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Ujike M, Suzuki T. Progress of research on coronaviruses and toroviruses in large domestic animals using reverse genetics systems. Vet J 2024; 305:106122. [PMID: 38641200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The generation of genetically engineered recombinant viruses from modified DNA/RNA is commonly referred to as reverse genetics, which allows the introduction of desired mutations into the viral genome. Reverse genetics systems (RGSs) are powerful tools for studying fundamental viral processes, mechanisms of infection, pathogenesis and vaccine development. However, establishing RGS for coronaviruses (CoVs) and toroviruses (ToVs), which have the largest genomes among vertebrate RNA viruses, is laborious and hampered by technical constraints. Hence, little research has focused on animal CoVs and ToVs using RGSs, especially in large domestic animals such as pigs and cattle. In the last decade, however, studies of porcine CoVs and bovine ToVs using RGSs have been reported. In addition, the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic has prompted the development of new and simple CoV RGSs, which will accelerate RGS-based research on animal CoVs and ToVs. In this review, we summarise the general characteristics of CoVs and ToVs, the RGSs available for CoVs and ToVs and the progress made in the last decade in RGS-based research on porcine CoVs and bovine ToVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Division of Zoonosis Research, Sapporo Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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Wei MZ, Chen L, Zhang R, Chen Z, Shen YJ, Zhou BJ, Wang KG, Shan CL, Zhu EP, Cheng ZT. Overview of the recent advances in porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccines. Vet J 2024; 304:106097. [PMID: 38479492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Conventional vaccines developed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) GI-a subtypes (CV777 and SM98) have played a vital role in preventing classical PED. However, with the emergence of PEDV mutants in 2010, conventional PEDV GI-a subtype-targeting vaccines no longer provide adequate protection against PEDV GII mutants, thereby making novel-type PED vaccine development an urgent concern to be addressed. Novel vaccines, including nucleic acid vaccines, genetically engineered subunit vaccines, and live vector vaccines, are associated with several advantages, such as high safety and stability, clear targeting, high yield, low cost, and convenient usage. These vaccines can be combined with corresponding ELISA kits to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals, which is beneficial for disease confirmation. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent advancements in PED vaccines, emphasizing on the research and application evaluation of novel PED vaccines. It also considers the future directions and challenges in advancing these vaccines to widespread use in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Zhan Wei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan-Juan Shen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bi-Jun Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kai-Gong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun-Lan Shan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Er-Peng Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhen-Tao Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Jiang H, Wang T, Kong L, Li B, Peng Q. Reverse Genetics Systems for Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Coronaviruses and Applications. Viruses 2023; 15:2003. [PMID: 37896780 PMCID: PMC10611186 DOI: 10.3390/v15102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging swine coronaviruses (CoVs), including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-CoV (SADS-CoV), cause severe diarrhea in neonatal piglets, and CoV infection is associated with significant economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. Reverse genetics systems realize the manipulation of RNA virus genome and facilitate the development of new vaccines. Thus far, five reverse genetics approaches have been successfully applied to engineer the swine CoV genome: targeted RNA recombination, in vitro ligation, bacterial artificial chromosome-based ligation, vaccinia virus -based recombination, and yeast-based method. This review summarizes the advantages and limitations of these approaches; it also discusses the latest research progress in terms of their use for virus-related pathogenesis elucidation, vaccine candidate development, antiviral drug screening, and virus replication mechanism determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (H.J.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (H.J.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lingbao Kong
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (H.J.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (H.J.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
