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Chen D, Shao Q, Ru X, Chen S, Cheng D, Ye Q. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of norovirus in Hangzhou, China, in the postepidemic era. J Clin Virol 2024; 172:105679. [PMID: 38677156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Norovirus (NoV) is an important human pathogen that can cause severe gastroenteritis in vulnerable populations. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of 2021-2023 NoV in Hangzhou, China. METHODS This study enrolled patients aged 0-18 years who underwent NoV RNA detection in the hospital between January 2021 and October 2023 and analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of NoV. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect NoV RNA. Subtype classification and whole-genome sequencing were performed. RESULTS There was a high prevalence of NoV infection in 2023, with NoV-positive samples accounting for 63.10 % of the total number of positive samples collected during the three-year period. The prevalence was abnormally high in summer, and the number of positive samples accounted for 48.20 % of the total positive samples for the whole year, which was much greater than the level in the same period in previous years (2023, 48.20% vs 2021, 13.66% vs 2022, 15.21 %). The GⅡ.4 subtype played a leading role, followed by increased mixed infection with GⅠ.5 and GⅡ.4. Whole-genome sequencing results suggested that GII.P16-GⅡ.4 had R297H and D372N key locus mutations. The evolutionary rate was 4.29 × 10-3 for the RdRp gene and 4.84 × 10-3 for the VP1 gene. The RdRp gene and VP1 gene of NoV GII.P16-GⅡ.4 have undergone rapid population evolution during the COVID-19 epidemic. CONCLUSION In the summer of 2023, an abnormally high incidence of NoV appeared in Hangzhou, China. The major epidemic strain GII.P16-GⅡ.4 showed a certain range of gene mutations and a fast evolutionary rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China; Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyi Shao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China; Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuanwen Ru
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Simiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongqing Cheng
- Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.
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Ushijima H, Hoque SA, Akari Y, Pham NTK, Phan T, Nishimura S, Kobayashi M, Sugita K, Okitsu S, Komoto S, Thongprachum A, Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Hayakawa S. Molecular Evolution of GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012 Norovirus over a Decade in a Clinic in Japan. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3619. [PMID: 38612429 PMCID: PMC11011564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) genogroup II, polymerase type P31, capsid genotype 4, Sydney_2012 variant (GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012) has been circulating at high levels for over a decade, raising the question of whether this strain is undergoing molecular alterations without demonstrating a substantial phylogenetic difference. Here, we applied next-generation sequencing to learn more about the genetic diversity of 14 GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012 strains that caused epidemics in a specific region of Japan, with 12 from Kyoto and 2 from Shizuoka, between 2012 and 2022, with an emphasis on amino acid (aa) differences in all three ORFs. We found numerous notable aa alterations in antigenic locations in the capsid region (ORF2) as well as in other ORFs. In all three ORFs, earlier strains (2013-2016) remained phylogenetically distinct from later strains (2019-2022). This research is expected to shed light on the evolutionary properties of dominating GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012 strains, which could provide useful information for viral diarrhea prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yuki Akari
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Pham
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Chiba 275-8575, Japan;
| | - Tung Phan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | - Kumiko Sugita
- Sugita Children Clinic, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0035, Japan
| | - Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
- Division of One Health, Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | | | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Sarmento SK, de Andrade JDSR, Malta FC, Fialho AM, Mello MDS, Burlandy FM, Fumian TM. Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019-2022. Pathogens 2023; 13:3. [PMID: 38276149 PMCID: PMC10818385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus stands out as a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, affecting all age groups. In the present study, we investigated fecal samples from medically attended AGE patients received from nine Brazilian states, from 2019 to 2022, including the COVID-19 pandemic period. Norovirus GI and GII were detected and quantified using RT-qPCR, and norovirus-positive samples underwent genotyping through sequencing the ORF1/2 junction region. During the four-year period, norovirus prevalence was 37.2%, varying from 20.1% in 2020 to 55.4% in 2021. GII genotypes dominated, being detected in 92.9% of samples. GII-infected patients had significantly higher viral concentrations compared to GI-infected patients (median of 3.8 × 107 GC/g and 6.7 × 105 GC/g, respectively); and patients aged >12-24 months showed a higher median viral load (8 × 107 GC/g) compared to other age groups. Norovirus sequencing revealed 20 genotypes by phylogenetic analysis of RdRp and VP1 partial regions. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was the dominant genotype (57.3%), especially in 2019 and 2021, followed by GII.2[P16] (14.8%) and GII.6[P7] (6.3%). The intergenogroup recombinant genotype, GIX.1[GII.P15], was detected in five samples. Our study is the first to explore norovirus epidemiology and genotype distribution in Brazil during COVID-19, and contributes to understanding the epidemiological dynamics of norovirus and highlighting the importance of continuing to follow norovirus surveillance programs in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil (F.M.B.)
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Widström J, Andersson ME, Westin J, Wahllöf M, Lindh M, Rydell GE. Complex norovirus transmission dynamics at hospital wards revealed by deep sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0060823. [PMID: 37889018 PMCID: PMC10662361 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00608-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge regarding norovirus transmission within hospitals is limited. We investigated a norovirus hospital outbreak affecting 65 patients at five different wards. PCR showed that 61 (94%) of the patients were infected with genotype II.4 strains. Successful Ion Torrent deep sequencing of GII.4 positive samples from 59 patients followed by phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences but two clustered into four distinct clades. Two of the clades belonged to GII.4 Sydney 2012, while the other two belonged to GII.4 New Orleans 2009. One of the clades was predominant at two wards, while two clades were predominant at one ward each. The fourth clade was found in sporadic cases at several wards. Thus, at four out of five wards, variants from one clade were predominant. At one ward, a single clade accounted for all cases, while at three wards the predominant clade accounted for 60%-71% of cases. Analysis of quasispecies variation identified positions that could further discriminate between variants from separate wards. The results illustrate a complex transmission of healthcare-associated norovirus infections and show that sequencing can be used to discriminate between related and unrelated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Widström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria E. Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Westin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Wahllöf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gustaf E. Rydell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Deng Y, He T, Li B, Yuan H, Zhang F, Wu H, Ning J, Zhang Y, Zhai A, Wu C. Linear epitopes on the capsid protein of norovirus commonly elicit high antibody response among past-infected individuals. Virol J 2023; 20:115. [PMID: 37280660 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis globally, and its infection is usually self-limited, so most people become past Norovirus (NoV)-infected individuals. It is known that some antibody responses may play a critical role in preventing viral infection and alleviating disease; however, the characteristics and functions of particular antibody responses in persons with previous infections are not fully understood. Capsid proteins, including VP1 and VP2, are crucial antigenic components of NoV and may regulate antibody immune responses, while epitope-specific antibody responses to capsid proteins have not been comprehensively characterized. METHODS We prepared purified VP1 and VP2 proteins by ion exchange chromatography and measured serum antigen-specific IgG levels in 398 individuals by ELISA. Overlapping 18-mer peptides covering the full length of VP1 and VP2 were synthesized, and then we identified linear antigenic epitopes from 20 subjects with strong IgG positivity. Subsequently, specific antibody responses to these epitopes were validated in 185 past infected individuals, and the conservation of epitopes was analyzed. Finally, we obtained epitope-specific antiserum by immunizing mice and expressed virus-like particles (VLPs) in an insect expression system for a blockade antibody assay to evaluate the receptor-blocking ability of epitope-specific antibodies. RESULTS The IgG responses of VP1 were significantly stronger than those of VP2, both of which had high positive rates of over 80%. The overall positive rate of VP1-IgG and/or VP2-IgG was approximately 94%, which may be past NoV-infected individuals. Four linear antigenic B-cell epitopes of capsid proteins were identified, namely, VP1199-216, VP1469-492, VP297-120, and VP2241-264, all of which were conserved. The IgG response rates of the above epitopes in past NoV-infected individuals were 38.92%, 22.16%, 8.11% and 28.11%, respectively. In addition, VP1199-216- and VP1469-492-specific antibodies can partially block the binding of VLPs to the receptor histo-blood group antigen (HBGA). CONCLUSION This is the first study to describe specific antibody responses of VP2 and to identify its B-cell epitopes. Our findings offer data for a more thorough understanding of norovirus capsid protein-specific IgG responses and could provide useful information for designing and developing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Taojun He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanmei Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Aixia Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China.
