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Gao X, Du Z, Hao K, Zhang S, Li J, Guo J, Wang Z, Zhao S, Sang L, An M, Xia Z, Wu Y. ZmmiR398b negatively regulates maize resistance to sugarcane mosaic virus infection by targeting ZmCSD2/4/9. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13462. [PMID: 38695630 PMCID: PMC11064800 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely involved in various biological processes of plants and contribute to plant resistance against various pathogens. In this study, upon sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection, the accumulation of maize (Zea mays) miR398b (ZmmiR398b) was significantly reduced in resistant inbred line Chang7-2, while it was increased in susceptible inbred line Mo17. Degradome sequencing analysis coupled with transient co-expression assays revealed that ZmmiR398b can target Cu/Zn-superoxidase dismutase2 (ZmCSD2), ZmCSD4, and ZmCSD9 in vivo, of which the expression levels were all upregulated by SCMV infection in Chang7-2 and Mo17. Moreover, overexpressing ZmmiR398b (OE398b) exhibited increased susceptibility to SCMV infection, probably by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which were consistent with ZmCSD2/4/9-silenced maize plants. By contrast, silencing ZmmiR398b (STTM398b) through short tandem target mimic (STTM) technology enhanced maize resistance to SCMV infection and decreased ROS levels. Interestingly, copper (Cu)-gradient hydroponic experiments demonstrated that Cu deficiency promoted SCMV infection while Cu sufficiency inhibited SCMV infection by regulating accumulations of ZmmiR398b and ZmCSD2/4/9 in maize. These results revealed that manipulating the ZmmiR398b-ZmCSD2/4/9-ROS module provides a prospective strategy for developing SCMV-tolerant maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhichao Du
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Kaiqiang Hao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinxiu Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shixue Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lijun Sang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Tian X, Xu H, Zhan B, Zhou C, Li S, Zhang Z. Knockout of SlDCL2b attenuates the resistance of tomato to potato spindle tuber viroid infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13441. [PMID: 38462774 PMCID: PMC10925824 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference, or RNA silencing, is an important defence mechanism against viroid infection in plants. Plants encode multiple DICER-LIKE (DCL) proteins that are key components of the RNA silencing pathway. However, the roles of different DCLs in defence responses against viroid infection remain unclear. Here, we determined the function of tomato DCL2b (SlDCL2b) in defence responses against potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) infection using SlDCL2b loss-of-function tomato mutant plants. Compared with wild-type plants, mutant plants were more susceptible to PSTVd infection, developing more severe symptoms earlier and accumulating higher levels of PSTVd RNAs. Moreover, we verified the feedback mechanism for the regulation of SlDCL2b expression by miR6026. Functional blocking of tomato miR6026, by expressing its target mimics, can enhance resistance to PSTVd infection in tomato plants. These findings deepen the current understanding of RNAi-based resistance against viroid infection and provide a potentially new strategy for viroid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection (IPP), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Xiaxia Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection (IPP), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
- Citrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Huiyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection (IPP), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Binhui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection (IPP), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Citrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection (IPP), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection (IPP), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
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3
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Mitalo OW, Kang SW, Tran LT, Kubo Y, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Transcriptomic analysis in tomato fruit reveals divergences in genes involved in cold stress response and fruit ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1227349. [PMID: 37575935 PMCID: PMC10416649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1227349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cold storage is widely used to extend the postharvest life of most horticultural crops, including tomatoes, but this practice triggers cold stress and leads to the development of undesirable chilling injury (CI) symptoms. The underlying mechanisms of cold stress response and CI development in fruits remain unclear as they are often intermingled with fruit ripening changes. To gain insight into cold responses in fruits, we examined the effect of the potent ethylene signaling inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on fruit ripening, CI occurrence and gene expression in mature green tomatoes during storage at 20°C and 5°C. 1-MCP treatments effectively inhibited ethylene production and peel color changes during storage at 20°C. Storage at 5°C also inhibited both ethylene production