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Fletcher P, Clancy CS, O’Donnell KL, Doratt BM, Malherbe DC, Rhoderick JF, Feldmann F, Hanley PW, Takada A, Messaoudi I, Marzi A. Pathogenic differences of cynomolgus macaques after Taï Forest virus infection depend on the viral stock propagation. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012290. [PMID: 38861571 PMCID: PMC11195944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Taï Forest virus (TAFV) is a negative-sense RNA virus in the Filoviridae family. TAFV has caused only a single human infection, but several disease outbreaks in chimpanzees have been linked to this virus. Limited research has been done on this human-pathogenic virus. We sought to establish an animal model to assess TAFV disease progression and pathogenicity at our facility. We had access to two different viral stock preparations from different institutions, both originating from the single human case. Type I interferon receptor knockout mice were inoculated with TAFV stock 1 or stock 2 by the intraperitoneal route. Inoculation resulted in 100% survival with no disease regardless of viral stock preparation or infectious dose. Next, cynomolgus macaques were inoculated with TAFV stock 1 or stock 2. Inoculation with TAFV stock 1 resulted in 100% survival and robust TAFV glycoprotein-specific IgG responses including neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, macaques infected with TAFV stock 2 developed disease and were euthanized 8-11 days after infection exhibiting viremia, thrombocytopenia, and increased inflammatory mediators identified by transcriptional analysis. Histopathologic analysis of tissue samples collected at necropsy confirmed classic filovirus disease in numerous organs. Genomic differences in both stock preparations were mapped to several viral genes which may have contributed to disease severity. Taken together, we demonstrate that infection with the two TAFV stocks resulted in no disease in mice and opposing disease phenotypes in cynomolgus macaques, highlighting the impact of viral stock propagation on pathogenicity in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Fletcher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Brianna M. Doratt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Delphine C. Malherbe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. Rhoderick
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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Normandin E, Triana S, Raju SS, Lan TC, Lagerborg K, Rudy M, Adams GC, DeRuff KC, Logue J, Liu D, Strebinger D, Rao A, Messer KS, Sacks M, Adams RD, Janosko K, Kotliar D, Shah R, Crozier I, Rinn JL, Melé M, Honko AN, Zhang F, Babadi M, Luban J, Bennett RS, Shalek AK, Barkas N, Lin AE, Hensley LE, Sabeti PC, Siddle KJ. Natural history of Ebola virus disease in rhesus monkeys shows viral variant emergence dynamics and tissue-specific host responses. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100440. [PMID: 38169842 PMCID: PMC10759212 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes Ebola virus disease (EVD), marked by severe hemorrhagic fever; however, the mechanisms underlying the disease remain unclear. To assess the molecular basis of EVD across time, we performed RNA sequencing on 17 tissues from a natural history study of 21 rhesus monkeys, developing new methods to characterize host-pathogen dynamics. We identified alterations in host gene expression with previously unknown tissue-specific changes, including downregulation of genes related to tissue connectivity. EBOV was widely disseminated throughout the body; using a new, broadly applicable deconvolution method, we found that viral load correlated with increased monocyte presence. Patterns of viral variation between tissues differentiated primary infections from compartmentalized infections, and several variants impacted viral fitness in a EBOV/Kikwit minigenome system, suggesting that functionally significant variants can emerge during early infection. This comprehensive portrait of host-pathogen dynamics in EVD illuminates new features of pathogenesis and establishes resources to study other emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Normandin
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sergio Triana
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Siddharth S. Raju
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tammy C.T. Lan
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim Lagerborg
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Rudy
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gordon C. Adams
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David Liu
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel Strebinger
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arya Rao
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Molly Sacks
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ricky D. Adams
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Krisztina Janosko
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dylan Kotliar
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rickey Shah
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - John L. Rinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Marta Melé
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna N. Honko
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mehrtash Babadi
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Richard S. Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nikolaos Barkas
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aaron E. Lin
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine J. Siddle