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Intragenomic rearrangements involving 5'-untranslated region segments in SARS-CoV-2, other betacoronaviruses, and alphacoronaviruses. Virol J 2023; 20:36. [PMID: 36829234 PMCID: PMC9957694 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation of the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been the bane of COVID-19 control. Documented variation includes point mutations, deletions, insertions, and recombination among closely or distantly related coronaviruses. Here, we describe yet another aspect of genome variation by beta- and alphacoronaviruses that was first documented in an infectious isolate of the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, obtained from 3 patients in Hong Kong that had a 5'-untranslated region segment at the end of the ORF6 gene that in its new location translated into an ORF6 protein with a predicted modified carboxyl terminus. While comparing the amino acid sequences of translated ORF8 genes in the GenBank database, we found a subsegment of the same 5'-UTR-derived amino acid sequence modifying the distal end of ORF8 of an isolate from the United States and decided to carry out a systematic search. METHODS Using the nucleotide and in the case of SARS-CoV-2 also the translated amino acid sequence in three reading frames of the genomic termini of coronaviruses as query sequences, we searched for 5'-UTR sequences in regions other than the 5'-UTR in SARS-CoV-2 and reference strains of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-coronaviruses. RESULTS We here report numerous genomic insertions of 5'-untranslated region sequences into coding regions of SARS-CoV-2, other betacoronaviruses, and alphacoronaviruses, but not delta- or gammacoronaviruses. To our knowledge this is the first systematic description of such insertions. In many cases, these insertions would change viral protein sequences and further foster genomic flexibility and viral adaptability through insertion of transcription regulatory sequences in novel positions within the genome. Among human Embecorivus betacoronaviruses, for instance, from 65% to all of the surveyed sequences in publicly available databases contain inserted 5'-UTR sequences. CONCLUSION The intragenomic rearrangements involving 5'-untranslated region sequences described here, which in several cases affect highly conserved genes with a low propensity for recombination, may underlie the generation of variants homotypic with those of concern or interest and with potentially differing pathogenic profiles. Intragenomic rearrangements thus add to our appreciation of how variants of SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alphacoronaviruses may arise.
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Luo Z, Ni K, Zhou Y, Chang G, Yu J, Zhang C, Yin W, Chen D, Li S, Kuang S, Zhang P, Li K, Bai J, Wang X. Inactivation of two SARS-CoV-2 virus surrogates by electron beam irradiation on large yellow croaker slices and their packaging surfaces. Food Control 2023; 144:109340. [PMID: 36091572 PMCID: PMC9445444 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The detection of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in food and food packaging associated with the cold chain has raised concerns about the possible transmission pathway of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in foods transported through cold-chain logistics and the need for novel decontamination strategies. In this study, the effect of electron beam (E-beam) irradiation on the inactivation of two SARS-CoV-2surrogate, viruses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), in culture medium and food substrate, and on food substrate were investigated. The causes of virus inactivation were also investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). Samples packed inside and outside, including virus-inoculated large yellow croaker and virus suspensions, were irradiated with E-beam irradiation (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 kGy) under refrigerated (0 °C)and frozen (-18 °C) conditions. The titers of both viruses in suspension and fish decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing doses of E-beam irradiation. The maximum D10 value of both viruses in suspension and fish was 1.24 kGy. E-beam irradiation at doses below 10 kGy was found to destroy the spike proteins of both SARS-CoV-2 surrogate viruses by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and negative staining of thin-sectioned specimens, rendering them uninfectious. E-beam irradiation at doses greater than 10 kGy was also found to degrade viral genomic RNA by qRT-PCR. There were no significant differences in color, pH, TVB-N, TBARS, and sensory properties of irradiated fish samples at doses below 10 kGy. These findings suggested that E-beam irradiation has the potential to be developed as an efficient non-thermal treatment to reduce SARS-CoV-2 contamination in foods transported through cold chain foods to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans through the cold chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghong Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ke Ni