and peel color change; during rewarming at 20°C, 1-MCP treatments inhibited peel color change but failed to inhibit ethylene production. Furthermore, fruits stored at 5°C for 14 d developed CI symptoms (surface pitting and decay) during the rewarming period at 20°C regardless of 1-MCP treatment. Subsequent RNA-Seq analysis revealed that cold stress triggers a large-scale transcriptomic adjustment, as noticeably more genes were differentially expressed at 5°C (8,406) than at 20°C (4,814). More importantly, we have found some important divergences among genes involved in fruit ripening (up- or down-regulated at 20°C; inhibited by 1-MCP treatment) and those involved in cold stress (up- or down-regulated at 5°C; unaffected by 1-MCP treatment). Transcriptomic adjustments unique to cold stress response were associated with ribosome biogenesis, NcRNA metabolism, DNA methylation, chromatin formation/remodeling, and alternative splicing events. These data should foster further research into cold stress response mechanisms in fruits with the ultimate aim of improving tolerance to low temperature and reduction of CI symptoms during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W. Mitalo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seung Won Kang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Long T. Tran
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Di Serio F, Owens RA, Navarro B, Serra P, Martínez de Alba ÁE, Delgado S, Carbonell A, Gago-Zachert S. Role of RNA silencing in plant-viroid interactions and in viroid pathogenesis. Virus Res 2023; 323:198964. [PMID: 36223861 PMCID: PMC10194176 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Viroids are small, single-stranded, non-protein coding and circular RNAs able to infect host plants in the absence of any helper virus. They may elicit symptoms in their hosts, but the underlying molecular pathways are only partially known. Here we address the role of post-transcriptional RNA silencing in plant-viroid-interplay, with major emphasis on the involvement of this sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism in both plant antiviroid defence and viroid pathogenesis. This review is a tribute to the memory of Dr. Ricardo Flores, who largely contributed to elucidate this and other molecular mechanisms involved in plant-viroid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Serio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Bari 70122, Italy.
| | - Robert A Owens
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Beatriz Navarro
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Bari 70122, Italy
| | - Pedro Serra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Ángel Emilio Martínez de Alba
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Villamayor 37185, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sonia Delgado
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (IAM-UPV), Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Carbonell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Selma Gago-Zachert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
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MicroRNA398: A Master Regulator of Plant Development and Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810803. [PMID: 36142715 PMCID: PMC9502370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses, and a growing number of studies suggest that miRNAs are promising targets for crop improvement because they participate in the regulation of diverse, important agronomic traits. MicroRNA398 (miR398) is a conserved miRNA in plants and has been shown to control multiple stress responses and plant growth in a variety of species. There are many studies on the stress response and developmental regulation of miR398. To systematically understand its function, it is necessary to summarize the evolution and functional roles of miR398 and its target genes. In this review, we analyze the evolution of miR398 in plants and outline its involvement in abiotic and biotic stress responses, in growth and development and in model and non-model plants. We summarize recent functional analyses, highlighting the role of miR398 as a master regulator that coordinates growth and diverse responses to environmental factors. We also discuss the potential for fine-tuning miR398 to achieve the goal of simultaneously improving plant growth and stress tolerance.
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Ma J, Mudiyanselage SDD, Wang Y. Emerging value of the viroid model in molecular biology and beyond. Virus Res 2022; 313:198730. [PMID: 35263622 PMCID: PMC8976779 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are single-stranded circular noncoding RNAs that infect plants. Research in the past five decades has deciphered the viroid genome structures, viroid replication cycles, numerous host factors for viroid infection, viroid motifs for intracellular and intercellular trafficking, interactions with host defense machinery, etc. In this review, we mainly focus on some significant questions that remain to be tackled, centered around (1) how the RNA polymerase II machinery performs transcription on RNA templates of nuclear-replicating viroids, (2) how viroid RNAs coordinate multiple structural elements for diverse functions, and (3) how viroid RNAs activate plant immunity. Research on viroids has led to seminal discoveries in biology, and we expect the research directions outlined in this review to continue providing key knowledge inspiring other areas of biology.