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Li J, Zhang L, Zou W, Yang Z, Zhan J, Cheng J. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus GII genogroups among children in Hubei, China, 2017-2019. Virol Sin 2023; 38:351-362. [PMID: 37030436 PMCID: PMC10311278 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an important cause of viral acute gastroenteritis (AGE). To gain insights into the epidemiological characteristics and genetic diversity of NoV among children in Hubei, 1216 stool samples from children (≤ 5 years) obtained under AGE surveillance from January 2017 to December 2019 were analyzed. The results showed that NoV was responsible for 14.64% of AGE cases, with the highest detection rate in children aged 7-12 months (19.76%). Statistically significant differences were found between male and female infection rates (χ2 = 8.108, P = 0.004). Genetic analysis of RdRp and VP1 sequences showed that NoV GII genotypes were GII.4 Sydney [P31] (34.35%), GII.3 [P12] (25.95%), GII.2 [P16] (22.90%), GII.4 Sydney [P16] (12.98%), GII.17 [P17] (2.29%), GII.6 [P7] and GII.3 [P16] (each at 0.76%). GII.17 [P17] variants were divided into the Kawasaki323-like lineage and the Kawasaki308-like lineage. A unique recombination event was detected between strains of GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.4 Sydney 2016. Significantly, all GII.P16 sequences associated with GII.4/GII.2 obtained in Hubei were correlated with novel GII.2 [P16] variants that re-emerged in Germany in 2016. Antigenic site analysis of complete VP1 sequences from all GII.4 variants from Hubei identified notable variable residues of antibody epitopes. Genotyping under continuous AGE surveillance and observation of the antigenic sites of VP1 are important monitoring strategies for emerging NoV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lingyao Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wenjing Zou
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jianbo Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Jing Cheng
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Creutznacher R, Schulze-Niemand E, König P, Stanojlovic V, Mallagaray A, Peters T, Stein M, Schubert M. Conformational Control of Fast Asparagine Deamidation in a Norovirus Capsid Protein. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1032-1043. [PMID: 36808948 PMCID: PMC9996831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated spontaneous deamidation of asparagine 373 and subsequent conversion into an isoaspartate has been shown to attenuate the binding of histo blood group antigens (HBGAs) to the protruding domain (P-domain) of the capsid protein of a prevalent norovirus strain (GII.4). Here, we link an unusual backbone conformation of asparagine 373 to its fast site-specific deamidation. NMR spectroscopy and ion exchange chromatography have been used to monitor the deamidation reaction of P-domains of two closely related GII.4 norovirus strains, specific point mutants, and control peptides. MD simulations over several microseconds have been instrumental to rationalize the experimental findings. While conventional descriptors such as available surface area, root-mean-square fluctuations, or nucleophilic attack distance fail as explanations, the population of a rare syn-backbone conformation distinguishes asparagine 373 from all other asparagine residues. We suggest that stabilization of this unusual conformation enhances the nucleophilicity of the backbone nitrogen of aspartate 374, in turn accelerating the deamidation of asparagine 373. This finding should be relevant to the development of reliable prediction algorithms for sites of rapid asparagine deamidation in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Creutznacher
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eric Schulze-Niemand
- Molecular Simulations and Design Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick König
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Molecular Simulations and Design Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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8
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Zhang Q, Zhu S, Zhang X, Su L, Ni J, Zhang Y, Fang L. Recent insights into reverse genetics of norovirus. Virus Res 2023; 325:199046. [PMID: 36657615 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis globally, and poses substantial threats to public health. Despite substantial progress made in preventing norovirus diseases, the lack of a robust virus culture system has hampered biological research and effective strategies to combat this pathogen. Reverse genetic system is the technique to generate infectious viruses from cloned genetic constructs, which is a powerful tool for the investigation of viral pathogenesis and for the development of novel drugs and vaccines. The strategies of reverse genetics include bacterial artificial chromosomes, vaccinia virus vectors, and entirely plasmid-based systems. Since each strategy has its pros and cons, choosing appropriate approaches will greatly improve the efficiency of virus rescue. Reverse genetic systems that have been employed for norovirus greatly extend its life cycle and facilitate the development of medical countermeasures. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the structure, transmission, genetic evolution and clinical manifestations of norovirus, and describe recent advances in the studies of norovirus reverse genetics as well as its future prospects for therapeutics and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Zhang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuirong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lingxuan Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Zhou N, Huang Y, Zhou L, Li M, Jin H. Molecular Evolution of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Region in Norovirus Genogroup I. Viruses 2023; 15:166. [PMID: 36680206 PMCID: PMC9861054 DOI: 10.3390/v15010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading viral agent of gastroenteritis in humans. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is essential in the replication of norovirus RNA. Here, we present a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the norovirus GI RdRp gene. Our results show that the norovirus GI RdRp gene can be divided into three groups, and that the most recent common ancestor was 1484. The overall evolutionary rate of GI RdRp is 1.821 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. Most of the amino acids of the GI RdRp gene were under negative selection, and only a few positively selected sites were recognized. Amino acid substitutions in the GI RdRp gene accumulated slowly over time. GI.P1, GI.P3 and GI.P6 owned the higher evolutionary rates. GI.P11 and GI.P13 had the faster accumulation rate of amino acid substitutions. GI.P2, GI.P3, GI.P4, GI.P6 and GI.P13 presented a strong linear evolution. These results reveal that the norovirus GI RdRp gene evolves conservatively, and that the molecular evolutionary characteristics of each P-genotype are diverse. Sequencing in RdRp and VP1 of norovirus should be advocated in the surveillance system to explore the effect of RdRp on norovirus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingma Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Winder N, Gohar S, Muthana M. Norovirus: An Overview of Virology and Preventative Measures. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122811. [PMID: 36560815 PMCID: PMC9781483 DOI: 10.3390/v14122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. 40% of all NoV outbreaks occur in long-term and acute-care facilities, forming the majority of outbreaks. Nosocomial settings set ideal environments for ease of transmission, especially due to the presence of immunocompromised groups. It is estimated to cost global economies around £48 billion a year, making it a global issue. NoV is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and infection with it results in asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal disease. It has high mutational rates and this allows for new variants to emerge and be more resistant. The classification system available divides NoV into 10 genogroups and 49 genotypes based on whole amino acid sequencing of VP1 capsid protein and partial sequencing of RdRp, respectively. The most predominant genotypes which cause gastroenteritis in humans include GI.1 and GII.4, where GII.4 is responsible for more extreme clinical implications such as hospitalisation. In addition, GII.4 has been responsible for 6 pandemic strains, the last of which is the GII.4 Sydney (2012) variant. In recent years, the successful cultivation of HuNoV was reported in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which promises to assist in giving a deeper understanding of its underlying mechanisms of infection and the development of more personalized control measures. There are no specific control measures against NoV, therefore common practices are used against it such as hand washing. No vaccine is available, but the HIL-214 candidate passed clinical phase 2b and shows promise.
