the progression of neuroinflammation, brain aging, and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Some methods have currently been studied as fundamental strategies targeting microglia. The purpose of this study was to comprehend microglia biology and its functions in HIV-1 infection, as well as to look into potential therapeutic approaches targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojing Bai
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyun Lv
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Linlin Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wenjia Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Lili Dai
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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6
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Wang X, Li J, Shang J, Bai J, Wu K, Liu J, Yang Z, Ou H, Shao L. Metabolites extracted from microorganisms as potential inhibitors of glycosidases (α-glucosidase and α-amylase): A review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1050869. [PMID: 36466660 PMCID: PMC9712454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Glucosidase and α-amylase are the two main glycosidases that participate in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Inhibitors of these two enzymes are considered an important medical treatment for carbohydrate uptake disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. Microbes are an important source of constituents that have the potential to inhibit glycosidases and can be used as sources of new drugs and dietary supplements. For example, the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, isolated from Actinoplanes sp., has played an important role in adequately controlling type 2 diabetes, but this class of marketed drugs has many drawbacks, such as poor compliance with treatment and expense. This demonstrates the need for new microorganism-derived resources, as well as novel classes of drugs with better compliance, socioeconomic benefits, and safety. This review introduces the literature on microbial sources of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors, with a focus on endophytes and marine microorganisms, over the most recent 5 years. This paper also reviews the application of glycosidase inhibitors as drugs and dietary supplements. These studies will contribute to the future development of new microorganism-derived glycosidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Shang
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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7
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Review Marine Pharmacology in 2018: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action. Pharmacol Res 2022; 183:106391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Al-Khayri JM, Asghar W, Khan S, Akhtar A, Ayub H, Khalid N, Alessa FM, Al-Mssallem MQ, Rezk AAS, Shehata WF. Therapeutic Potential of Marine Bioactive Peptides against Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Recent Evidence, Challenges, and Future Trends. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080477. [PMID: 35892945 PMCID: PMC9394390 DOI: 10.3390/md20080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic and potentially fatal ailment caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and remains a major health problem worldwide. In recent years, the research focus has shifted to a greater emphasis on complementing treatment regimens involving conventional antiretroviral (ARV) drug therapies with novel lead structures isolated from various marine organisms that have the potential to be utilized as therapeutics for the management of HIV-AIDS. The present review summarizes the recent developments regarding bioactive peptides sourced from various marine organisms. This includes a discussion encompassing the potential of these novel marine bioactive peptides with regard to antiretroviral activities against HIV, preparation, purification, and processing techniques, in addition to insight into the future trends with an emphasis on the potential of exploration and evaluation of novel peptides to be developed into effective antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Mohammed Al-Khayri
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.-S.R.); (W.F.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.-K.); (N.K.)
| | - Waqas Asghar
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan; (W.A.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Sipper Khan
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan; (W.A.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Aqsa Akhtar
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan; (W.A.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Haris Ayub
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan; (W.A.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan; (W.A.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.-K.); (N.K.)
| | - Fatima Mohammed Alessa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.A.); (M.Q.A.-M.)
| | - Muneera Qassim Al-Mssallem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.A.); (M.Q.A.-M.)
| | - Adel Abdel-Sabour Rezk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.-S.R.); (W.F.S.)
| | - Wael Fathi Shehata
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.-S.R.); (W.F.S.)