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Lin KY, Wu SY, Hsu YH, Lin NS. MiR398-regulated antioxidants contribute to Bamboo mosaic virus accumulation and symptom manifestation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:593-607. [PMID: 34695209 PMCID: PMC9040666 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections that cause mosaic or mottling in leaves commonly also induce increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, how ROS contributes to symptoms is less well documented. Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) causes chlorotic mosaic symptoms in both Brachypodium distachyon and Nicotiana benthamiana. The BaMV △CPN35 mutant with an N-terminal deletion of its coat protein gene exhibits asymptomatic infection independently of virus titer. Histochemical staining of ROS in mock-, BaMV-, and BaMV△CPN35-infected leaves revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulated solely in BaMV-induced chlorotic spots. Moreover, exogenous H2O2 treatment enhanced yellowish chlorosis in BaMV-infected leaves. Both BaMV and BaMV△CPN35 infection could induce the expression of Cu/Zu superoxide dismutase (CSD) antioxidants at messenger RNA and protein level. However, BaMV triggered the abundant accumulation of full-length NbCSD2 preprotein (prNbCSD2, without transit peptide cleavage), whereas BaMV△CPN35 induced a truncated prNbCSD2. Confocal microscopy showed that majority of NbCSD2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) predominantly localized in the cytosol upon BaMV infection, but BaMV△CPN35 infection tended to cause NbCSD2-GFP to remain in chloroplasts. By 5'-RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we validated CSDs are the targets of miR398 in vivo. Furthermore, BaMV infection increased the level of miR398, while the level of BaMV titer was regulated positively by miR398 but negatively by CSD2. In contrast, overexpression of cytosolic form NbCSD2, impairing the transport into chloroplasts, greatly enhanced BaMV accumulation. Taken together, our results indicate that induction of miR398 by BaMV infection may facilitate viral titer accumulation, and cytosolic prNbCSD2 induction may contribute to H2O2 accumulation, resulting in the development of BaMV chlorotic symptoms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yao Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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8
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Kochetov AV, Pronozin AY, Shatskaya NV, Afonnikov DA, Afanasenko OS. Potato spindle tuber viroid. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:269-275. [PMID: 34901723 PMCID: PMC8628614 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids belong to a very interesting class of molecules attracting researchers in phytopathology and
molecular evolution. Here we review recent literature data concerning the genetics of Potato spindle tuber viroid
(PSTVd) and the mechanisms related to its pathological effect on the host plants. PSTVd can be transmitted vertically through microspores and macrospores, but not with pollen from another infected plant. The 359 nucleotidelong genomic RNA of PSTVd is highly structured and its 3D-conformation is responsible for interaction with host
cellular factors to mediate replication, transport between tissues during systemic infection and the severity of
pathological symptoms. RNA replication is prone to errors and infected plants contain a population of mutated
forms of the PSTVd genome. Interestingly, at 7 DAI, only 25 % of the newly synthesized RNAs were identical to
the master copy, but this proportion increased to up to 70 % at 14 DAI and remained the same afterwards. PSTVd
infection induces the immune response in host plants. There are PSTVd strains with a severe, a moderate or a mild
pathological effect. Interestingly, viroid replication itself does not necessarily induce strong morphological or
physiological symptoms. In the case of PSTVd, disease symptoms may occur due to RNA-interference, which decreases the expression levels of some important cellular regulatory factors, such as, for example, potato StTCP23
from the gibberellic acid pathway with a role in tuber morphogenesis or tomato FRIGIDA-like protein 3 with an
early flowering phenotype. This association between the small segments of viroid genomic RNAs complementary
to the untranslated regions of cellular mRNAs and disease symptoms provides a way for new resistant cultivars to
be developed by genetic editing. To conclude, viroids provide a unique model to reveal the fundamental features
of living systems, which appeared early in evolution and still remain undiscovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Y Pronozin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N V Shatskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D A Afonnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O S Afanasenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Ikeda Y, Taniguchi K, Nagase N, Tsuji A, Kitagishi Y, Matsuda S. Reactive oxygen species may influence on the crossroads of stemness, senescence, and carcinogenesis in a cell via the roles of APRO family proteins. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause oxidative stress which is involved in aging and in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Whereas unregulated levels of the ROS may be harmful, regulated basal level of ROS are even necessary to support cellular functions as a second messenger for homeostasis under physiological conditions. Therefore, redox medicine could develop as a new therapeutic concept for human health-benefits. Here, we introduce the involvement of ROS on the crossroads of stemness, senescence, and carcinogenesis in a stem cell and cancer cell biology. Amazingly, the anti-proliferative (APRO) family anti-proliferative proteins characterized by immediate early growth responsive genes may also be involved in the crossroads machinery. The biological functions of APRO proteins (APROs) seem to be quite intricate, however, which might be a key modulator of microRNAs (miRNAs). Given the crucial roles of ROS and APROs for pathophysiological functions, upcoming novel therapeutics should include vigilant modulation of the redox state. Next generation of medicine including regenerative medicine and/or cancer therapy will likely comprise strategies for altering the redox environment with the APROs via the modulation of miRNAs as well as with the regulation of ROS of cells in a sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kurumi Taniguchi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nagase
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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Abstract
Viroids are small, single-stranded, circular RNAs infecting plants. Composed of only a few hundred nucleotides and being unable to code for proteins, viroids represent the lowest level of complexity for an infectious agent, even below that of the smallest known viruses. Despite the relatively small size, viroids contain RNA structural elements embracing all the information needed to interact with host factors involved in their infectious cycle, thus providing models for studying structure-function relationships of RNA. Viroids are specifically targeted to nuclei (family Pospiviroidae) or chloroplasts (family Avsunviroidae), where replication based on rolling-circle mechanisms takes place. They move locally and systemically through plasmodesmata and phloem, respectively, and may elicit symptoms in the infected host, with pathogenic pathways linked to RNA silencing and other plant defense responses. In this review, recent advances in the dissection of the complex interplay between viroids and plants are presented, highlighting knowledge gaps and perspectives for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Navarro
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy; I-70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ricardo Flores
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants (UPV-CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy; I-70126 Bari, Italy;
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11
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Naoi T, Hataya T. Tolerance Even to Lethal Strain of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Found in Wild Tomato Species Can Be Introduced by Crossing. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030575. [PMID: 33803660 PMCID: PMC8003082 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, natural resistance or tolerance, which can be introduced into crops by crossing, to potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) has not been reported. Additionally, responses to PSTVd infection in many wild tomato species, including some species that can be crossed with PSTVd-susceptible cultivated tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. lycoperaicum), have not been ascertained. The aim of this study was to evaluate responses to PSTVd infection including resistance and tolerance. Accordingly, we inoculated several cultivated and wild tomato species with intermediate and lethal strains of PSTVd. None of the host plants exhibited sufficient resistance to PSTVd to render systemic infection impossible; however, these plants displayed other responses, including tolerance. Further analysis of PSTVd accumulation revealed low accumulation of PSTVd in two wild species, exhibiting high tolerance, even to the lethal strain. Additionally, F1 hybrids generated by crossing a PSTVd-sensitive wild tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) with these wild relatives also exhibited tolerance to the lethal PSTVd strain, which is accompanied by low PSTVd accumulation during early infection. These results indicate that the tolerance toward PSTVd in wild species is a dominant trait and can be utilized for tomato breeding by crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naoi
- Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan;
| | - Tatsuji Hataya
- Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Correspondence:
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12