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Abstract
Rotavirus, a segmented double-stranded RNA virus of the Reoviridae family, is a primary cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. In countries where rotavirus vaccines are widely used, norovirus (NoV) has emerged as the major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Towards the goal of creating a combined rotavirus-NoV vaccine, we explored the possibility of generating recombinant rotaviruses (rRVs) expressing all or portions of the NoV GII.4 VP1 capsid protein. This was accomplished by replacing the segment 7 NSP3 open reading frame with a cassette encoding, sequentially, NSP3, a 2A stop-restart translation element, and all or portions (P, P2) of NoV VP1. In addition to successfully recovering rRVs with modified SA11 segment 7 RNAs encoding NoV capsid proteins, analogous rRVs were recovered through modification of the segment 7 RNA of the RIX4414 vaccine strain. An immunoblot assay confirmed that rRVs expressed NoV capsid proteins as independent products. Moreover, VP1 expressed by rRVs underwent dimerization and was recognized by conformational-dependent anti-VP1 antibodies. Serially passaged rRVs that expressed the NoV P and P2 were genetically stable, retaining additional sequences of up to 1.1 kbp without change. However, serially passaged rRVs containing the longer 1.6-kb VP1 sequence were less stable and gave rise to virus populations with segment 7 RNAs lacking VP1 coding sequences. Together, these studies suggest that it may be possible to develop combined rotavirus-NoV vaccines using modified segment 7 RNA to express NoV P or P2. In contrast, development of potential rotavirus-NoV vaccines expressing NoV VP1 will need additional efforts to improve genetic stability. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the two most important causes of acute viral gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and young children. While the incidence of RV AGE has been brought under control in many countries through the introduction of universal mass vaccination with live attenuated RV vaccines, similar highly effective NoV vaccines are not available. To pursue the development of a combined RV-NoV vaccine, we examined the potential of using RV as an expression vector of all or portions of the NoV capsid protein VP1. Our results showed that by replacing the NSP3 open reading frame in RV genome segment 7 RNA with a coding cassette for NSP3, a 2A stop-restart translation element, and VP1, recombinant RVs can be generated that express NoV capsid proteins. These findings raise the possibility of developing new generations of RV-based combination vaccines that provide protection against a second enteric pathogen, such as NoV.
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12
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Ford-Siltz LA, Tohma K, Alvarado GS, Kendra JA, Pilewski KA, Crowe JE, Parra GI. Cross-reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies mapping to variable antigenic sites on the norovirus major capsid protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040836. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. Although norovirus symptoms are in most cases mild and self-limited, severe and prolonged symptoms can occur in the elderly and in immunocompromised individuals. Thus, there is a great need for the development of specific therapeutics that can help mitigate infection. In this study, we sought to characterize a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; NORO-123, -115, -273A, -263, -315B, and -250B) that showed carbohydrate blocking activity against the current pandemic variant, GII.4 Sydney 2012. All antibodies tested showed potent neutralization against GII.4 Sydney virus in human intestinal enteroid culture. While all mAbs recognized only GII.4 viruses, they exhibited differential binding patterns against a panel of virus-like particles (VLPs) representing major and minor GII.4 variants spanning twenty-five years. Using mutant VLPs, we mapped five of the mAbs to variable antigenic sites A (NORO-123, -263, -315B, and -250B) or C (NORO-115) on the major capsid protein. Those mapping to the antigenic site A showed blocking activity against multiple variants dating back to 1987, with one mAb (NORO-123) showing reactivity to all variants tested. NORO-115, which maps to antigenic site C, showed reactivity against multiple variants due to the low susceptibility for mutations presented by naturally-occurring variants at the proposed binding site. Notably, we show that cross-blocking and neutralizing antibodies can be elicited against variable antigenic sites. These data provide new insights into norovirus immunity and suggest potential for the development of cross-protective vaccines and therapeutics.
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13
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Brewer-Jensen PD, Reyes Y, Becker-Dreps S, González F, Mallory ML, Gutiérrez L, Zepeda O, Centeno E, Vielot N, Diez-Valcarce M, Vinjé J, Baric R, Lindesmith LC, Bucardo F. Norovirus Infection in Young Nicaraguan Children Induces Durable and Genotype-Specific Antibody Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092053. [PMID: 36146859 PMCID: PMC9501366 DOI: 10.3390/v14092053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are significant challenges to the development of a pediatric norovirus vaccine, mainly due to the antigenic diversity among strains infecting young children. Characterizing human norovirus serotypes and understanding norovirus immunity in naïve children would provide key information for designing rational vaccine platforms. In this study, 26 Nicaraguan children experiencing their first norovirus acute gastroenteritis (AGE) episode during the first 18 months of life were investigated. We used a surrogate neutralization assay that measured antibodies blocking the binding of 13 different norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in pre- and post-infection sera. To assess for asymptomatic norovirus infections, stools from asymptomatic children were collected monthly, screened for norovirus by RT-qPCR and genotyped by sequencing. Seroconversion of an HBGA-blocking antibody matched the infecting genotype in 25 (96%) of the 26 children. A subset of 13 (50%) and 4 (15%) of the 26 children experienced monotypic GII and GI seroconversion, respectively, strongly suggesting a type-specific response in naïve children, and 9 (35%) showed multitypic seroconversion. The most frequent pairing in multitypic seroconversion (8/12) were GII.4 Sydney and GII.12 noroviruses, both co-circulating at the time. Blocking antibody titers to these two genotypes did not correlate with each other, suggesting multiple exposure rather than cross-reactivity between genotypes. In addition, GII titers remained consistent for at least 19 months post-infection, demonstrating durable immunity. In conclusion, the first natural norovirus gastroenteritis episodes in these young children were dominated by a limited number of genotypes and induced responses of antibodies blocking binding of norovirus VLPs in a genotype-specific manner, suggesting that an effective pediatric norovirus vaccine likely needs to be multivalent and include globally dominant genotypes. The duration of protection from natural infections provides optimism for pediatric norovirus vaccines administered early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lester Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Omar Zepeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Edwing Centeno
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Nadja Vielot
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marta Diez-Valcarce
- Division of Viral Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +505-89040938
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Ottosson L, Hagbom M, Svernlöv R, Nyström S, Carlsson B, Öman M, Ström M, Svensson L, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson Å, Nordgren J. Long Term Norovirus Infection in a Patient with Severe Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081708. [PMID: 36016330 PMCID: PMC9413339 DOI: 10.3390/v14081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Immunocompromised patients can become chronically infected, with or without symptoms. In Europe, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is one of the most common inborn errors of immunity. A potentially severe complication is CVID-associated enteropathy, a disorder with similar histopathology to celiac disease. Studies suggest that chronic norovirus infection may be a contributor to CVID enteropathy, and that the antiviral drug ribavirin can be effective against norovirus. Here, a patient with CVID-like disease with combined B- and T-cell deficiency, had chronic norovirus infection and enteropathy. The patient was routinely administered subcutaneous and intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy (SCIg and IVIg). The patient was also administered ribavirin for ~7.5 months to clear the infection. Stool samples (collected 2013–2016) and archived paraffin embedded duodenal biopsies were screened for norovirus by qPCR, confirming a chronic infection. Norovirus genotyping was done in 25 stool samples. For evolutionary analysis, the capsid (VP1) and polymerase (RdRp) genes were sequenced in 10 and 12 stool samples, respectively, collected before, during, and after ribavirin treatment. Secretor phenotyping was done in saliva, and serum was analyzed for histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking titers. The chronic norovirus strain formed a unique variant subcluster, with GII.4 Den Haag [P4] variant, circulating around 2009, as the most recent common ancestor. This corresponded to the documented debut of symptoms. The patient was a secretor and had HBGA blocking titers associated with protection in immunocompetent individuals. Several unique amino acid substitutions were detected in immunodominant epitopes of VP1. However, HBGA binding sites were conserved. Ribavirin failed in treating the infection and no clear association between ribavirin-levels and quantity of norovirus shedding was observed. In conclusion, long term infection with norovirus in a patient with severe CVID led to the evolution of a unique norovirus strain with amino acid substitutions in immunodominant epitopes, but conservation within HBGA binding pockets. Regularly administered SCIg, IVIg, and ~7.5-month ribavirin treatment failed to clear the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loa Ottosson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
| | - Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
| | - Rikard Svernlöv
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Carlsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
