1
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Feng S, Li A, Wang B, Hu L, Li S, Li Y, Yu Y, Zhang H, Yuan J. Enhancement of antiviral activity of egg yolk antibodies against Chinese sacbrood virus. Virus Res 2022; 319:198878. [PMID: 35882266 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) poses a serious threat to the apiculture of China. Although several approaches have been attempted to control CSBV infection, their applications have been greatly limited in practical breeding of honeybees due to poor effectiveness. Egg yolk antibodies (EYA) have shown a promising protection for bees against CSBV infection. This study was conducted to produce high titer EYA and then further improve their antiviral effect. Among three vaccination groups, the EYA titer in graphene oxide-chitosan group was highest (1.591 ± 0.145), in Freund's group was modest (1.195 ± 0.040), and in white oil group was lowest (1.058 ± 0.056). After three injections of each vaccine in hens, EYA were produced at the highest level with a 14-day period. After application of EYA for more than two years in actual bee breeding, prevention and treatment assays showed that EYA confered 98.9 to 100% protection from CSBV infection. The mortality of the control group reached to a range of 91.2 to 100%. This study demonstrated that the high titer EYA have been successfully prepared with significant anti-CSBV activity and that these antibodies may feasibly be used for CSBV treatment to meet the practical needs of apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Luoyang Fengzaokang Biotechnological Co. Ltd., Luoyang, Henan 471000, China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Aifang Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Baiyan Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yangfan Yu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Haizhou Zhang
- Luoyang Fengzaokang Biotechnological Co. Ltd., Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
| | - Juan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
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2
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Wang P, Ding P, Wei Q, Liu H, Liu Y, Li Q, Xing Y, Li G, Zhou E, Zhang G. Precise location of two novel linear epitopes on the receptor-binding domain surface of MERS-CoV spike protein recognized by two different monoclonal antibodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:609-619. [PMID: 34871658 PMCID: PMC8641979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a coronavirus which can cause severe human respiratory diseases with a fatality rate of almost 36%. In this study, we report the generation, characterization and epitope mapping of several monoclonal antibodies against the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) of MERS-CoV. Two monoclonal antibodies (4C7 and 6E8) that can react with linearized RBD have been selected for subsequent identification of RBD mAb-binding epitopes. Two distinct novel linear epitopes, 423FTCSQIS429 and 546SPLEGGGWL554,were precisely located at the outermost surface of RBD by dot-blot hybridization and ELISAs. Multiple sequence alignment analysis showed that these two peptides were highly conserved. Alanine (A)-scanning mutagenesis demonstrated that residues 423F, 428I, and 429S are the crucial residues for the linear epitope 423FTCSQIS429 while residues 548L, 550G, 553W, 554L for epitope 546SPLEGGGWL554. These findings may be helpful for further understanding of the function of RBD protein and the development of subsequent diagnosis and detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yunrui Xing
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ge Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Enmin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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3
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Tuccori M, Convertino I, Ferraro S, Valdiserra G, Cappello E, Fini E, Focosi D. An overview of the preclinical discovery and development of bamlanivimab for the treatment of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19): reasons for limited clinical use and lessons for the future. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1403-1414. [PMID: 34304682 PMCID: PMC8353660 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1960819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In the COVID-19 pandemic emergency, research has been oriented toward the development of therapies that could cure critically ill patients and treatments that can reduce the number of hospitalized patients, in order to ease the pressure on health-care systems. Bamlanivimab, developed from human convalescent plasma, was the first monoclonal antibody to become available for emergency use in several countries. Expectations related to its use in COVID-19 patients as a single agent have been largely disregarded, especially against E484K-carrying SARS-CoV-2 variants.Areas covered: In this drug discovery case history, the development of the drug is described starting from the identification and selection of the antibody, from the pre-clinical and clinical trials up to the post-authorization phase.Expert opinion: Bamlanivimab has shown some efficacy in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Initially approved as a monotherapy, due to poor efficacy it is currently only usable in combination with etesevimab. Pharmacokinetic limitations and mainly the onset of SARS-CoV-2 variants are the main reasons for this limited clinical use. The use in preventing hospitalization also has ethical limits related to the sustainability of care, especially if, considering similar effectiveness, bamlanivimab is compared with convalescent plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tuccori
- Unit of Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring, University Hospital of Pisa, Unit of Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irma Convertino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferraro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Valdiserra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cappello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North Western Tuscany Blood Bank, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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4