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9
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Wang M, Sciorillo A, Read S, Divsalar DN, Gyampoh K, Zu G, Yuan Z, Mounzer K, Williams DE, Montaner LJ, de Voogd N, Tietjen I, Andersen RJ. Ansellone J, a Potent in Vitro and ex Vivo HIV-1 Latency Reversal Agent Isolated from a Phorbas sp. Marine Sponge. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1274-1281. [PMID: 35522580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Five new minor sesterterpenoids, ansellones H (4), I (5), J (6), and K (7) and phorone C (8), have been isolated from a Phorbas sp. marine sponge collected in British Columbia. Their structures have been elucidated by detailed analysis of NMR and MS data. Ansellone J (6) and phorone C (8) are potent in vitro HIV-1 latency reversal agents that are more potent than the reference compound and control protein kinase C activator prostratin (3). The most potent Phorbas sesterterpenoid, ansellone J (6), was evaluated for HIV latency reversal in a primary cell context using CD4+ T cells obtained directly from four combination antiretroviral therapy-suppressed donors with HIV. To a first approximation, ansellone J (6) induced HIV latency reversal at levels similar to prostratin (3) ex vivo, but at a 10-fold lower concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Amanda Sciorillo
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Silven Read
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Donya Naz Divsalar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kwasi Gyampoh
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Guorui Zu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zhe Yuan
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Immune Disorders Treatment Center, Philadelphia FIGHT Community Health Centers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - David E Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Luis J Montaner
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicole de Voogd
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Tietjen
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Khairunisa SQ, Indriati DW, Tumewu L, Widyawaruyanti A, Nasronudin N. Screening of anti-HIV activities in ethanol extract and fractions from Ficus fistulosa leaves. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:737-742. [PMID: 34214379 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is considered as a major immunosuppressive disease linked to malignancies and other opportunistic infections. Recently, the high prevalence of HIV drug-resistant strains required a high demand for novel antiviral drug development, especially in herbal medicine approaches. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of Ficus fistulosa leaves can inhibit HIV replication in ethanol extract form as well as its fractions using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol solvents. METHODS F. fistulosa leaves were extracted using ethanol as a solvent and further gradually fractionated in chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol solvents. The targeted persistently infected virus (MT4/HIV) cell lines were cocultured with ethanol extract and fractions at different time points. The syncytium formation and cytotoxicity assays were performed to evaluate the potential antiviral activity of F. fistulosa leaves. RESULTS One of the four tested extract/fractions showed antiviral activity against HIV. The ethanol extract showed weak inhibition with a high level of toxicity (IC50 = 8.96 μg/mL, CC50 ≥50 μg/mL, and SI = 5.58). Meanwhile, chloroform fraction effectively inhibited the MT4/HIV cell proliferation while keeping the toxicity to a minimal level (IC50 = 3.27 μg/mL, CC50 = 29.30 μg/mL, and SI = 8.96). In contrast of ethyl acetate fraction and butanol fraction showed no anti HIV activity with a high level of toxicity (CC50 ≥50 μg/mL) and low SI value (>2.17 μg/mL and >0.97 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS Chloroform fraction of F. fistulosa leaves showed effectively as anti-viral activity against MT4/HIV cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dwi Wahyu Indriati
- HIV Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Departement of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lidya Tumewu
- Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aty Widyawaruyanti
- Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nasronudin Nasronudin
- HIV Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Airlangga University Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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11
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Flavonoid-based inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 without concomitant inhibition of histone deacetylases durably reinforces HIV latency. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114462. [PMID: 33577894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) durably suppresses HIV replication, virus persists in CD4+ T-cells that harbor latent but spontaneously inducible and replication-competent provirus. One strategy to inactivate these viral reservoirs involves the use of agents that continue to reinforce HIV latency even after their withdrawal. To identify new chemical leads with such properties, we investigated a series of naturally-occurring flavones (chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, and luteolin-7-glucoside (L7G)) and functionally-related cyclin dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitors (flavopiridol and atuveciclib) which are reported or presumed to suppress HIV replication in vitro. We found that, while all compounds inhibit provirus expression induced by latency-reversing agents in vitro, only aglycone flavonoids (chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, flavopiridol) and atuveciclib, but not the glycosylated flavonoid L7G, inhibit spontaneous latency reversal. Aglycone flavonoids and atuveciclib, but not L7G, also inhibit CDK9 and the HIV Tat protein. Aglycone flavonoids do not reinforce HIV latency following their in vitro withdrawal, which corresponds with their ability to also inhibit class I/II histone deacetylases (HDAC), a well-established mechanism of latency reversal. In contrast, atuveciclib and flavopiridol, which exhibit little or no HDAC inhibition, continue to reinforce latency for 9 to 14+ days, respectively, following their withdrawal in vitro. Finally, we show that flavopiridol also inhibits spontaneous ex vivo viral RNA production in CD4+ T cells from donors with HIV. These results implicate CDK9 inhibition (in the absence of HDAC inhibition) as a potentially favorable property in the search for compounds that durably reinforce HIV latency.