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Flores R, Navarro B, Delgado S, Serra P, Di Serio F. Viroid pathogenesis: a critical appraisal of the role of RNA silencing in triggering the initial molecular lesion. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:386-398. [PMID: 32379313 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial molecular lesions through which viroids, satellite RNAs and viruses trigger signal cascades resulting in plant diseases are hotly debated. Since viroids are circular non-protein-coding RNAs of ∼250-430 nucleotides, they appear very convenient to address this issue. Viroids are targeted by their host RNA silencing defense, generating viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) that are presumed to direct Argonaute (AGO) proteins to inactivate messenger RNAs, thus initiating disease. Here, we review the existing evidence. Viroid-induced symptoms reveal a distinction. Those attributed to vd-sRNAs from potato spindle tuber viroid and members of the family Pospiviroidae (replicating in the nucleus) are late, non-specific and systemic. In contrast, those attributed to vd-sRNAs from peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and other members of the family Avsunviroidae (replicating in plastids) are early, specific and local. Remarkably, leaf sectors expressing different PLMVd-induced chloroses accumulate viroid variants with specific pathogenic determinants. Some vd-sRNAs containing such determinant guide AGO1-mediated cleavage of mRNAs that code for proteins regulating chloroplast biogenesis/development. Therefore, the initial lesions and the expected phenotypes are connected by short signal cascades, hence supporting a cause-effect relationship. Intriguingly, one virus satellite RNA initiates disease through a similar mechanism, whereas in the Pospiviroidae and in plant viruses the situation remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Flores
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Navarro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sonia Delgado
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Serra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
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SANO T. Progress in 50 years of viroid research-Molecular structure, pathogenicity, and host adaptation. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:371-401. [PMID: 34380915 PMCID: PMC8403530 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are non-encapsidated, single-stranded, circular RNAs consisting of 246-434 nucleotides. Despite their non-protein-encoding RNA nature, viroids replicate autonomously in host cells. To date, more than 25 diseases in more than 15 crops, including vegetables, fruit trees, and flowers, have been reported. Some are pathogenic but others replicate without eliciting disease. Viroids were shown to have one of the fundamental attributes of life to adapt to environments according to Darwinian selection, and they are likely to be living fossils that have survived from the pre-cellular RNA world. In 50 years of research since their discovery, it was revealed that viroids invade host cells, replicate in nuclei or chloroplasts, and undergo nucleotide mutation in the process of adapting to new host environments. It was also demonstrated that structural motifs in viroid RNAs exert different levels of pathogenicity by interacting with various host factors. Despite their small size, the molecular mechanism of viroid pathogenicity turned out to be more complex than first thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo SANO
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Seo H, Wang Y, Park WJ. Time-Resolved Observation of the Destination of Microinjected Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) in the Abaxial Leaf Epidermal Cells of Nicotiana benthamiana. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122044. [PMID: 33419377 PMCID: PMC7765792 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids are single-stranded noncoding RNA molecules of 250–400 nucleotides that cause plant diseases. One of the two families of viroids is Pospiviroidae, the members of which replicate in the nuclei of host cells. To replicate in plants, viroids of Pospiviroidae must enter the nucleus. However, the nuclear import of viroids remains understudied. In this work, we documented the time-dependent characteristics of the changes in microinjected fluorescently labeled potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). The cytoplasmic fluorescence disappeared gradually, with only nuclear fluorescence remaining as the PSTVd injected in the cytoplasm was imported into the nucleus. Through this work, we determined that the time for half-maximal nuclear accumulation of the viroid was about 23 min. Interestingly, we found some cells where the nuclear import did not occur, despite the high level of cytosolic viroid injected. In some cells, the injected viroids disappeared within 10–20 min. The nuclear import of PSTVd is not a simple concentration-dependent process but was probably under the regulation of diverse factors that may be missing from some cells used for our observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesu Seo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Chonan-si, Chungnam 31116, Korea;
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Woong June Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Chonan-si, Chungnam 31116, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-550-3481
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15