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Escudero-Pérez B, Lalande A, Mathieu C, Lawrence P. Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030599. [PMID: 36992308 PMCID: PMC10060007 DOI: 10.3390/v15030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are an ever-increasing public health risk and economic burden. The factors that determine if and when an animal virus is able to spill over into the human population with sufficient success to achieve ongoing transmission in humans are complex and dynamic. We are currently unable to fully predict which pathogens may appear in humans, where and with what impact. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the key host–pathogen interactions known to influence zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans, with a particular focus on two important human viruses of zoonotic origin, the Nipah virus and the Ebola virus. Namely, key factors determining spillover potential include cellular and tissue tropism, as well as the virulence and pathogenic characteristics of the pathogen and the capacity of the pathogen to adapt and evolve within a novel host environment. We also detail our emerging understanding of the importance of steric hindrance of host cell factors by viral proteins using a “flytrap”-type mechanism of protein amyloidogenesis that could be crucial in developing future antiviral therapies against emerging pathogens. Finally, we discuss strategies to prepare for and to reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover occurrences in order to minimize the risk of new outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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Kuhn JH, Schmaljohn CS. Of mice and Mike-An underappreciated Ebola virus disease model may have paved the road for future filovirology. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105522. [PMID: 36592667 PMCID: PMC9852096 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, Mike Bray and colleagues published the first immunocompetent laboratory mouse model of Ebola virus disease. Often labeled by peer reviewers as inferior to large nonhuman primate efforts, this model initially laid the foundation for the recent establishment of panel-derived cross-bred and humanized mouse models and a golden hamster model. Nonhuman primate research has always been associated with ethical concerns and is sometimes deemed scientifically questionable due to the necessarily low animal numbers in individual studies. Independent of these concerns, the now-global severe shortage of commercially available large nonhuman primates may pragmatically push research toward increased and improved rodent modeling that may altogether replace nonhuman primate studies in the short term as well as in an optimal future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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5
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Comparison of Aerosol Stability of Different Variants of Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus and Virulence of Aerosolised Ebola Virus in an Immune-Deficient Mouse. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040780. [PMID: 35458510 PMCID: PMC9030064 DOI: 10.3390/v14040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During outbreaks of virus diseases, many variants may appear, some of which may be of concern. Stability in an aerosol of several Ebola virus and Marburg virus variants was investigated. Studies were performed measuring aerosol survival using the Goldberg drum but no significant difference in biological decay rates between variants was observed. In addition, historic data on virulence in a murine model of different Ebola virus variants were compared to newly presented data for Ebola virus Kikwit in the A129 Interferon alpha/beta receptor-deficient mouse model. Ebola virus Kikwit was less virulent than Ebola virus Ecran in our mouse model. The mouse model may be a useful tool for studying differences in virulence associated with different variants whereas aerosol stability studies may not need to be conducted beyond the species level.
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Lee HN, McWilliams IL, Lewkowicz AP, Engel K, Ireland DDC, Kelley-Baker L, Thacker S, Piccardo P, Manangeeswaran M, Verthelyi D. Characterization of the therapeutic effect of antibodies targeting the Ebola glycoprotein using a novel BSL2-compliant rVSVΔG-EBOV-GP infection model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2076-2089. [PMID: 34674613 PMCID: PMC8583756 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1997075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infections cause haemorrhagic fever, multi-organ failure and death, and survivors can experience neurological sequelae. Licensing of monoclonal antibodies targeting EBOV glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) improved its prognosis, however, this treatment is primarily effective during early stages of disease and its effectiveness in reducing neurological sequela remains unknown. Currently, the need for BSL4 containment hinders research and therapeutic development; development of an accessible BSL-2 in vivo mouse model would facilitate preclinical studies to screen and select therapeutics. Previously, we have shown that a subcutaneous inoculation with replicating EBOV-GP pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSVΔG-EBOV-GP or VSV-EBOV) in neonatal mice causes transient viremia and infection of the mid and posterior brain resulting in overt neurological symptoms and death. Here, we demonstrate that the model can be used to test therapeutics that target the EBOV-GP, by using an anti-EBOV-GP therapeutic (SAB-139) previously shown to block EBOV infection in mice and primates. We show that SAB-139 treatment decreases the severity of neurological symptoms and improves survival when administered before (1 day prior to infection) or up to 3 dpi, by which time animals have high virus titres in their brains. Improved survival was associated with reduced viral titres, microglia loss, cellular infiltration/activation, and inflammatory responses in the brain. Interestingly, SAB-139 treatment significantly reduced the severe VSV-EBOV-induced long-term neurological sequalae although convalescent mice showed modest evidence of abnormal fear responses. Together, these data suggest that the neonatal VSV-EBOV infection system can be used to facilitate assessment of therapeutics targeting EBOV-GP in the preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Lee
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ian L. McWilliams
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Aaron P. Lewkowicz
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kaliroi Engel
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Derek D. C. Ireland
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Logan Kelley-Baker
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Seth Thacker