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12
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HIV latency reversal agents: A potential path for functional cure? Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113213. [PMID: 33540228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advances in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment, the cure for all HIV patients still poses a major challenge, which needs to be surpassed in the coming years. Among the strategies pursuing this aim, the 'kick-and-kill' approach, which involves the reactivation and elimination of a latent HIV reservoir that resides in some CD4+ T cells, appears promising. The first step of this approach requires the use of latency reversal agents (LRAs) that induce the reactivation of the latent virus. Although several classes of LRAs have been reported so far, some limitations of these compounds still need to be overcome before their clinical use. The complete exhaustion of the reservoir of latent virus will contribute to promote the second step of this approach, facilitating the elimination of the reactivated HIV. Therefore, potent, safe, and non-toxic LRAs are necessary to promote efficient elimination of the HIV-1 virus from its reservoir. In this review article, we focus on the promising LRAs that have been described in the literature over the past few years, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of their use in the 'kick and kill' approach, thus opening a new avenue in the development of a potential cure.
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13
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Richard K, Schonhofer C, Giron LB, Rivera-Ortiz J, Read S, Kannan T, Kinloch NN, Shahid A, Feilcke R, Wappler S, Imming P, Harris M, Brumme ZL, Brockman MA, Mounzer K, Kossenkov AV, Abdel-Mohsen M, Andrae-Marobela K, Montaner LJ, Tietjen I. The African natural product knipholone anthrone and its analogue anthralin (dithranol) enhance HIV-1 latency reversal. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14084-14099. [PMID: 32788215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A sterilizing or functional cure for HIV is currently precluded by resting CD4+ T cells that harbor latent but replication-competent provirus. The "shock-and-kill" pharmacological ap-proach aims to reactivate provirus expression in the presence of antiretroviral therapy and target virus-expressing cells for elimination. However, no latency reversal agent (LRA) to date effectively clears viral reservoirs in humans, suggesting a need for new LRAs and LRA combinations. Here, we screened 216 compounds from the pan-African Natural Product Library and identified knipholone anthrone (KA) and its basic building block anthralin (dithranol) as novel LRAs that reverse viral latency at low micromolar concentrations in multiple cell lines. Neither agent's activity depends on protein kinase C; nor do they inhibit class I/II histone deacetylases. However, they are differentially modulated by oxidative stress and metal ions and induce distinct patterns of global gene expression from established LRAs. When applied in combination, both KA and anthralin synergize with LRAs representing multiple functional classes. Finally, KA induces both HIV RNA and protein in primary cells from HIV-infected donors. Taken together, we describe two novel LRAs that enhance the activities of multiple "shock-and-kill" agents, which in turn may inform ongoing LRA combination therapy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khumoekae Richard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cole Schonhofer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Silven Read
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Natalie N Kinloch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aniqa Shahid
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ruth Feilcke
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Simone Wappler
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Peter Imming
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marianne Harris
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Immune Disorders Treatment Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian Tietjen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada .,Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Virtual Screening Identifies Chebulagic Acid as an Inhibitor of the M2(S31N) Viral Ion Channel and Influenza A Virus. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122903. [PMID: 32599753 PMCID: PMC7356874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant influenza viruses emphasizes the need for new antiviral countermeasures. The M2 protein of influenza A is a proton-gated, proton-selective ion channel, which is essential for influenza replication and an established antiviral target. However, all currently circulating influenza A virus strains are now resistant to licensed M2-targeting adamantane drugs, primarily due to the widespread prevalence of an M2 variant encoding a serine to asparagine 31 mutation (S31N). To identify new chemical leads that may target M2(S31N), we performed a virtual screen of molecules from two natural product libraries and identified chebulagic acid as a candidate M2(S31N) inhibitor and influenza antiviral. Chebulagic acid selectively restores growth of M2(S31N)-expressing yeast. Molecular modeling also suggests that chebulagic acid hydrolysis fragments preferentially interact with the highly-conserved histidine residue within the pore of M2(S31N) but not adamantane-sensitive M2(S31). In contrast, chebulagic acid inhibits in vitro influenza A replication regardless of M2 sequence, suggesting that it also acts on other influenza targets. Taken together, results implicate chebulagic acid and/or its hydrolysis fragments as new chemical leads for M2(S31N) and influenza-directed antiviral development.