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Guanhong Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiangtao Yu
- Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenqi Yin
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Shengyao Kuang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kui Li
- Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Junqing Bai
- Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Epidemic and Evolutionary Characteristics of Swine Enteric Viruses in South-Central China from 2018 to 2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071420. [PMID: 35891398 PMCID: PMC9323342 DOI: 10.3390/v14071420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric viruses are a major cause of piglet diarrhea, causing a devastating impact on the pork industry. To further understand the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary diversity of swine enteric viruses, we carried out a molecular epidemiological investigation of swine enteric viruses (PEDV, PDCoV, PoRVA, and TGEV) on 7107 samples collected from pig farms in south-central China. The results demonstrated that PEDV is the predominant pathogen causing piglet diarrhea, and its infection occurs mainly in relatively cold winter and spring in Hunan and Hubei provinces. The positive rate of PEDV showed an abnormal increase from 2020 to 2021, and that of PoRVA and PDCoV exhibited gradual increases from 2018 to 2021. PEDV-PoRVA and PEDV-PDCoV were the dominant co-infection modes. A genetic evolution analysis based on the PEDV S1 gene and ORF3 gene revealed that the PEDV GII-a is currently epidemic genotype, and the ORF3 gene of DY2020 belongs to a different clade relative to other GII-a strains isolated in this study. Overall, our results indicated that the variant PEDV GII-a is the main pathogen of piglet diarrhea with a trend of outbreak. G9 is the dominant PoRVA genotype and has the possibility of outbreak as well. It is therefore critical to strengthen the surveillance of PEDV and PoRVA, and to provide technical reserves for the prevention and control of piglet diarrhea.
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Li R, Tian X, Pang J, Li L, Yuan J, Tian Z, Wang Z. Point-of-Care Tests for Rapid Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071355. [PMID: 35891337 PMCID: PMC9321219 DOI: 10.3390/v14071355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The timely and accurate diagnosis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection is crucial to reduce the risk of viral transmission. Therefore, the objective of this review was to evaluate the overall diagnostic accuracy of rapid point-of-care tests (POCTs) for PEDV. Studies published before 7 January 2022 were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Springer Link, and Web of Science databases, using subject headings or keywords related to point of care and rapid test diagnostic for PEDV and PED. Two investigators independently extracted data, rated risk of bias, and assessed the quality using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. The bivariate model and the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model were used for performing the meta-analysis. Threshold effect, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression were applied to explore heterogeneity. Of the 2908 records identified, 24 eligible studies involving 3264 specimens were enrolled in the meta-analysis, including 11 studies on evaluation of lateral flow immunochromatography assay (ICA)-based, and 13 on nucleic acid isothermal amplification (NAIA)-based POCTs. The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92–0.97), 0.96 (95% CI 0.88–0.99) and 480 (95% CI 111–2074), respectively; for ICA-based POCTs and the corresponding values for NAIA-based, POCTs were 0.97 (95% CI 0.94–0.99), 0.98 (95% CI 0.91–0.99) and 1517 (95% CI 290–7943), respectively. The two tests showed highly comparable and satisfactory diagnostic performance in clinical utility. These results support current recommendations for the use of rapid POC tests when PEDV is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (R.L.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiangqin Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Junzeng Pang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (R.L.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Linyue Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (R.L.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiakang Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (R.L.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhuangzhuang Tian
- School of International Education, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China;
| | - Ziliang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (R.L.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.W.)