| | - Mattias Öman
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
| | - Magnus Ström
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17111 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nilsdotter-Augustinsson
- Infectious Diseases/Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Takano T, Ryu M, Doki T, Kusuhara H. Immunodominant B-Cell Linear Epitope on the VP1 P Domain of a Feline Norovirus Cat Model. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070731. [PMID: 35889977 PMCID: PMC9316177 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infection remains a major public health concern worldwide. Appropriate animal models are essential for the development of effective NoV vaccines. We previously established the feline NoV (FNoV)-cat model as a surrogate animal model for human NoV infection. In the present study, we analyzed the B-cell linear epitope in the P domain of FNoV to confirm the basic immunological features of the FNoV-cat model. B-cell linear epitopes were present in the P2 subdomain. We compared antibody levels to peptides containing the B-cell linear epitope (P-10) in three FNoV-infected cats with time-course changes in viral load and symptom scoring. After FNoV infection, viral shedding and clinical symptoms were shown to improve by elevated levels of antibodies against P-10 in the plasma. This report provides important information for understanding NoV infections in humans and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 34-8628, Japan; (M.R.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mizuki Ryu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 34-8628, Japan; (M.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Tomoyoshi Doki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 34-8628, Japan; (M.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Hajime Kusuhara
- Health and Environment Research Institute, Yokkaichi 512-1211, Japan;
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16
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Lindesmith LC, Brewer-Jensen PD, Mallory ML, Zweigart MR, May SR, Kelly D, Williams R, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F, Allen DJ, Breuer J, Baric RS. Antigenic Site Immunodominance Redirection Following Repeat Variant Exposure. Viruses 2022; 14:1293. [PMID: 35746763 PMCID: PMC9229260 DOI: 10.3390/v14061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis, driven by antigenic variants within the GII.4 genotype. Antibody responses to GII.4 vaccination in adults are shaped by immune memory. How children without extensive immune memory will respond to GII.4 vaccination has not been reported. Here, we characterized the GII.4 neutralizing antibody (nAb) landscape following natural infection using a surrogate assay and antigenic site chimera virus-like particles. We demonstrate that the nAb landscape changes with age and virus exposure. Among sites A, C, and G, nAbs from first infections are focused on sites A and C. As immunity develops with age/exposure, site A is supplemented with antibodies that bridge site A to sites C and G. Cross-site nAbs continue to develop into adulthood, accompanied by an increase in nAb to site G. Continued exposure to GII.4 2012 Sydney correlated with a shift to co-dominance of sites A and G. Furthermore, site G nAbs correlated with the broadening of nAb titer across antigenically divergent variants. These data describe fundamental steps in the development of immunity to GII.4 over a lifetime, and illustrate how the antigenicity of one pandemic variant could influence the pandemic potential of another variant through the redirection of immunodominant epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Paul D. Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Mark R. Zweigart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Samantha R. May
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Daniel Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (D.K.); (D.J.A.)
| | - Rachel Williams
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (R.W.); (J.B.)
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León 21000, Nicaragua;
| | - David J. Allen
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (D.K.); (D.J.A.)
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (R.W.); (J.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
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17
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Hasan H, Nasirudeen NA, Ruzlan MAF, Mohd Jamil MA, Ismail NAS, Wahab AA, Ali A. Acute Infectious Gastroenteritis: The Causative Agents, Omics-Based Detection of Antigens and Novel Biomarkers. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:1112. [PMID: 34943308 PMCID: PMC8700514 DOI: 10.3390/children8121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute infectious gastroenteritis (AGE) is among the leading causes of mortality in children less than 5 years of age worldwide. There are many causative agents that lead to this infection, with rotavirus being the commonest pathogen in the past decade. However, this trend is now being progressively replaced by another agent, which is the norovirus. Apart from the viruses, bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli and parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica also contribute to AGE. These agents can be recognised by their respective biological markers, which are mainly the specific antigens or genes to determine the causative pathogen. In conjunction to that, omics technologies are currently providing crucial insights into the diagnosis of acute infectious gastroenteritis at the molecular level. Recent advancement in omics technologies could be an important tool to further elucidate the potential causative agents for AGE. This review will explore the current available biomarkers and antigens available for the diagnosis and management of the different causative agents of AGE. Despite the high-priced multi-omics approaches, the idea for utilization of these technologies is to allow more robust discovery of novel antigens and biomarkers related to management AGE, which eventually can be developed using easier and cheaper detection methods for future clinical setting. Thus, prediction of prognosis, virulence and drug susceptibility for active infections can be obtained. Case management, risk prediction for hospital-acquired infections, outbreak detection, and antimicrobial accountability are aimed for further improvement by integrating these capabilities into a new clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haziqah Hasan
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
| | - Nor Ashika Nasirudeen
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
| | - Muhammad Alif Farhan Ruzlan
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
| | - Muhammad Aiman Mohd Jamil
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
| | - Noor Akmal Shareela Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Asrul Abdul Wahab
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
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18
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Razafimahefa RM, Ludwig-Begall LF, Diallo MA, Dewals BG, Vanderplasschen A, Nivelles O, Deketelaere C, Mauroy A, Thiry E. Development of a Specific Anti-capsid Antibody- and Magnetic Bead-Based Immunoassay to Detect Human Norovirus Particles in Stool Samples and Spiked Mussels via Flow Cytometry. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:493-506. [PMID: 34363588 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses impose a considerable health burden globally. Here, a flow cytometry approach designed for their detection in biological waste and food samples was developed using antibody-coated magnetic beads. Antipeptide antibodies against murine norovirus and various human norovirus genotypes were generated for capture and coated onto magnetic beads. A flow cytometry assay was then implemented to detect bead-bound human norovirus GI.3 in patient stool samples and in norovirus-spiked mussel digestive tissues. The detection limit for stool samples was 105 gc/mL, thus bettering detection limits of commercially available norovirus diagnosis quick kits of 100-fold; the detection limit in spiked mussels however was ten-fold higher than in stool samples. Further assays showed a decrease in fluorescence intensity for heat- or UV-inactivated virus particles. Overall, we demonstrate the application of a flow cytometry approach for direct detection of small non-enveloped virus particles such as noroviruses. An adaptation of the technology to routine diagnostics has the potential to contribute a rapid and sensitive tool to norovirus outbreak investigations. Further improvements to the method, notably decreasing the detection limit of the approach, may allow the analysis of naturally contaminated food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mamadou Amadou Diallo
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Nivelles
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Deketelaere
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Bld du Jardin Botanique 55, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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19
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Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are acute viral gastroenteritis pathogens that affect all age groups, yet no approved vaccines and drugs to treat HuNoV infection are available. In this study, we screened an antiviral compound library to identify compound(s) showing anti-HuNoV activity using a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) culture system in which HuNoVs are able to replicate reproducibly. Dasabuvir (DSB), which has been developed as an anti-hepatitis C virus agent, was found to inhibit HuNoV infection in HIEs at micromolar concentrations. Dasabuvir also inhibited severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human rotavirus A (RVA) infection in HIEs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to screen an antiviral compound library for HuNoV using HIEs, and we successfully identified dasabuvir as a novel anti-HuNoV inhibitor that warrants further investigation. IMPORTANCE Although there is an urgent need to develop effective antiviral therapy directed against HuNoV infection, compound screening to identify anti-HuNoV drug candidates has not been reported so far. Using a human HIE culture system, our compound screening successfully identified dasabuvir as a novel anti-HuNoV inhibitor. Dasabuvir's inhibitory effect was also demonstrated in the cases of SARS-CoV-2 and RVA infection, highlighting the usefulness of the HIE platform for screening antiviral agents against various viruses that target the intestines.