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15
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Divsalar DN, Simoben CV, Schonhofer C, Richard K, Sippl W, Ntie-Kang F, Tietjen I. Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and HIV-1 Latency-Reversing Agents Identified by Large-Scale Virtual Screening. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:905. [PMID: 32625097 PMCID: PMC7311767 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapies used for HIV management do not target latent viral reservoirs in humans. The experimental “shock-and-kill” therapeutic approach involves use of latency-reversal agents (LRAs) that reactivate HIV expression in reservoir-containing cells, followed by infected cell elimination through viral or host immune cytopathic effects. Several LRAs that function as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are reported to reverse HIV latency in cells and in clinical trials; however, none to date have consistently reduced viral reservoirs in humans, prompting a need to identify new LRAs. Toward this goal, we describe here a virtual screening (VS) approach which uses 14 reported HDAC inhibitors to probe PubChem and identifies 60 LRA candidates. We then show that four screening “hits” including (S)-N-Hydroxy-4-(3-methyl-2-phenylbutanamido)benzamide (compound 15), N-(4-Aminophenyl)heptanamide (16), N-[4-(Heptanoylamino)phenyl]heptanamide (17), and 4-(1,3-Dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)butanamide (18) inhibit HDAC activity and/or reverse HIV latency in vitro. This study demonstrates and supports that VS-based approaches can readily identify novel HDAC inhibitors and LRAs, which in turn may help toward inhibitor design and chemical optimization efforts for improved HIV shock-and-kill-based efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Naz Divsalar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Conrad Veranso Simoben
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Instutite of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cole Schonhofer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Khumoekae Richard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Instutite of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Instutite of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ian Tietjen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Hashemi P, Sadowski I. Diversity of small molecule HIV-1 latency reversing agents identified in low- and high-throughput small molecule screens. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:881-908. [PMID: 31608481 PMCID: PMC7216841 DOI: 10.1002/med.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The latency phenomenon produced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) prevents viral clearance by current therapies, and consequently development of a cure for HIV-1 disease represents a formidable challenge. Research over the past decade has resulted in identification of small molecules that are capable of exposing HIV-1 latent reservoirs, by reactivation of viral transcription, which is intended to render these infected cells sensitive to elimination by immune defense recognition or apoptosis. Molecules with this capability, known as latency-reversing agents (LRAs) could lead to realization of proposed HIV-1 cure strategies collectively termed "shock and kill," which are intended to eliminate the latently infected population by forced reactivation of virus replication in combination with additional interventions that enhance killing by the immune system or virus-mediated apoptosis. Here, we review efforts to discover novel LRAs via low- and high-throughput small molecule screens, and summarize characteristics and biochemical properties of chemical structures with this activity. We expect this analysis will provide insight toward further research into optimized designs for new classes of more potent LRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pargol Hashemi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Ivan Sadowski
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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17
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Williams DE, Andersen RJ. Biologically active marine natural products and their molecular targets discovered using a chemical genetics approach. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:617-633. [PMID: 31750842 PMCID: PMC7874888 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00054b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2019The discovery of new natural products that have some combination of unprecedented chemical structures, biological activities of therapeutic interest for urgent medical needs, and new molecular targets provides the fuel that sustains the vitality of natural products chemistry research. Unfortunately, finding these important new compounds is neither routine or trivial and a major challenge is finding effective discovery paradigms. This review presents examples that illustrate the effectiveness of a chemical genetics approach to marine natural product (MNP) discovery that intertwines compound discovery, molecular target identification, and phenotypic response/biological activity. The examples include MNPs that have complex unprecedented structures, new or understudied molecular targets, and potent biological activities of therapeutic interest. A variety of methods to identify molecular targets are also featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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18