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Qiu M, Li S, Ye M, Li J, Sun Z, Li X, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Li C, Feng B, Lin H, Zheng W, Yu X, Tian K, Zhu J, Chen N. Systemic Homologous Neutralizing Antibodies Are Inadequate for the Evaluation of Vaccine Protective Efficacy against Coinfection by High Virulent PEDV and PRRSV. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0257421. [PMID: 35315711 PMCID: PMC9045284 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02574-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G2 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (G2 PEDV) and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (HP-PRRSV2) are two of the most prevalent swine pathogens in China's swine herds, and their coinfection occurs commonly. Several PED and PRRS vaccines have been utilized in China for decades, and systemic homologous neutralizing antibodies (shnAbs) in serum are frequently used to evaluate the protective efficacy of PED and PRRS vaccines. To develop a vaccine candidate against G2 PEDV and HP-PRRSV2 coinfection, in this study, we generated a chimeric virus (rJSTZ1712-12-S) expressing S protein of G2 PEDV using an avirulent HP-PRRSV2 rJSTZ1712-12 infectious clone as the viral vector. The rJSTZ1712-12-S strain has similar replication efficacies as the parental rJSTZ1712-12 virus. In addition, animal inoculation indicated that rJSTZ1712-12-S is not pathogenic to piglets and can induce shnAbs against both G2 PEDV and HP-PRRSV2 isolates after prime-boost immunization. However, passive transfer study in neonatal piglets deprived of sow colostrum showed that rJSTZ1712-12-S-induced shnAbs may only decrease PEDV and PRRSV viremia but cannot confer sufficient protection against dual challenge of high virulent G2 PEDV XJ1904-34 strain and HP-PRRSV2 XJ17-5 isolate. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that shnAbs confer insufficient protection against PEDV and PRRSV coinfection and are inadequate for the evaluation of protective efficacy of PED and PRRS bivalent vaccine (especially for the PED vaccine). IMPORTANCE Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) coinfection occurs commonly and can synergistically reduce feed intake and pig growth. Vaccination is an effective strategy utilized for PED and PRRS control, and systemic homologous neutralizing antibodies (shnAbs) in serum are commonly used for protective efficacy evaluation of PED and PRRS vaccines. Currently, no commercial vaccine is available against PEDV and PRRSV coinfection. This study generated a chimeric vaccine candidate against the coinfection of prevalent PEDV and PRRSV in China. The chimeric strain can induce satisfied shnAbs against both PEDV and PRRSV after prime-boost inoculation in pigs. But the shnAbs cannot confer sufficient protection against PEDV and PRRSV coinfection in neonatal piglets. To the best of our knowledge, these findings provide the first evidence that shnAbs confer insufficient protection against PEDV and PRRSV coinfection and are inadequate for evaluating PED and PRRS bivalent vaccine protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengxue Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jixiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binghui Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Darshani P, Sen Sarma S, Srivastava AK, Baishya R, Kumar D. Anti-viral triterpenes: a review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 21:1761-1842. [PMID: 35283698 PMCID: PMC8896976 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are naturally occurring derivatives biosynthesized following the isoprene rule of Ruzicka. The triterpenes have been reported to possess a wide range of therapeutic applications including anti-viral properties. In this review, the recent studies (2010-2020) concerning the anti-viral activities of triterpenes have been summarized. The structure activity relationship studies have been described as well as brief biosynthesis of these triterpenes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Darshani
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Sen Sarma
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit K. Srivastava
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Rinku Baishya
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), NH-37, Pulibor, Jorhat, Assam India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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Amoutzias GD, Nikolaidis M, Tryfonopoulou E, Chlichlia K, Markoulatos P, Oliver SG. The Remarkable Evolutionary Plasticity of Coronaviruses by Mutation and Recombination: Insights for the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future Evolutionary Paths of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:78. [PMID: 35062282 PMCID: PMC8778387 DOI: 10.3390/v14010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) constitute a large and diverse subfamily of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. They are found in many mammals and birds and have great importance for the health of humans and farm animals. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as well as many previous epidemics in humans that were of zoonotic origin, highlights the importance of studying the evolution of the entire CoV subfamily in order to understand how novel strains emerge and which molecular processes affect their adaptation, transmissibility, host/tissue tropism, and patho non-homologous genicity. In this review, we focus on studies over the last two years that reveal the impact of point mutations, insertions/deletions, and intratypic/intertypic homologous and non-homologous recombination events on the evolution of CoVs. We discuss whether the next generations of CoV vaccines should be directed against other CoV proteins in addition to or instead of spike. Based on the observed patterns of molecular evolution for the entire subfamily, we discuss five scenarios for the future evolutionary path of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, within this evolutionary context, we discuss the recently emerged Omicron (B.1.1.529) VoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios D. Amoutzias