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Natarajan H, Crowley AR, Butler SE, Xu S, Weiner JA, Bloch EM, Littlefield K, Wieland-Alter W, Connor RI, Wright PF, Benner SE, Bonny TS, Laeyendecker O, Sullivan D, Shoham S, Quinn TC, Larman HB, Casadevall A, Pekosz A, Redd AD, Tobian AAR, Ackerman ME. Markers of Polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Convalescent Plasma. mBio 2021; 12:e00765-21. [PMID: 33879585 PMCID: PMC8092262 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00765-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma is a promising therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the antibody characteristics that contribute to efficacy remain poorly understood. This study analyzed plasma samples from 126 eligible convalescent blood donors in addition to 15 naive individuals, as well as an additional 20 convalescent individuals as a validation cohort. Multiplexed Fc Array binding assays and functional antibody response assays were utilized to evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody composition and activity. Donor convalescent plasma samples contained a range of antibody cell- and complement-mediated effector functions, indicating the diverse antiviral activity of humoral responses observed among recovered individuals. In addition to viral neutralization, convalescent plasma samples contained antibodies capable of mediating such Fc-dependent functions as complement activation, phagocytosis, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2. Plasma samples from a fraction of eligible donors exhibited high activity across all activities evaluated. These polyfunctional plasma samples could be identified with high accuracy with even single Fc Array features, whose correlation with polyfunctional activity was confirmed in the validation cohort. Collectively, these results expand understanding of the diversity of antibody-mediated antiviral functions associated with convalescent plasma, and the polyfunctional antiviral functions suggest that it could retain activity even when its neutralizing capacity is reduced by mutations in variant SARS-CoV-2.IMPORTANCE Convalescent plasma has been deployed globally as a treatment for COVID-19, but efficacy has been mixed. Better understanding of the antibody characteristics that may contribute to its antiviral effects is important for this intervention as well as offer insights into correlates of vaccine-mediated protection. Here, a survey of convalescent plasma activities, including antibody neutralization and diverse effector functions, was used to define plasma samples with broad activity profiles. These polyfunctional plasma samples could be reliably identified in multiple cohorts by multiplex assay, presenting a widely deployable screening test for plasma selection and investigation of vaccine-elicited responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Savannah E Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sarah E Benner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tania S Bonny
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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5
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da Costa CBP, Martins FJ, da Cunha LER, Ratcliffe NA, Cisne de Paula R, Castro HC. COVID-19 and Hyperimmune sera: A feasible plan B to fight against coronavirus. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107220. [PMID: 33302034 PMCID: PMC7678452 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the very beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, different treatment strategies have been explored. These mainly involve the development of antimicrobial, antiviral, and/or anti-inflammatory agents as well as vaccine production. However, other potential options should be more avidly investigated since vaccine production on a worldwide level, and the anti-vaccination movement, also known as anti-vax or vaccine hesitancy by many communities, are still real obstacles without a ready solution. This review presents recent findings on the potential therapeutic advantages of heterologous serotherapy for the treatment of COVID-19. We present not only the effective use in animal models of hyperimmune sera against this coronavirus but also strategies, and protocols for the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 sera. Promising antigens are also indicated such as the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 S protein, which is already in phase 2/3 clinical trial, and the trimeric protein S, which was shown to be up to 150 times more potent than the serum from convalescent donors. Due to the high death rate, the treatment for those currently infected with coronavirus cannot be ignored. Therefore, the potential use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune sera should be carefully but urgently evaluated in phase 2/3 clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B P da Costa
- Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ 24230-410, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Francislene J Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | | | - Norman A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK
| | - Rafael Cisne de Paula
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - Helena C Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, HUAP, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
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6