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Kaur R, Sharma P, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F, Kumar D. Structure-Activity-Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2070. [PMID: 32365518 PMCID: PMC7249135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which chiefly originatesfroma retrovirus named Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has impacted about 70 million people worldwide. Even though several advances have been made in the field of antiretroviral combination therapy, HIV is still responsible for a considerable number of deaths in Africa. The current antiretroviral therapies have achieved success in providing instant HIV suppression but with countless undesirable adverse effects. Presently, the biodiversity of the plant kingdom is being explored by several researchers for the discovery of potent anti-HIV drugs with different mechanisms of action. The primary challenge is to afford a treatment that is free from any sort of risk of drug resistance and serious side effects. Hence, there is a strong demand to evaluate drugs derived from plants as well as their derivatives. Several plants, such as Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Aegle marmelos, Wistaria floribunda, Lindera chunii, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and others have displayed significant anti-HIV activity. Here, weattempt to summarize the main results, which focus on the structures of most potent plant-based natural products having anti-HIV activity along with their mechanisms of action and IC50 values, structure-activity-relationships and important key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Girish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot 145001, India;
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
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19
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Boucau J, Das J, Joshi N, Le Gall S. Latency reversal agents modulate HIV antigen processing and presentation to CD8 T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008442. [PMID: 32196533 PMCID: PMC7112239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency reversal agents (LRA) variably induce HIV re-expression in CD4 T cells but reservoirs are not cleared. Whether HIV epitope presentation is similar between latency reversal and initial infection of CD4 T cells is unknown yet crucial to define immune responses able to detect HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal. HIV peptides displayed by MHC comes from the intracellular degradation of proteins by proteasomes and post-proteasomal peptidases but the impact of LRAs on antigen processing is not known. Here we show that HDAC inhibitors (HDCAi) reduced cytosolic proteolytic activities while PKC agonists (PKCa) increased them to a lesser extent than that induced by TCR activation. During the cytosolic degradation of long HIV peptides in LRA-treated CD4 T cells extracts, HDACi and PKCa modulated degradation patterns of peptides and altered the production of HIV epitopes in often opposite ways. Beyond known HIV epitopes, HDACi narrowed the coverage of HIV antigenic fragments by 8-11aa degradation peptides while PKCa broadened it. LRAs altered HIV infection kinetics and modulated CD8 T cell activation in an epitope- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly the efficiency of endogenous epitope processing and presentation to CD8 T cells was increased by PKCa Ingenol at early time points despite low levels of antigens. LRA-induced modulations of antigen processing should be considered and exploited to enhance and broaden HIV peptide presentation by CD4 T cells and to improve immune recognition after latency reversal. This property of LRAs, if confirmed with other antigens, might be exploited to improve immune detection of diseased cells beyond HIV. Latently HIV-infected CD4 T cells persist and remain invisible to the immune system. Strategies to flush out HIV reservoirs propose to re-express HIV with latency reversal agents (LRAs), leading to CD4 T cell death or clearance by HIV-specific immune responses. LRAs tested so far variably induced HIV