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Marios Nikolaidis
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Eleni Tryfonopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (E.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (E.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Panayotis Markoulatos
- Microbial Biotechnology-Molecular Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Stephen G. Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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11
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Gao B, Zhao D, Li L, Cheng Z, Guo Y. Antiviral Peptides with in vivo Activity: Development and Modes of Action. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1547-1558. [PMID: 34755499 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The viral pandemic has resulted in a growing demand for antiviral drugs. The existing small-molecule antiviral drugs are limited, due to their incidence of drug resistance and adverse side effects. As potential drugs, antiviral peptides have the benefits of high activity, high stability, and few side effects. Furthermore, the diversity of acquisition methods allows antiviral peptides to be quickly designed and yielded. The drug properties (such as high bioavailability and in vivo stability) of antiviral peptides can be improved by the developed modifications. Currently, two peptide antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Many antiviral peptides have entered clinical trials for the treatment of diseases caused by viruses. In addition, new antiviral peptides are continuously being identified and validated against virus infections. Given the benefits of antiviral peptides, they will become major antiviral drugs to combat new outbreaks caused by unknown viruses in the future. This review provides an overview of recent developments in antiviral peptides with in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gao
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 31 Construction Road, Donghe District, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 31 Construction Road, Donghe District, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Lingmu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 31 Construction Road, Donghe District, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 31 Construction Road, Donghe District, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Ye Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 31 Construction Road, Donghe District, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 31 Construction Road, Donghe District, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
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12
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Ayatollahi SA, Sharifi-Rad J, Tsouh Fokou PV, Mahady GB, Ansar Rasul Suleria H, Krishna Kapuganti S, Gadhave K, Giri R, Garg N, Sharma R, Ribeiro D, Rodrigues CF, Reiner Ž, Taheri Y, Cruz-Martins N. Naturally Occurring Bioactives as Antivirals: Emphasis on Coronavirus Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:575877. [PMID: 34267652 PMCID: PMC8277242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.575877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak is a significant threat to human health and the worldwide economy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases, such as pneumonia-like upper respiratory tract illnesses, gastroenteritis, encephalitis, multiple organ failure involving lungs and kidneys which might cause death. Since the pandemic started there have been more than 107 million COVID-19 infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and ∼2.4 million deaths globally. SARS-CoV-2 is easily transmitted from person-to-person and has spread quickly across all continents. With the continued increase in morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19, and the damage to the global economy, there is an urgent need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. The advent of safe and effective vaccines has been a significant step forward in the battle against COVID-19, however treatment of the symptoms associated with the disease still requires new anti-viral and anti-inflammatory drug therapies. To this end, scientists have been investigating available natural products that may be effective against SARS-CoV-2, with some products showing promise in fighting several viral infections. Since many natural products are dietary components or are prepared as dietary supplements people tend to consider them safer than synthetic drugs. For example, Traditional Chinese Medicines have been effectively utilized to treat SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with promising results. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of COVID-19 therapies and the therapeutic potential of medicinal plant extracts and natural compounds for the treatment of several viral infections, with special emphasis on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Realistic strategies that can be employed for the effective use of bioactive compounds for anti-SARS-CoV-2 research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gail B. Mahady
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Daniel Ribeiro
- Northern Superior Health School of the Portuguese Red Cross, Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Célia F. Rodrigues
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine/Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Yang Y, Yan W, Hall AB, Jiang X. Characterizing Transcriptional Regulatory Sequences in Coronaviruses and Their Role in Recombination. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1241-1248. [PMID: 33146390 PMCID: PMC7665640 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, SARS, and MERS, often originate from recombination events. The mechanism of recombination in RNA viruses is template switching. Coronavirus transcription also involves template switching at specific regions, called transcriptional regulatory sequences (TRS). It is hypothesized but not yet verified that TRS sites are prone to recombination events. Here, we developed a tool called SuPER to systematically identify TRS in coronavirus genomes and then investigated whether recombination is more common at TRS. We ran SuPER on 506 coronavirus genomes and identified 465 TRS-L and 3,509 TRS-B. We found that the TRS-L core sequence (CS) and the secondary structure of the leader sequence are generally conserved within coronavirus genera but different between genera. By examining the location of recombination breakpoints with respect to TRS-B CS, we observed that recombination hotspots are more frequently colocated with TRS-B sites than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Yang