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Cao J, Wang L, Yu C, Wang K, Wang W, Yan J, Li Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Wang J. Development of an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity reporter assay for measuring anti-Middle East Respiratory Syndrome antibody bioactivity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16615. [PMID: 33024203 PMCID: PMC7538987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly virulent pathogen that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Anti-MERS-CoV antibodies play an integral role in the prevention and treatment against MERS-CoV infections. Bioactivity is a key quality attribute of therapeutic antibodies, and high accuracy and precision are required. The major methods for evaluating the antiviral effect of antiviral antibodies include neutralization assays using live viruses or pseudoviruses are highly variable. Recent studies have demonstrated that the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of antiviral antibodies is more consistent with the virus clearance effect in vivo than neutralization activity. However, no reports evaluating the ADCC activity of anti-MERS antibodies have been published to date. Here, we describe the development of a robust and reliable cell-based reporter gene assay for the determination of ADCC activity of anti-MERS antibodies using 293T/MERS cells stably expressing the spike protein of MERS-CoV (MERS-S) as target cells and the engineered Jurkat/NFAT-luc/FcγRIIIa stably expressing FcγRIIIA and NFAT reporter gene as effector cells. According to the ICH-Q2 analytical method guidelines, we carefully optimized the experimental conditions and assessed the performance of our assay. In addition, we found that the ADCC activity of afucosylated anti-MERS antibodies is higher than their fucosylated counterparts. The establishment of this ADCC determination system provides a novel method for evaluating the bioactivity of anti-MERS antibodies and improving ADCC activity through modification of N-glycosylation of the Fc segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathopysiology, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Kaiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathopysiology, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China.
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7
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Natarajan H, Crowley AR, Butler SE, Xu S, Weiner JA, Bloch EM, Littlefield K, Wieland-Alter W, Connor RI, Wright PF, Benner SE, Bonny TS, Laeyendecker O, Sullivan D, Shoham S, Quinn TC, Larman HB, Casadevall A, Pekosz A, Redd AD, Tobian AA, Ackerman ME. SARS-CoV-2 antibody signatures robustly predict diverse antiviral functions relevant for convalescent plasma therapy. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.09.16.20196154. [PMID: 32995801 PMCID: PMC7523138 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.16.20196154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Convalescent plasma has emerged as a promising COVID-19 treatment. However, the humoral factors that contribute to efficacy are poorly understood. This study functionally and phenotypically profiled plasma from eligible convalescent donors. In addition to viral neutralization, convalescent plasma contained antibodies capable of mediating such Fc-dependent functions as complement activation, phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2. These activities expand the antiviral functions associated with convalescent plasma and together with neutralization efficacy, could be accurately and robustly from antibody phenotypes. These results suggest that high-throughput profiling could be used to screen donors and plasma may provide benefits beyond neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Andrew R. Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Savannah E. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Ruth I. Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sarah E. Benner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tania S. Bonny
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A.R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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8
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Han YJ, Ren ZG, Li XX, Yan JL, Ma CY, Wu DD, Ji XY. Advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1803-1810. [PMID: 32714083 PMCID: PMC7378666 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, a new type of coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading rapidly throughout the world. Previously, there were two outbreaks of severe coronavirus caused by different coronaviruses worldwide, namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This article introduced the origin, virological characteristics and epidemiological overview of SARS-CoV-2, reviewed the currently known drugs that may prevent and treat coronavirus, explained the characteristics of the new coronavirus and provided novel information for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Han
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Clinical Laboratory and Functional Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Ren
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- Clinical Laboratory and Functional Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Ji-Liang Yan
- Clinical Laboratory and Functional Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Chun-Yan Ma
- Clinical Laboratory and Functional Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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9
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Kain T, Lindsay PJ, Adhikari NKJ, Arabi YM, Van Kerkhove MD, Fowler RA. Pharmacologic Treatments and Supportive Care for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1102-1112. [PMID: 32213260 PMCID: PMC7258456 DOI: 10.3201/eid2606.200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Available animal and cell line models have suggested that specific therapeutics might be effective in treating Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). We conducted a systematic review of evidence for treatment with pharmacologic and supportive therapies. We developed a protocol and searched 5 databases for studies describing treatment of MERS and deaths in MERS patients. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed by using ROBINS-I tool. We retrieved 3,660 unique citations; 20 observational studies met eligibility, and we studied 13 therapies. Most studies were at serious or critical RoB; no studies were at low RoB. One study, at moderate RoB, showed reduced mortality rates in severe MERS patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; no other studies showed a significant lifesaving benefit to any treatment. The existing literature on treatments for MERS is observational and at moderate to critical RoB. Clinical trials are needed to guide treatment decisions.