re-expression but did not eliminate reservoirs. The activation of HIV-specific immune responses is triggered by HIV peptides displayed by infected cells after HIV intracellular degradation. Whether HIV antigens are similarly degraded and displayed by CD4 T cells after latency reversal or during initial infection is unknown. We showed that LRAs altered the activities of the degradation machinery and changed the degradation patterns of HIV into peptides. LRA-treated HIV-infected CD4 T cells were variably recognized by immune cells in a time- and peptide-dependent manner. Some LRAs increased the efficiency of HIV peptide presentation despite low levels of HIV antigens inside CD4 T cells. The modulation of HIV peptide presentation by current or future LRAs should be accounted for and exploited to improve HIV peptide presentation and enhance immune detection of HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jishnu Das
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Neelambari Joshi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wallet C, De Rovere M, Van Assche J, Daouad F, De Wit S, Gautier V, Mallon PWG, Marcello A, Van Lint C, Rohr O, Schwartz C. Microglial Cells: The Main HIV-1 Reservoir in the Brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:362. [PMID: 31709195 PMCID: PMC6821723 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite efficient combination of the antiretroviral therapy (cART), which significantly decreased mortality and morbidity of HIV-1 infection, a definitive HIV cure has not been achieved. Hidden HIV-1 in cellular and anatomic reservoirs is the major hurdle toward a functional cure. Microglial cells, the Central Nervous system (CNS) resident macrophages, are one of the major cellular reservoirs of latent HIV-1. These cells are believed to be involved in the emergence of drugs resistance and reseeding peripheral tissues. Moreover, these long-life reservoirs are also involved in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive diseases (HAND). Clearing these infected cells from the brain is therefore crucial to achieve a cure. However, many characteristics of microglial cells and the CNS hinder the eradication of these brain reservoirs. Better understandings of the specific molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency in microglial cells should help to design new molecules and new strategies preventing HAND and achieving HIV cure. Moreover, new strategies are needed to circumvent the limitations associated to anatomical sanctuaries with barriers such as the blood brain barrier (BBB) that reduce the access of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Wallet
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Marco De Rovere
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Jeanne Van Assche
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Fadoua Daouad
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Gautier
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick W G Mallon
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
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21
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The Diversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins on Structural Characterization, Distribution and Identification: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090530. [PMID: 31547379 PMCID: PMC6784007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread distribution of cyanobacteria in the aquatic environment is increasing the risk of water pollution caused by cyanotoxins, which poses a serious threat to human health. However, the structural characterization, distribution and identification techniques of cyanotoxins have not been comprehensively reviewed in previous studies. This paper aims to elaborate the existing information systematically on the diversity of cyanotoxins to identify valuable research avenues. According to the chemical structure, cyanotoxins are mainly classified into cyclic peptides, alkaloids, lipopeptides, nonprotein amino acids and lipoglycans. In terms of global distribution, the amount of cyanotoxins are unbalanced in different areas. The diversity of cyanotoxins is more obviously found in many developed countries than that in undeveloped countries. Moreover, the threat of cyanotoxins has promoted the development of identification and detection technology. Many emerging methods have been developed to detect cyanotoxins in the environment. This communication provides a comprehensive review of the diversity of cyanotoxins, and the detection and identification technology was discussed. This detailed information will be a valuable resource for identifying the various types of cyanotoxins which threaten the environment of different areas. The ability to accurately identify specific cyanotoxins is an obvious and essential aspect of cyanobacterial research.