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Identification of Human Norovirus GII.3 Blockade Antibody Epitopes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102058. [PMID: 34696487 PMCID: PMC8539815 DOI: 10.3390/v13102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are a common pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Among all norovirus genotypes, GII.3 is particularly prevalent in the pediatric population. Here we report the identification of two distinct blockade antibody epitopes on the GII.3 capsid. We generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from mice immunized with virus-like particle (VLP) of a GII.3 cluster 3 strain. Two of these mAbs, namely 8C7 and 8D1, specifically bound the parental GII.3 VLP but not VLPs of GII.4, GII.17, or GI.1. In addition, 8C7 and 8D1 efficiently blocked GII.3 VLP binding with its ligand, histo-blood group antigens (HBGA). These data demonstrate that 8C7 and 8D1 are GII.3-specific blockade antibodies. By using a series of chimeric VLPs, we mapped the epitopes of 8C7 and 8D1 to residues 385-400 and 401-420 of the VP1 capsid protein, respectively. These two blockade antibody epitopes are highly conserved among GII.3 cluster 3 strains. Structural modeling shows that the 8C7 epitope partially overlaps with the HBGA binding site (HBS) while the 8D1 epitope is spatially adjacent to HBS. These findings may enhance our understanding of the immunology and evolution of GII.3 noroviruses.
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21
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Zweigart MR, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F, González F, Baric RS, Lindesmith LC. Serological Humoral Immunity Following Natural Infection of Children with High Burden Gastrointestinal Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:2033. [PMID: 34696463 PMCID: PMC8538683 DOI: 10.3390/v13102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, resulting in an estimated 440,571 deaths of children under age 5 annually. Rotavirus, norovirus, and sapovirus are leading causes of childhood AGE. A successful rotavirus vaccine has reduced rotavirus hospitalizations by more than 50%. Using rotavirus as a guide, elucidating the determinants, breath, and duration of serological antibody immunity to AGE viruses, as well as host genetic factors that define susceptibility is essential for informing development of future vaccines and improving current vaccine candidates. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of disease burden and serological antibody immunity following natural infection to inform further vaccine development for these three high-burden viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Zweigart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
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22
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Norovirus Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity in Leipzig, Germany during 2013-2017. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101961. [PMID: 34696390 PMCID: PMC8541062 DOI: 10.3390/v13101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally and in all age groups, noroviruses are a main cause of gastroenteritis. To assess their local epidemiology and genetic diversity, stool samples of 7509 inpatients with gastrointestinal complaints from all age groups were analyzed. After detection of norovirus genogroup I and II RNA by real-time RT-PCR, viral capsids were genotyped by partial nucleic acid sequencing. In the case of GII.2 strains, polymerase genotypes were also assessed. Between October 2013 and September 2017, presence of norovirus RNA was shown in 611 samples (8.1%), of which 610 (99.8%) were typed successfully. Norovirus positivity rate was higher in patients aged below five years (14.8%) than in older patients (5.7%). Among the 611 norovirus positive samples, GII.4 (56.6%) strains prevailed, followed by GII.6 (11.3%), GII.3 (11.0%) and GII.2 (9.5%). The most common genogroup I (GGI) genotype was GI.3 (3.6%). In addition, rare genotypes such as GII.13, GII.14 and GII.26 were detected. Interestingly, GII.3 infections were most common in children under the age of five years. Assessment of polymerase genotypes in GII.2 viruses showed a shift from P2 to P16, with higher diversity in P2 sequences. The varying distribution of norovirus genotypes depending on season, age and setting of infection highlights the importance of frequent genotyping as a basis for vaccine development and needful adjustments.
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23
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Panasiuk M, Zimmer K, Czarnota A, Grzyb K, Narajczyk M, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Żołędowska S, Nidzworski D, Hovhannisyan L, Gromadzka B. Immunization with Leishmania tarentolae-derived norovirus virus-like particles elicits high humoral response and stimulates the production of neutralizing antibodies. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:186. [PMID: 34560881 PMCID: PMC8464126 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are a major cause of epidemic and sporadic acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Unfortunately, the development of an effective norovirus vaccine has proven difficult and no prophylactic vaccine is currently available. Further research on norovirus vaccine development should be considered an absolute priority and novel vaccine candidates are needed. One of the recent approaches in safe vaccine development is the use of virus-like particles (VLPs). VLP-based vaccines show great immunogenic potential as they mimic the morphology and structure of viral particles without the presence of the virus genome. RESULTS This study is the first report showing successful production of norovirus VLPs in the protozoan Leishmania tarentolae (L. tarentolae) expression system. Protozoan derived vaccine candidate is highly immunogenic and able to not only induce a strong immune response (antibody titer reached 104) but also stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies confirmed by receptor blocking assay. Antibody titers able to reduce VLP binding to the receptor by > 50% (BT50) were observed for 1:5-1:320 serum dilutions. CONCLUSIONS Norovirus VLPs produced in L. tarentolae could be relevant for the development of the norovirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Panasiuk
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp. z o. o., Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Zimmer
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Czarnota
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grzyb
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Peszyńska-Sularz
- Tri-City Central Animal Laboratory Research and Service Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sabina Żołędowska
- Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland.,Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dawid Nidzworski
- Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland.,Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lilit Hovhannisyan
- Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Gromadzka
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Nano Expo Sp. z o. o., Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland.
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24
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Antigenic cartography reveals complexities of genetic determinants that lead to antigenic differences among pandemic GII.4 noroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015874118. [PMID: 33836574 PMCID: PMC7980451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015874118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the predominant cause of acute gastroenteritis, with a single genotype (GII.4) responsible for the majority of infections. This prevalence is characterized by the periodic emergence of new variants that present substitutions at antigenic sites of the major structural protein (VP1), facilitating escape from herd immunity. Notably, the contribution of intravariant mutations to changes in antigenic properties is unknown. We performed a comprehensive antigenic analysis on a virus-like particle panel representing major chronological GII.4 variants to investigate diversification at the inter- and intravariant level. Immunoassays, neutralization data, and cartography analyses showed antigenic similarities between phylogenetically related variants, with major switches to antigenic properties observed over the evolution of GII.4 variants. Genetic analysis indicated that multiple coevolving amino acid changes-primarily at antigenic sites-are associated with the antigenic diversification of GII.4 variants. These data highlight complexities of the genetic determinants and provide a framework for the antigenic characterization of emerging GII.4 noroviruses.