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Kwon J, Kasai A, Maoka T, Masuta C, Sano T, Nakahara KS. RNA silencing-related genes contribute to tolerance of infection with potato virus X and Y in a susceptible tomato plant. Virol J 2020; 17:149. [PMID: 33032637 PMCID: PMC7542965 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, the RNA silencing system functions as an antiviral defense mechanism following its induction with virus-derived double-stranded RNAs. This occurs through the action of RNA silencing components, including Dicer-like (DCL) nucleases, Argonaute (AGO) proteins, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDR). Plants encode multiple AGOs, DCLs, and RDRs. The functions of these components have been mainly examined in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. In this study, we investigated the roles of DCL2, DCL4, AGO2, AGO3 and RDR6 in tomato responses to viral infection. For this purpose, we used transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker), in which the expression of these genes were suppressed by double-stranded RNA-mediated RNA silencing. METHODS We previously created multiple DCL (i.e., DCL2 and DCL4) (hpDCL2.4) and RDR6 (hpRDR6) knockdown transgenic tomato plants and here additionally did multiple AGO (i.e., AGO2 and AGO3) knockdown plants (hpAGO2.3), in which double-stranded RNAs cognate to these genes were expressed to induce RNA silencing to them. Potato virus X (PVX) and Y (PVY) were inoculated onto these transgenic tomato plants, and the reactions of these plants to the viruses were investigated. In addition to observation of symptoms, viral coat protein and genomic RNA were detected by western and northern blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Host mRNA levels were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Following inoculation with PVX, hpDCL2.4 plants developed a more severe systemic mosaic with leaf curling compared with the other inoculated plants. Systemic necrosis was also observed in hpAGO2.3 plants. Despite the difference in the severity of symptoms, the accumulation of PVX coat protein (CP) and genomic RNA in the uninoculated upper leaves was not obviously different among hpDCL2.4, hpRDR6, and hpAGO2.3 plants and the empty vector-transformed plants. Moneymaker tomato plants were asymptomatic after infection with PVY. However, hpDCL2.4 plants inoculated with PVY developed symptoms, including leaf curling. Consistently, PVY CP was detected in the uninoculated symptomatic upper leaves of hpDCL2.4 plants through western blotting. Of note, PVY CP was rarely detected in other asymptomatic transgenic or wild-type plants. However, PVY was detected in the uninoculated upper leaves of all the inoculated plants using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions. These findings indicated that PVY systemically infected asymptomatic Moneymaker tomato plants at a low level (i.e., no detection of CP via western blotting). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the tomato cultivar Moneymaker is susceptible to PVX and shows mild mosaic symptoms, whereas it is tolerant and asymptomatic to systemic PVY infection with a low virus titer. In contrast, in hpDCL2.4 plants, PVX-induced symptoms became more severe and PVY infection caused symptoms. These results indicate that DCL2, DCL4, or both contribute to tolerance to infection with PVX and PVY. PVY CP and genomic RNA accumulated to a greater extent in DCL2.4-knockdown plants. Hence, the contribution of these DCLs to tolerance to infection with PVY is at least partly attributed to their roles in anti-viral RNA silencing, which controls the multiplication of PVY in tomato plants. The necrotic symptoms observed in the PVX-infected hpAGO2.3 plants suggest that AGO2, AGO3 or both are also distinctly involved in tolerance to infection with PVX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Kwon
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maoka
- Division of Agro-Environmental Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8555, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.,Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Teruo Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan. .,Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
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16
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Identification and Molecular Mechanisms of Key Nucleotides Causing Attenuation in Pathogenicity of Dahlia Isolate of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197352. [PMID: 33027943 PMCID: PMC7583970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) variant, PSTVd-Dahlia (PSTVd-D or PSTVd-Dwt) induces very mild symptoms in tomato cultivar 'Rutgers', PSTVd-Intermediate (PSTVd-I or PSTVd-Iwt) induces severe symptoms. These two variants differ by nine nucleotides, of which six mutations are located in the terminal left (TL) to the pathogenicity (P) domains. To evaluate the importance of mutations located in the TL to the P domains, ten types of point mutants were created by swapping the nucleotides between the two viroid variants. Bioassay in tomato plants demonstrated that two mutants created on PSTVd-Iwt at positions 42 and 64 resulted in symptom attenuation. Phenotypic and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that mutation at position 42 of PSTVd-Iwt significantly reduced disease severity and accumulation of the viroid, whereas mutation at position 64 showed a significant reduction in stunting when compared to the PSTVd-Iwt infected plant. RT-qPCR analysis on pathogenesis-related protein 1b1 and chalcone synthase genes showed a direct correlation with symptom severity whereas the expansin genes were down-regulated irrespective of the symptom severity. These results indicate that the nucleotides at positions 42 and 64 are in concert with the ones at positions 43, 310, and 311/312, which determines the slower and stable accumulation of PSTVd-D without eliciting excessive host defense responses thus contributing in the attenuation of disease symptom.