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Barbosa AJM, Roque ACA. Free Marine Natural Products Databases for Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800607. [PMID: 31297982 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms and micro-organisms are a source of natural compounds with unique chemical features. These chemical properties are useful for the discovery of new functions and applications of marine natural products (MNPs). To extensively exploit the potential implementations of MNPs, they are gathered in chemical databases that allow their study and screening for applications of biotechnological interest. However, the classification of MNPs is currently poor in generic chemical databases. The present availability of free-access-focused MNP databases is scarce and the molecular diversity of these databases is still very low when compared to the paid-access ones. In this review paper, the current scenario of free-access MNP databases is presented as well as the hindrances involved in their development, mainly compound dereplication. Examples and opportunities for using freely accessible MNP databases in several important areas of biotechnology are also assessed. The scope of this paper is, as well, to notify the latent potential of these information sources for the discovery and development of new MNPs in biotechnology, and push future efforts to develop a public domain MNP database freely available for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arménio J M Barbosa
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana C A Roque
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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23
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Marine-Derived Natural Lead Compound Disulfide-Linked Dimer Psammaplin A: Biological Activity and Structural Modification. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070384. [PMID: 31252563 PMCID: PMC6669562 DOI: 10.3390/md17070384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine natural products are considered to be valuable resources that are furnished with diverse chemical structures and various bioactivities. To date, there are seven compounds derived from marine natural products which have been approved as therapeutic drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Numerous bromotyrosine derivatives have been isolated as a type of marine natural products. Among them, psammaplin A, including the oxime groups and carbon-sulfur bonds, was the first identified symmetrical bromotyrosine-derived disulfide dimer. It has been found to have a broad bioactive spectrum, especially in terms of antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. The highest potential indole-derived psammaplin A derivative, UVI5008, is used as an epigenetic modulator with multiple enzyme inhibitory activities. Inspired by these reasons, psammaplin A has gradually become a research focus for pharmacologists and chemists. To the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review about the biological activity and structural modification of psammaplin A. In this review, the pharmacological effects, total synthesis, and synthesized derivatives of psammaplin A are summarized.
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24
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Eradication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1)-Infected Cells. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11060255. [PMID: 31159417 PMCID: PMC6631149 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictions made soon after the introduction of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors about potentially eradicating the cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 in infected individuals were too optimistic. The ability of the HIV-1 genome to remain in the chromosomes of resting CD4+ T cells and macrophages without being expressed (HIV-1 latency) has prompted studies to activate the cells in the hopes that the immune system can recognize and clear these cells. The absence of natural clearance of latently infected cells has led to the recognition that additional interventions are necessary. Here, we review the potential of utilizing suicide gene therapy to kill infected cells, excising the chromosome-integrated HIV-1 DNA, and targeting cytotoxic liposomes to latency-reversed HIV-1-infected cells.
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25
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Abner E, Jordan A. HIV "shock and kill" therapy: In need of revision. Antiviral Res 2019; 166:19-34. [PMID: 30914265 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of antiretroviral therapy 23 years ago has rendered HIV infection clinically manageable. However, the disease remains incurable, since it establishes latent proviral reservoirs, which in turn can stochastically begin reproducing viral particles throughout the patient's lifetime. Viral latency itself depends in large part on the silencing environment of the infected host cell, which can be chemically manipulated. "Shock and kill" therapy intends to reverse proviral quiescence by inducing transcription with pharmaceuticals and allowing a combination of antiretroviral therapy, host immune clearance and HIV-cytolysis to remove latently infected cells, leading to a complete cure. Over 160 compounds functioning as latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been identified to date, but none of the candidates has yet led to a promising functional cure. Furthermore, fundamental bioinformatic and clinical research from the past decade has highlighted the complexity and highly heterogeneous nature of the proviral reservoirs, shedding doubt on the "shock and kill" concept. Alternative therapies such as the HIV transcription-inhibiting "block and lock" strategy are therefore being considered. In this review we describe the variety of existing classes of LRAs, discuss their current drawbacks and highlight the potential for combinatorial "shocktail" therapies for potent proviral reactivation. We also suggest investigating LRAs with lesser-known mechanisms of action, and examine the feasibility of "block and lock" therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Abner
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Jordan
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Lum KY, Carroll AR, Ekins MG, Read S, Haq Z, Tietjen I, St John J, Davis RA. Capillasterin A, a Novel Pyrano[2,3-f]chromene from the Australian Crinoid Capillaster multiradiatus. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010026. [PMID: 30621172 PMCID: PMC6356231 DOI: 10.3390/md17010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Capillasterin A (1), a novel pyrano[2,3-f]chromene, together with seven known naphthopyrones including comaparvin (2), TMC-256C1 (3), 6-methoxycomaparvin-5- methyl ether (4), 5,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-propyl-4H-naphtho[2,3-b]pyran-4-one (5), 5,8-dihydroxy-6,10-dimethoxy-2-propyl-4H-naphtho[2,3-b]pyran-4-one (6), TMC-256A1 (7) and 6-methoxycomaparvin (8) were isolated from an EtOH/H2O extract from the Australian crinoid Capillaster multiradiatus. The structures of all the compounds were determined by detailed spectroscopic (1D/2D NMR and MS) data analysis. This is the first report of a natural product that contains the pyrano[2,3-f]chromene skeleton. Compounds 2–6 were observed to display moderate inhibition of in vitro HIV-1 replication in a T cell line with EC50 values ranging from 7.5 to 25.5 µM without concomitant cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yean Lum
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Merrick G Ekins
- Biodiversity and Geosciences, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane BC, QLD 4101, Australia.