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10
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Schijns V, Lavelle EC. Prevention and treatment of COVID-19 disease by controlled modulation of innate immunity. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:932-938. [PMID: 32438473 PMCID: PMC7280664 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses an enormous threat to global public health and economies. Human coronaviruses normally cause no or mild respiratory disease but in the past two decades, potentially fatal coronavirus infections have emerged, causing respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. These include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), followed by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and recently the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus outbreak that emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Currently, most COVID-19 patients receive traditional supportive care including breathing assistance. To halt the ongoing spread of the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and rescue individual patients, established drugs and new therapies are under evaluation. Since it will be some time until a safe and effective vaccine will be available, the immediate priority is to harness innate immunity to accelerate early antiviral immune responses. Second, since excessive inflammation is a major cause of pathology, targeted anti-inflammatory responses are being evaluated to reduce inflammation-induced damage to the respiratory tract and cytokine storms. Here, we highlight prominent immunotherapies at various stages of development that aim for augmented anti-coronavirus immunity and reduction of pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Schijns
- Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC), Schaijk, The Netherlands.,Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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11
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Willman M, Kobasa D, Kindrachuk J. A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121119. [PMID: 31817037 PMCID: PMC6950189 DOI: 10.3390/v11121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2012, an emerging viral infection was identified in Saudi Arabia that subsequently spread to 27 additional countries globally, though cases may have occurred elsewhere. The virus was ultimately named Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and has been endemic in Saudi Arabia since 2012. As of September 2019, 2468 laboratory-confirmed cases with 851 associated deaths have occurred with a case fatality rate of 34.4%, according to the World Health Organization. An imported case of MERS occurred in South Korea in 2015, stimulating a multi-month outbreak. Several distinguishing factors emerge upon epidemiological and sociological analysis of the two outbreaks including public awareness of the MERS outbreak, and transmission and synchronization of governing healthcare bodies. South Korea implemented a stringent healthcare model that protected patients and healthcare workers alike through prevention and high levels of public information. In addition, many details about MERS-CoV virology, transmission, pathological progression, and even the reservoir, remain unknown. This paper aims to delineate the key differences between the two regional outbreaks from both a healthcare and personal perspective including differing hospital practices, information and public knowledge, cultural practices, and reservoirs, among others. Further details about differing emergency outbreak responses, public information, and guidelines put in place to protect hospitals and citizens could improve the outcome of future MERS outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Willman
- High Containment Respiratory Viruses, Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.W.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- High Containment Respiratory Viruses, Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.W.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-789-3807
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12
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Hemida MG. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and the One Health concept. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7556. [PMID: 31497405 PMCID: PMC6708572 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is one of the major threats to the healthcare systems in some countries, especially in the Arabian Peninsula. MERS-CoV is considered an ideal example of the One Health concept. This is due to the animals, especially dromedary camels, play important roles in the transmission and sustainability of the virus, and the virus can be transmitted through aerosols of infected patients into the environment. However, there is some debate regarding the origin of MERS-CoV either from bats or other unknown reservoirs. The dromedary camel is the only identified animal reservoir to date. These animals play important roles in sustaining the virus in certain communities and may act as an amplifier of the