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wei Yan
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - A Brantley Hall
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Xiaofang Jiang
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Genetically Engineered Live-Attenuated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viruses Confer Full Protection against Lethal Infection. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00103-21. [PMID: 33653888 PMCID: PMC8092200 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00103-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no approved vaccines against the life-threatening Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Attenuated vaccines have proven their potential to induce strong and long-lasting immune responses. We have previously described that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) envelope (E) protein is a virulence factor. Based on this knowledge, a collection of mutants carrying partial deletions spanning the C-terminal domain of the E protein (rMERS-CoV-E*) has been generated using a reverse genetics system. One of these mutants, MERS-CoV-E*Δ2in, was attenuated and provided full protection in a challenge with virulent MERS-CoV after a single immunization dose. The MERS-CoV-E*Δ2in mutant was stable as it maintained its attenuation after 16 passages in cell cultures and has been selected as a promising vaccine candidate.IMPORTANCE The emergence of the new highly pathogenic human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that has already infected more than 80 million persons, killing nearly two million of them, clearly indicates the need to design efficient and safe vaccines protecting from these coronaviruses. Modern vaccines can be derived from virus-host interaction research directed to the identification of signaling pathways essential for virus replication and for virus-induced pathogenesis, in order to learn how to attenuate these viruses and design vaccines. Using a reverse genetics system developed in our laboratory, an infectious cDNA clone of MERS-CoV was engineered. Using this cDNA, we sequentially deleted several predicted and conserved motifs within the envelope (E) protein of MERS-CoV, previously associated with the presence of virulence factors. The in vitro and in vivo evaluation of these deletion mutants highlighted the relevance of predicted linear motifs in viral pathogenesis. Two of them, an Atg8 protein binding motif (Atg8-BM), and a forkhead-associated binding motif (FHA-BM), when deleted, rendered an attenuated virus that was evaluated as a vaccine candidate, leading to full protection against challenge with a lethal dose of MERS-CoV. This approach can be extended to the engineering of vaccines protecting against the new pandemic SARS-CoV-2.
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Porcine enteric coronaviruses: an updated overview of the pathogenesis, prevalence, and diagnosis. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:75-86. [PMID: 34251560 PMCID: PMC8273569 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent prevalence of coronavirus (CoV) poses a serious threat to animal and human health. Currently, porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECs), including the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), the novel emerging swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), and re-emerging porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), which infect pigs of different ages, have caused more frequent occurrences of diarrhoea, vomiting, and dehydration with high morbidity and mortality in piglets. PECs have the potential for cross-species transmission and are causing huge economic losses in the pig industry in China and the world, which therefore needs to be urgently addressed. Accordingly, this article summarises the pathogenicity, prevalence, and diagnostic methods of PECs and provides an important reference for their improved diagnosis, prevention, and control.
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Won H, Lim J, Noh YH, Yoon I, Yoo HS. Efficacy of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040642. [PMID: 33147824 PMCID: PMC7712170 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a devastating disease that causes considerable economic damage to the global pig industry. Although the causative agent, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), was identified about a half century ago, there is still much debate on the preventive measures against the disease, especially regarding the PED vaccine. Recent reports on PEDV variants make the vaccination for PEDV more confusing. Therefore, we systematically reviewed published articles on PED and vaccines against the disease and performed a meta-analysis of vaccine efficacy based on the clinical signs, fecal score and survival rates. A total of 299 articles on the efficacy of PED vaccines were found online, and 21 articles were selected that fulfilled all the criteria. A meta-analysis was performed on the 21 articles based on the fecal scores and survival rates. This analysis showed the efficacy of PED vaccines, and no significant differences in the efficacy depending on vaccine type (killed vs. live) or administration route (intramuscular vs. oral) were found. The results from our study suggest that any vaccination against PED is a useful strategy to control the disease regardless of the type of vaccine and administration route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokeun Won
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.W.); (J.L.)