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Naoi T, Kitabayashi S, Kasai A, Sugawara K, Adkar-Purushothama CR, Senda M, Hataya T, Sano T. Suppression of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 in tomatoes allows potato spindle tuber viroid to invade basal part but not apical part including pluripotent stem cells of shoot apical meristem. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236481. [PMID: 32716919 PMCID: PMC7384629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) is one of the key factors in plant defense responses and suppresses virus or viroid invasion into shoot apical meristem (SAM) in Nicotiana benthamiana. To evaluate the role of Solanum lycopersicum (Sl) RDR6 upon viroid infection, SlRDR6-suppressed (SlRDR6i) ‘Moneymaker’ tomatoes were generated by RNA interference and inoculated with intermediate or lethal strain of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). Suppression of SlRDR6 did not change disease symptoms of both PSTVd strains in ‘Moneymaker’ tomatoes. Analysis of PSTVd distribution in shoot apices by in situ hybridization revealed that both PSTVd strains similarly invade the basal part but not apical part including pluripotent stem cells of SAM in SlRDR6i plants at a low rate unlike a previous report in N. benthamiana. In addition, unexpectedly, amount of PSTVd accumulation was apparently lower in SlRDR6i plants than in control tomatoes transformed with empty cassette in early infection especially in the lethal strain. Meanwhile, SlRDR6 suppression did not affect the seed transmission rates of PSTVd. These results indicate that RDR6 generally suppresses PSTVd invasion into SAM in plants, while suppression of RDR6 does not necessarily elevate amount of PSTVd accumulation. Additionally, our results suggest that host factors such as RDR1 other than RDR6 may also be involved in the protection of SAM including pluripotent stem cells from PSTVd invasion and effective RNA silencing causing the decrease of PSTVd accumulation during early infection in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naoi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Syoya Kitabayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kohei Sugawara
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mineo Senda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Hataya
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (TS)
| | - Teruo Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (TS)
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18
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Zhou Y, Liu W, Li X, Sun D, Xu K, Feng C, Kue Foka IC, Ketehouli T, Gao H, Wang N, Dong Y, Wang F, Li H. Integration of sRNA, degradome, transcriptome analysis and functional investigation reveals gma-miR398c negatively regulates drought tolerance via GmCSDs and GmCCS in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:190. [PMID: 32370790 PMCID: PMC7201782 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought conditions adversely affect soybean growth, resulting in severe yield losses worldwide. Increasing experimental evidence indicates miRNAs are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. However, the drought-responsive molecular mechanism underlying miRNA-mRNA interactions remains largely uncharacterized in soybean. Meanwhile, the miRNA-regulated drought response pathways based on multi-omics approaches remain elusive. RESULTS We combined sRNA, transcriptome and degradome sequencing to elucidate the complex regulatory mechanism mediating soybean drought resistance. One-thousand transcripts from 384 target genes of 365 miRNAs, which were enriched in the peroxisome, were validated by degradome-seq. An integrated analysis showed 42 miRNA-target pairs exhibited inversely related expression profiles. Among these pairs, a strong induction of gma-miR398c as a major gene negatively regulates multiple peroxisome-related genes (GmCSD1a/b, GmCSD2a/b/c and GmCCS). Meanwhile, we detected that alternative splicing of GmCSD1a/b might affect soybean drought tolerance by bypassing gma-miR398c regulation. Overexpressing gma-miR398c in Arabidopsis thaliana L. resulted in decreased percentage germination, increased leaf water loss, and reduced survival under water deficiency, which displayed sensitivity to drought during seed germination and seedling growth. Furthermore, overexpressing gma-miR398c in soybean decreased GmCSD1a/b, GmCSD2a/b/c and GmCCS expression, which weakened the ability to scavenge O2.-, resulting in increased relative electrolyte leakage and stomatal opening compared with knockout miR398c and wild-type soybean under drought conditions. CONCLUSION The study indicates that gma-miR398c negatively regulates soybean drought tolerance, and provides novel insights useful for breeding programs to improve drought resistance by CRISPR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Weican Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Daqian Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Keheng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Chen Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Idrice Carther Kue Foka
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Toi Ketehouli
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Hongtao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Fawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China.
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