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25
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Cannon JL, Bonifacio J, Bucardo F, Buesa J, Bruggink L, Chan MCW, Fumian TM, Giri S, Gonzalez MD, Hewitt J, Lin JH, Mans J, Muñoz C, Pan CY, Pang XL, Pietsch C, Rahman M, Sakon N, Selvarangan R, Browne H, Barclay L, Vinjé J. Global Trends in Norovirus Genotype Distribution among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1438-1445. [PMID: 33900173 PMCID: PMC8084493 DOI: 10.3201/eid2705.204756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among adults and children worldwide. NoroSurv is a global network for norovirus strain surveillance among children <5 years of age with AGE. Participants in 16 countries across 6 continents used standardized protocols for dual typing (genotype and polymerase type) and uploaded 1,325 dual-typed sequences to the NoroSurv web portal during 2016-2020. More than 50% of submitted sequences were GII.4 Sydney[P16] or GII.4 Sydney[P31] strains. Other common strains included GII.2[P16], GII.3[P12], GII.6[P7], and GI.3[P3] viruses. In total, 22 genotypes and 36 dual types, including GII.3 and GII.20 viruses with rarely reported polymerase types, were detected, reflecting high strain diversity. Surveillance data captured in NoroSurv enables the monitoring of trends in norovirus strains associated childhood AGE throughout the world on a near real-time basis.
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26
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Zhang M, Fu M, Hu Q. Advances in Human Norovirus Vaccine Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:732. [PMID: 34358148 PMCID: PMC8310286 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, which is highly stable and contagious, with a few virus particles being sufficient to establish infection. Although the World Health Organization in 2016 stated that it should be an absolute priority to develop a HuNoV vaccine, unfortunately, there is currently no licensed HuNoV vaccine available. The major barrier to the development of an effective HuNoV vaccine is the lack of a robust and reproducible in vitro cultivation system. To develop a HuNoV vaccine, HuNoV immunogen alone or in combination with other viral immunogens have been designed to assess whether they can simultaneously induce protective immune responses against different viruses. Additionally, monovalent and multivalent vaccines from different HuNoV genotypes, including GI and GII HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs), have been assessed in order to induce broad protection. Although there are several HuNoV vaccine candidates based on VLPs that are being tested in clinical trials, the challenges to develop effective HuNoV vaccines remain largely unresolved. In this review, we summarize the advances of the HuNoV cultivation system and HuNoV vaccine research and discuss current challenges and future perspectives in HuNoV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China;
| | - Ming Fu
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China;
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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27
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Dülfer J, Yan H, Brodmerkel MN, Creutznacher R, Mallagaray A, Peters T, Caleman C, Marklund EG, Uetrecht C. Glycan-Induced Protein Dynamics in Human Norovirus P Dimers Depend on Virus Strain and Deamidation Status. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082125. [PMID: 33917179 PMCID: PMC8067865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause of viral gastroenteritis and re-emerge worldwide every year, with GII.4 currently being the most frequent human genotype. The norovirus capsid protein VP1 is essential for host immune response. The P domain mediates cell attachment via histo blood-group antigens (HBGAs) in a strain-dependent manner but how these glycan-interactions actually relate to cell entry remains unclear. Here, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is used to investigate glycan-induced protein dynamics in P dimers of different strains, which exhibit high structural similarity but different prevalence in humans. While the almost identical strains GII.4 Saga and GII.4 MI001 share glycan-induced dynamics, the dynamics differ in the emerging GII.17 Kawasaki 308 and rare GII.10 Vietnam 026 strain. The structural aspects of glycan binding to fully deamidated GII.4 P dimers have been investigated before. However, considering the high specificity and half-life of N373D under physiological conditions, large fractions of partially deamidated virions with potentially altered dynamics in their P domains are likely to occur. Therefore, we also examined glycan binding to partially deamidated GII.4 Saga and GII.4 MI001 P dimers. Such mixed species exhibit increased exposure to solvent in the P dimer upon glycan binding as opposed to pure wildtype. Furthermore, deamidated P dimers display increased flexibility and a monomeric subpopulation. Our results indicate that glycan binding induces strain-dependent structural dynamics, which are further altered by N373 deamidation, and hence hint at a complex role of deamidation in modulating glycan-mediated cell attachment in GII.4 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Dülfer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.D.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hao Yan
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.D.); (H.Y.)
| | - Maxim N. Brodmerkel
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, 75105 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (E.G.M.)
| | - Robert Creutznacher
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (R.C.); (A.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (R.C.); (A.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Thomas Peters
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (R.C.); (A.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Carl Caleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75105 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erik G. Marklund
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, 75105 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (E.G.M.)
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.D.); (H.Y.)
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Correspondence:
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28
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Rathnayake AD, Kim Y, Dampalla CS, Nguyen HN, Jesri ARM, Kashipathy MM, Lushington GH, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Structure-Guided Optimization of Dipeptidyl Inhibitors of Norovirus 3CL Protease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11945-11963. [PMID: 32945669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses has a major impact on public health worldwide in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The disease impacts most severely immunocompromised patients, the elderly, and children. The current lack of approved vaccines and small-molecule therapeutics for the treatment and prophylaxis of norovirus infections underscores the need for the development of norovirus-specific drugs. The studies described herein entail the use of the gem-dimethyl moiety as a means of improving the pharmacological activity and physicochemical properties of a dipeptidyl series of transition state inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease, an enzyme essential for viral replication. Several compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme in biochemical and cell-based assays. The pharmacological activity and cellular permeability of the inhibitors were found to be sensitive to the location of the gem-dimethyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athri D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Chamandi S Dampalla
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Harry Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Abdul-Rahman M Jesri
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Maithri M Kashipathy
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | | | - Kevin P Battaile
- NYX, New York Structural Biology Center, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
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29
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Mallory ML, Lindesmith LC, Brewer-Jensen PD, Graham RL, Baric RS. Bile Facilitates Human Norovirus Interactions with Diverse Histoblood Group Antigens, Compensating for Capsid Microvariation Observed in 2016-2017 GII.2 Strains. Viruses 2020; 12:E989. [PMID: 32899556 PMCID: PMC7552067 DOI: 10.3390/v12090989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of global infectious acute gastroenteritis, causing ~20% of reported diarrheal episodes. Typically, GII.4 strains cause 50-70% of yearly outbreaks, and pandemic waves of disease approximately every 2-7 years due to rapid evolution. Importantly, GII.4 dominance is occasionally challenged by the sudden emergence of other GII strains, most recently by GII.2 strains which peaked in 2016-2017, dramatically increasing from 1% to 20% of total HuNoV outbreaks. To determine if viral capsid evolution may account for the sudden rise in GII.2 outbreaks, Virus Like Particles (VLPs) of two 2016-2017 GII.2 strains were compared by antigenic and histo blood group antigen (HBGA) binding profiles to the prototypic 1976 GII.2 Snow Mountain Virus (SMV) strain. Despite >50 years of GII.2 strain persistence in human populations, limited sequence diversity and antigenic differences were identified between strains. However, capsid microvariation did affect HBGA binding patterns, with contemporary strains demonstrating decreased avidity for type A saliva. Furthermore, bile salts increased GII.2 VLP avidity for HBGAs, but did not alter antigenicity. These data indicate that large changes in antigenicity or receptor binding are unlikely to explain GII.2 emergence, in contrast to the pandemic GII.4 strains, and indicate that host factors such as waning or remodeling of serum or mucosal immunity likely contributed to the surge in GII.2 prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.L.M.); (L.C.L.); (P.D.B.-J.); (R.L.G.)