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.H.N.); (I.Y.)
| | - Jeonggyo Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.W.); (J.L.)
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.H.N.); (I.Y.)
| | - Yun Hee Noh
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.H.N.); (I.Y.)
| | - Injoong Yoon
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.H.N.); (I.Y.)
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.W.); (J.L.)
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-1263
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Yang Y, Yan W, Hall B, Jiang X. Characterizing transcriptional regulatory sequences in coronaviruses and their role in recombination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32587968 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.21.163410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, SARS, and MERS, often originate from recombination events. The mechanism of recombination in RNA viruses is template switching. Coronavirus transcription also involves template switching at specific regions, called transcriptional regulatory sequences (TRS). It is hypothesized but not yet verified that TRS sites are prone to recombination events. Here, we developed a tool called SuPER to systematically identify TRS in coronavirus genomes and then investigated whether recombination is more common at TRS. We ran SuPER on 506 coronavirus genomes and identified 465 TRS-L and 3509 TRS-B. We found that the TRS-L core sequence (CS) and the secondary structure of the leader sequence are generally conserved within coronavirus genera but different between genera. By examining the location of recombination breakpoints with respect to TRS-B CS, we observed that recombination hotspots are more frequently co-located with TRS-B sites than expected.
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18
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Host Factors Affecting Generation of Immunity Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Pregnant and Lactating Swine and Passive Protection of Neonates. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020130. [PMID: 32085410 PMCID: PMC7168134 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly virulent re-emerging enteric coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets. Despite this, a safe and effective PEDV vaccine against highly virulent strains is unavailable, making PEDV prevention and control challenging. Lactogenic immunity induced via the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA (sIgA) axis, remains the most promising and effective way to protect suckling piglets from PEDV. Therefore, a successful PEDV vaccine must induce protective maternal IgA antibodies that passively transfer into colostrum and milk. Identifying variables that influence lymphocyte migration and IgA secretion during gestation and lactation is imperative for designing maternal immunization strategies that generate the highest amount of lactogenic immune protection against PEDV in suckling piglets. Because pregnancy-associated immune alterations influence viral pathogenesis and adaptive immune responses in many different species, a better understanding of host immune responses to PEDV in pregnant swine may translate into improved maternal immunization strategies against enteric pathogens for multiple species. In this review, we discuss the role of host factors during pregnancy on antiviral immunity and their implications for generating protective lactogenic immunity in suckling neonates.
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Hou Y, Wang Q. Emerging Highly Virulent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: Molecular Mechanisms of Attenuation and Rational Design of Live Attenuated Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5478. [PMID: 31689903 PMCID: PMC6862049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) emerged in China in 2010. It infects pigs of all ages, and causes severe diarrhea and high mortality rates in newborn pigs, leading to devastating economic losses in the pork industry worldwide. Effective and safe vaccines against highly virulent PEDV strains are still unavailable, hampering the further prevention, control and eradication of the disease in herds. Vaccination of pregnant sows with live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) is the most effective strategy to induce lactogenic immunity in the sows, which provides A passive protection of suckling piglets against PEDV via the colostrum (beestings, or first milk) and milk. Several LAV candidates have been developed via serially passaging the highly virulent PEDV isolates in non-porcine Vero cells. However, their efficacies in the induction of sufficient protection against virulent PEDV challenge vary in vivo. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the virulence-related mutations of PEDV and their potential roles in PEDV attenuation in vivo. With the successful development of reverse genetics systems for PEDV, we also discuss how to use them to generate promising LAV candidates that are safe, effective and genetically stable. This article provides timely insight into the rational design of effective and safe PEDV LAV candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Hou
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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