virus by secreting it in their body fluids, especially in nasal and rectal discharges. MERS-CoV has been detected in the nasal and rectal secretions of infected camels, and MERS-CoV of this origin has full capacity to infect human airway epithelium in both in vitro and in vivo models. Other evidence confirms the direct transmission of MERS-CoV from camels to humans, though the role of camel meat and milk products has yet to be well studied. Human-to-human transmission is well documented through contact with an active infected patient or some silently infected persons. Furthermore, there are some significant risk factors of individuals in close contact with a positive MERS-CoV patient, including sleeping in the same patient room, removing patient waste (urine, stool, and sputum), and touching respiratory secretions from the index case. Outbreaks within family clusters have been reported, whereby some blood relative patients were infected through their wives in the same house were not infected. Some predisposing genetic factors favor MERS-CoV infection in some patients, which is worth investigating in the near future. The presence of other comorbidities may be another factor. Overall, there are many unknown/confirmed aspects of the virus/human/animal network. Here, the most recent advances in this context are discussed, and the possible reasons behind the emergence and sustainability of MERS-CoV in certain regions are presented. Identification of the exact mechanism of transmission of MERS-CoV from camels to humans and searching for new reservoir/s are of high priority. This will reduce the shedding of the virus into the environment, and thus the risk of human infection can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hufuf, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, faculty of veterinary medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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13
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Kim Y, Lee H, Park K, Park S, Lim JH, So MK, Woo HM, Ko H, Lee JM, Lim SH, Ko BJ, Park YS, Choi SY, Song DH, Lee JY, Kim SS, Kim DY. Selection and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus through a Human Synthetic Fab Phage Display Library Panning. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E42. [PMID: 31544848 PMCID: PMC6783954 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first report in the Middle East in 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has become a global concern due to the high morbidity and mortality of individuals infected with the virus. Although the majority of MERS-CoV cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia, the overall risk in areas outside the Middle East remains significant as inside Saudi Arabia. Additional pandemics of MERS-CoV are expected, and thus novel tools and reagents for therapy and diagnosis are urgently needed. Here, we used phage display to develop novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target MERS-CoV. A human Fab phage display library was panned against the S2 subunit of the MERS-CoV spike protein (MERS-S2P), yielding three unique Fabs (S2A3, S2A6, and S2D5). The Fabs had moderate apparent affinities (Half maximal effective concentration (EC50 = 123-421 nM) for MERS-S2P, showed no cross-reactivity to spike proteins from other CoVs, and were non-aggregating and thermostable (Tm = 61.5-80.4 °C). Reformatting the Fabs into IgGs (Immunoglobulin Gs) greatly increased their apparent affinities (KD = 0.17-1.2 nM), presumably due to the effects of avidity. These apparent affinities were notably higher than that of a previously reported anti-MERS-CoV S2 reference mAb (KD = 8.7 nM). Furthermore, two of the three mAbs (S2A3 and S2D5) bound only MERS-CoV (Erasmus Medical Center (EMC)) and not other CoVs, reflecting their high binding specificity. However, the mAbs lacked MERS-CoV neutralizing activity. Given their high affinity, specificity, and desirable stabilities, we anticipate that these anti-MERS-CoV mAbs would be suitable reagents for developing antibody-based diagnostics in laboratory or hospital settings for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Hansaem Lee
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Sora Park
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeon Lim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Min Kyung So
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Woo
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Hyemin Ko
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Lee
- Plexense, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lim
- Plexense, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Park
- Plexense, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Du Hyun Song
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea.
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14
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MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070663. [PMID: 31331035 PMCID: PMC6669680 DOI: 10.3390/v11070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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