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30
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Campillay-Véliz CP, Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Escobar D, Covián C, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Human Norovirus Proteins: Implications in the Replicative Cycle, Pathogenesis, and the Host Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:961. [PMID: 32612600 PMCID: PMC7308418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the cause of more than 95% of epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with some lethal cases. These viral agents affect people of all ages. However, young children and older adults are the highest-risk groups, being affected with the greatest rate of hospitalizations and morbidity cases. HuNoV structural proteins, especially VP1, have been studied extensively. In contrast, the functions of the non-structural proteins of the virus have been undescribed in depth. Studies on HuNoV non-structural proteins have mostly been made by expressing them individually in in vitro cultures, providing insights of their functions and the role that they play in HuNoV replication and pathogenesis. This review examines exhaustively the functions of both HuNoV structural and non-structural proteins and their possible role within the viral replicative cycle and the pathogenesis of the virus. It also highlights recent findings regarding the host's innate and adaptive immune responses against HuNoV, which are of great relevance for diagnostics and vaccine development so as to prevent infections caused by these fastidious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Campillay-Véliz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jonatan J Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Darling Escobar
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Covián
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lindesmith LC, Brewer-Jensen PD, Mallory ML, Jensen K, Yount BL, Costantini V, Collins MH, Edwards CE, Sheahan TP, Vinjé J, Baric RS. Virus-Host Interactions Between Nonsecretors and Human Norovirus. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:245-267. [PMID: 32289501 PMCID: PMC7301201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human norovirus infection is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Genetic polymorphisms, mediated by the FUT2 gene (secretor enzyme), define strain susceptibility. Secretors express a diverse set of fucosylated histoblood group antigen carbohydrates (HBGA) on mucosal cells; nonsecretors (FUT2-/-) express a limited array of HBGAs. Thus, nonsecretors have less diverse norovirus strain infections, including resistance to the epidemiologically dominant GII.4 strains. Because future human norovirus vaccines will comprise GII.4 antigen and because secretor phenotype impacts GII.4 infection and immunity, nonsecretors may mimic young children immunologically in response to GII.4 vaccination, providing a needed model to study cross-protection in the context of limited pre-exposure. METHODS By using specimens collected from the first characterized nonsecretor cohort naturally infected with GII.2 human norovirus, we evaluated the breadth of serologic immunity by surrogate neutralization assays, and cellular activation and cytokine production by flow cytometry. RESULTS GII.2 infection resulted in broad antibody and cellular immunity activation that persisted for at least 30 days for T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, and for 180 days for blocking antibody. Multiple cellular lineages expressing interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α dominated the response. Both T-cell and B-cell responses were cross-reactive with other GII strains, but not GI strains. To promote entry mechanisms, inclusion of bile acids was essential for GII.2 binding to nonsecretor HBGAs. CONCLUSIONS These data support development of within-genogroup, cross-reactive antibody and T-cell immunity, key outcomes that may provide the foundation for eliciting broad immune responses after GII.4 vaccination in individuals with limited GII.4 immunity, including young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paul D Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kara Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Veronica Costantini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Caitlin E Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Timothy P Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Müller-Hermes C, Creutznacher R, Mallagaray A. Complete assignment of Ala, Ile, Leu ProS, Met and Val ProS methyl groups of the protruding domain from human norovirus GII.4 Saga. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2020; 14:123-130. [PMID: 31993958 PMCID: PMC7069894 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-020-09932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of human noroviruses to histo blood group antigens (HBGAs) is thought to be essential for infection, although how this binding event promotes infection is unknown. Recent studies have shown that 60% of all GII.4 epidemic strains may undergo a spontaneous post-translational modification (PTM) in an amino acid located adjacent to the binding pocket for HBGAs. This transformation proceeds with an estimated half-life of 1-2 days under physiological conditions, dramatically affecting HBGA recognition. The surface-exposed position of this PTM and its sequence conservation suggests a relevant role in immune escape and host-cell recognition. As a first step towards the understanding of the biological implications of this PTM at atomic resolution, we report the complete assignment of methyl resonances of a MILProSVProSA methyl-labeled sample of a 72 kDa protruding domain from a GII.4 Saga human norovirus strain. Assignments were obtained from methyl-methyl NOESY experiments combined with site-directed mutagenesis and automated assignment. This data provides the basis for a detailed characterization of the PTM-driven modulation of immune recognition in human norovirus on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Müller-Hermes
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Creutznacher
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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Zhirakovskaia EV, Tikunov AY, Sokolov SN, Kravchuk BI, Krasnova EI, Tikunova NV. Characterization of the complete genome sequence of the recombinant norovirus GII.P16/GII.4_Sydney_2012 revealed in Russia. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:69-79. [PMID: 33659783 PMCID: PMC7716542 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (the Caliciviridae family) are a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in all age groups. These small non-envelope viruses with a single-stranded (+)RNA genome are characterized by high genetic variability. Continuous changes in the genetic diversity of co-circulating noroviruses and the emergence of new recombinant variants are observed worldwide. Recently, new recombinant noroviruses with a novel GII.P16 polymerase associated with different capsid proteins VP1 were reported. As a part of the surveillance study of sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Novosibirsk, a total of 46 clinical samples from children with diarrhea were screened in 2016. Norovirus was detected in six samples from hospitalized children by RT-PCR. The identified noroviruses were classified as recombinant variants GII.P21/GII.3, GII. Pe/GII.4_Sydney_2012, and GII.P16/GII.4_Sydney_2012 by sequencing of the ORF1/ORF2 junction. In Novosibirsk, the first appearance of the new recombinant genotype GII.P16/ GII.4_Sydney_2012 was recorded in spring 2016. Before this study, only four complete genome sequences of the Russian GII.P16/GII.3 norovirus strains were available in the GenBank database. In this work, the complete genome sequence of the Russian strain Hu/GII.P16-GII.4/RUS/Novosibirsk/NS16-C38/2016 (GenBank KY210980) was determined. A comparison of the nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences showed a high homology of the Russian strain with GII.P16/GII.4_Sydney_2012 strains from other parts of the world. A comparative analysis showed that several unique substitutions occurred in the GII.P16 polymerase, N-terminal p48 protein, and minor capsid protein VP2 genes, while no unique changes in the capsid VP1 gene were observed. A functional significance of these changes suggests that a wide distribution of the strains with the novel GII.P16 polymerase may be associated both with several amino acid substitutions in the polymerase active center and with the insertion of glutamic acid or glycine in an N-terminal p48 protein that blocks the secretory immunity of intestinal epithelial cells. Further monitoring of genotypes will allow determining the distribution of norovirus recombinants with the polymerase GII.P16 in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Zhirakovskaia
- Institute of Сhemical Biology аnd Fundamental Medicine of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Y Tikunov
- Institute of Сhemical Biology аnd Fundamental Medicine of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S N Sokolov
- Institute of Сhemical Biology аnd Fundamental Medicine of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - B I Kravchuk
- Institute of Сhemical Biology аnd Fundamental Medicine of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E I Krasnova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Department of Infectious Diseases, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N V Tikunova
- Institute of Сhemical Biology аnd Fundamental Medicine of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Mateo R, Lindesmith LC, Garg SJ, Gottlieb K, Lin K, Said S, Leon JS, Sims AC, Weber DJ, Baric RS, Tucker SN, Taylor DN. Production and Clinical Evaluation of Norwalk GI.1 Virus Lot 001-09NV in Norovirus Vaccine Development. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:919-926. [PMID: 31628848 PMCID: PMC7050988 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis. No vaccine is currently available to prevent norovirus illness or infection. Safe, infectious challenge strains are needed to assess vaccine efficacy in the controlled human infection model (CHIM). METHODS A stock of HuNoV strain Norwalk virus ([NV] GI.1) was prepared. Healthy, genetically susceptible adults were inoculated with NV Lot 001-09NV and monitored for infection, gastroenteritis symptoms, and immune responses. RESULTS Lot 001-09NV induced gastroenteritis in 9 (56%) and infection in 11 (69%) of 16 genetically susceptible subjects. All infected subjects developed strong immune responses to GI.1 with a 30-fold (geometric mean titer) increase in blocking titers (BT50) and a 161-fold increase in GI.1-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G titers when compared with baseline. GI.1-specific cellular responses in peripheral blood were observed 9 days postchallenge with an average of 3253 IgA and 1227 IgG antibody-secreting cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS GI.1 Lot 001-09NV appears to be similar in virulence to previous passages of NV strain 8fIIa. The safety profile, attack rate, and duration of illness make GI.1 Lot 001-09NV a useful challenge strain for future vaccine studies aimed at establishing immune correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Karen Lin
- Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sara Said
- Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Juan S Leon
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy C Sims
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Liao Y, Xue L, Gao J, Wu A, Kou X. ABO blood group-associated susceptibility to norovirus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104245. [PMID: 32092482 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is responsible for the viral gastroenteritis burden worldwide. Histo-blood type antigens (HBGAs) are the only well-known factor regarding their effect on the pathogenesis of norovirus. Here, we performed the study to further investigate the association of the ABO blood group with norovirus susceptibility. METHODS All relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases and the associations of ABO blood groups with norovirus were assessed. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated from extracted data. I2 statistics, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were used to confirm the findings. Subgroup analyses were performed for genotypes, publication years, development degree of the countries, and age if heterogeneity was recorded. RESULTS Seventeen articles covering 2304 participants were included. The overall analysis of the studies showed similar ORs of norovirus infection among individuals with blood type A (OR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.71-1.14, P = 0.37) and blood type B (OR = 0.85, 95%CI = 0.66-1.12, P = 0.25) as compared to those controls. An increased odds of norovirus infection was found among individuals with blood type O (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.03-1.59, P = 0.03), while the individuals with blood type AB (OR = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.60-1.39, P = 0.67) showed no correlation with norovirus infection. For blood type B and blood type AB, the results of subgroup analyses mirrored the observations above. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis suggested that the blood type A, B and AB might not affect susceptibility to norovirus infection. However, blood type O appeared to be more susceptible to norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyin Liao
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, NO.100, Xianlie Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Junshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, NO.100, Xianlie Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwu Wu
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Kou
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Le Pendu J, Ruvoën-Clouet N. Fondness for sugars of enteric viruses confronts them with human glycans genetic diversity. Hum Genet 2019; 139:903-910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02090-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lindesmith LC, McDaniel JR, Changela A, Verardi R, Kerr SA, Costantini V, Brewer-Jensen PD, Mallory ML, Voss WN, Boutz DR, Blazeck JJ, Ippolito GC, Vinje J, Kwong PD, Georgiou G, Baric RS. Sera Antibody Repertoire Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Broad and Pandemic Strain Neutralizing Responses after Human Norovirus Vaccination. Immunity 2019; 50:1530-1541.e8. [PMID: 31216462 PMCID: PMC6591005 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly evolving RNA viruses, such as the GII.4 strain of human norovirus (HuNoV), and their vaccines elicit complex serological responses associated with previous exposure. Specific correlates of protection, moreover, remain poorly understood. Here, we report the GII.4-serological antibody repertoire—pre- and post-vaccination—and select several antibody clonotypes for epitope and structural analysis. The humoral response was dominated by GII.4-specific antibodies that blocked ancestral strains or by antibodies that bound to divergent genotypes and did not block viral-entry-ligand interactions. However, one antibody, A1431, showed broad blockade toward tested GII.4 strains and neutralized the pandemic GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney strain. Structural mapping revealed conserved epitopes, which were occluded on the virion or partially exposed, allowing for broad blockade with neutralizing activity. Overall, our results provide high-resolution molecular information on humoral immune responses after HuNoV vaccination and demonstrate that infection-derived and vaccine-elicited antibodies can exhibit broad blockade and neutralization against this prevalent human pathogen. Serum vaccine response is dominated by a small number of abundant antibody clonotypes Vaccine-boosted antibodies predominantly target conserved norovirus epitopes Identified cross-genogroup and strain-specific epitopes Discovered a pandemic-genotype neutralizing antibody recognizing a conserved epitope
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan R McDaniel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Anita Changela
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott A Kerr
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Veronica Costantini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Paul D Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William N Voss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel R Boutz
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John J Blazeck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jan Vinje
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Peñaflor-Téllez Y, Trujillo-Uscanga A, Escobar-Almazán JA, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL. Immune Response Modulation by Caliciviruses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2334. [PMID: 31632406 PMCID: PMC6779827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses and Sapoviruses, classified in the Caliciviridae family, are small positive-stranded RNA viruses, considered nowadays the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally in both children and adults. Although most noroviruses have been associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans, almost 50 years after its discovery, there is still a lack of comprehensive evidence regarding its biology and pathogenesis mainly because they can be neither conveniently grown in cultured cells nor propagated in animal models. However, other members of this family such as Feline calicivirus (FCV), Murine norovirus (MNV), Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), and Porcine sapovirus (PS), from which there are accessible propagation systems, have been useful to study the calicivirus replication strategies. Using cell cultures and animal models, many of the functions of the viral proteins in the viral replication cycles have been well-characterized. Moreover, evidence of the role of viral proteins from different members of the family in the establishment of infection has been generated and the mechanism of their immunopathogenesis begins to be understood. In this review, we discuss different aspects of how caliciviruses are implicated in membrane rearrangements, apoptosis, and evasion of the immune responses, highlighting some of the pathogenic mechanisms triggered by different members of the Caliciviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoatzin Peñaflor-Téllez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Trujillo-Uscanga
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alejandro Escobar-Almazán
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Lorena Gutiérrez-Escolano
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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Esseili MA, Gao X, Boley P, Hou Y, Saif LJ, Brewer-Jensen P, Lindesmith LC, Baric RS, Atmar RL, Wang Q. Human Norovirus Histo-Blood Group Antigen (HBGA) Binding Sites Mediate the Virus Specific Interactions with Lettuce Carbohydrates. Viruses 2019; 11:E833. [PMID: 31500340 PMCID: PMC6784273 DOI: 10.3390/v11090833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce is often implicated in human norovirus (HuNoV) foodborne outbreaks. We identified H-like histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on lettuce leaves as specific binding moieties for virus-like particles (VLPs) of HuNoV GII.4/HS194/2009 strain. The objective of this study was to determine whether HuNoV-lettuce binding is mediated through the virus HBGA binding sites (HBS). Toward this objective, VLPs of historical HuNoV GII.4 strains (1987, 1997, 2002, 2004 and 2006) with known natural mutations in their HBS, two newly generated VLP mutants of GII.4/HS194/2009 (D374A and G443A) and a VLP mutant (W375A) of GI.1/Norwalk/1968 along with its wild type VLPs, which displays distinct HBS, were investigated for their binding to lettuce. ELISA revealed that historical GII.4 strains binding to lettuce was dependent on their HBGAs profiles. The VLP mutants D374A and G443A lost binding to HBGAs and displayed no to minimal binding to lettuce, respectively. The VLPs of GI.1/Norwalk/1968 strain bound to lettuce through an H-like HBGA and the binding was inhibited by fucosidase digestion. Mutant W375A which was previously shown not to bind to HBGAs, displayed significantly reduced binding to lettuce. We conclude that the binding of HuNoV GII.4 and GI.1 strains to lettuce is mediated through the virus HBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak A Esseili
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
- Currently at Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA.
| | - Xiang Gao
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Patricia Boley
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Paul Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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