| | - Silven Read
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Zahra Haq
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Ian Tietjen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - James St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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27
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Wallet C, De Rovere M, Van Assche J, Daouad F, De Wit S, Gautier V, Mallon PWG, Marcello A, Van Lint C, Rohr O, Schwartz C. Microglial Cells: The Main HIV-1 Reservoir in the Brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019. [PMID: 31709195 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00362/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite efficient combination of the antiretroviral therapy (cART), which significantly decreased mortality and morbidity of HIV-1 infection, a definitive HIV cure has not been achieved. Hidden HIV-1 in cellular and anatomic reservoirs is the major hurdle toward a functional cure. Microglial cells, the Central Nervous system (CNS) resident macrophages, are one of the major cellular reservoirs of latent HIV-1. These cells are believed to be involved in the emergence of drugs resistance and reseeding peripheral tissues. Moreover, these long-life reservoirs are also involved in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive diseases (HAND). Clearing these infected cells from the brain is therefore crucial to achieve a cure. However, many characteristics of microglial cells and the CNS hinder the eradication of these brain reservoirs. Better understandings of the specific molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency in microglial cells should help to design new molecules and new strategies preventing HAND and achieving HIV cure. Moreover, new strategies are needed to circumvent the limitations associated to anatomical sanctuaries with barriers such as the blood brain barrier (BBB) that reduce the access of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Wallet
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Marco De Rovere
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Jeanne Van Assche
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Fadoua Daouad
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Gautier
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick W G Mallon
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
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28
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Ding CYG, Pang LM, Liang ZX, Goh KKK, Glukhov E, Gerwick WH, Tan LT. MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking Approach for the Detection of Aplysiatoxin-Related Compounds in Environmental Marine Cyanobacteria. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120505. [PMID: 30551660 PMCID: PMC6315786 DOI: 10.3390/md16120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain strains of cyanobacteria produce a wide array of cyanotoxins, such as microcystins, lyngbyatoxins and aplysiatoxins, that are associated with public health issues. In this pilot study, an approach combining LC-MS/MS and molecular networking was employed as a rapid analytical method to detect aplysiatoxins present in four environmental marine cyanobacterial samples collected from intertidal areas in Singapore. Based on 16S-ITS rRNA gene sequences, these filamentous cyanobacterial samples collected from Pulau Hantu were determined as Trichodesmium erythraeum, Oscillatoria sp. PAB-2 and Okeania sp. PNG05-4. Organic extracts were prepared and analyzed on LC-HRMS/MS and Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) for the presence of aplysiatoxin-related molecules. From the molecular networking, six known compounds, debromoaplysiatoxin (1), anhydrodebromoaplysiatoxin (2), 3-methoxydebromoaplysiatoxin (3), aplysiatoxin (4), oscillatoxin A (5) and 31-noroscillatoxin B (6), as well as potential new analogues, were detected in these samples. In addition, differences and similarities in molecular networking clusters related to the aplysiatoxin molecular family were observed in extracts of Trichodesmium erythraeum collected from two different locations and from different cyanobacterial species found at Pulau Hantu, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ying Gary Ding
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
| | - Li Mei Pang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Kau Kiat Kelvin Goh
- Singapore Phenome Centre, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, (K.K.K.G.).
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - William H Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Lik Tong Tan
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
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