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Yamaoka S, Ebihara H. Pathogenicity and Virulence of Ebolaviruses with Species- and Variant-specificity. Virulence 2021; 12:885-901. [PMID: 33734027 PMCID: PMC7993122 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1898169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), belonging to the species Zaire ebolavirus in the genus Ebolavirus, causes a severe febrile illness in humans with case fatality rates (CFRs) up to 90%. While there have been six virus species classified, which each have a single type virus in the genus Ebolavirus, CFRs of ebolavirus infections vary among viruses belonging to each distinct species. In this review, we aim to define the ebolavirus species-specific virulence on the basis of currently available laboratory and experimental findings. In addition, this review will also cover the variant-specific virulence of EBOV by referring to the unique biological and pathogenic characteristics of EBOV variant Makona, a new EBOV variant isolated from the 2013-2016 EBOV disease outbreak in West Africa. A better definition of species-specific and variant-specific virulence of ebolaviruses will facilitate our comprehensive knowledge on genus Ebolavirus biology, leading to the development of therapeutics against well-focused pathogenic mechanisms of each Ebola disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
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8
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To B or Not to B: Mechanisms of Protection Conferred by rVSV-EBOV-GP and the Roles of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101473. [PMID: 32992829 PMCID: PMC7600878 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the Filoviridae family of negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. EBOV infection causes Ebola virus disease (EVD), characterized by coagulopathy, lymphopenia, and multi-organ failure, which can culminate in death. In 2019, the FDA approved the first vaccine against EBOV, a recombinant live-attenuated viral vector wherein the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus is replaced with the glycoprotein (GP) of EBOV (rVSV-EBOV-GP, Ervebo® by Merck). This vaccine demonstrates high efficacy in nonhuman primates by providing prophylactic, rapid, and post-exposure protection. In humans, rVSV-EBOV-GP demonstrated 100% protection in several phase III clinical trials in over 10,000 individuals during the 2013–2016 West Africa epidemic. As of 2020, over 218,000 doses of rVSV-EBOV-GP have been administered to individuals with high risk of EBOV exposure. Despite licensure and robust preclinical studies, the mechanisms of rVSV-EBOV-GP-mediated protection are not fully understood. Such knowledge is crucial for understanding vaccine-mediated correlates of protection from EVD and to aid the further design and development of therapeutics against filoviruses. Here, we summarize the current literature regarding the host response to vaccination and EBOV exposure, and evidence regarding innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in rVSV-EBOV-GP-mediated protection, with a focus on the host transcriptional response. Current data strongly suggest a protective synergy between rapid innate and humoral immunity.
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9
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Rubsamen R, Burkholz S, Massey C, Brasel T, Hodge T, Wang L, Herst C, Carback R, Harris P. Anti-IL-6 Versus Anti-IL-6R Blocking Antibodies to Treat Acute Ebola Infection in BALB/c Mice: Potential Implications for Treating Cytokine Release Syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:574703. [PMID: 33071786 PMCID: PMC7538647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.574703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is known to be a factor in morbidity and mortality associated with acute viral infections including those caused by filoviruses and coronaviruses. IL-6 has been implicated as a cytokine negatively associated with survival after filovirus and coronavirus infection. However, IL-6 has also been shown to be an important mediator of innate immunity and important for the host response to an acute viral infection. Clinical studies are now being conducted by various researchers to evaluate the possible role of IL-6 blockers to improve outcomes in critically ill patients with CRS. Most of these studies involve the use of anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibodies (α-IL-6R mAbs). We present data showing that direct neutralization of IL-6 with an α-IL-6 mAb in a BALB/c Ebolavirus (EBOV) challenge model produced a statistically significant improvement in outcome compared with controls when administered within the first 24 h of challenge and repeated every 72 h. A similar effect was seen in mice treated with the same dose of α-IL-6R mAb when the treatment was delayed 48 h post-challenge. These data suggest that direct neutralization of IL-6, early during the course of infection, may provide additional clinical benefits to IL-6 receptor blockade alone during treatment of patients with virus-induced CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma Inc., Pleasant Hill, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Christopher Massey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Tom Hodge
- Flow Pharma Inc., Pleasant Hill, CA, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Flow Pharma Inc., Pleasant Hill, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Paul Harris
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Kikwit Ebola Virus Disease Progression in the Rhesus Monkey Animal Model. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070753. [PMID: 32674252 PMCID: PMC7411891 DOI: 10.3390/v12070753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing Ebola virus disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo follow the largest recorded outbreak in Western Africa (2013–2016). To combat outbreaks, testing of medical countermeasures (therapeutics or vaccines) requires a well-defined, reproducible, animal model. Here we present Ebola virus disease kinetics in 24 Chinese-origin rhesus monkeys exposed intramuscularly to a highly characterized, commercially available Kikwit Ebola virus Filovirus Animal Non-Clinical Group (FANG) stock. Until reaching predetermined clinical disease endpoint criteria, six animals underwent anesthesia for repeated clinical sampling and were compared to six that did not. Groups of three animals were euthanized and necropsied on days 3, 4, 5, and 6 post-exposure, respectively. In addition, three uninfected animals served as controls. Here, we present detailed characterization of clinical and laboratory disease kinetics and complete blood counts, serum chemistries, Ebola virus titers, and disease kinetics for future medical countermeasure (MCM) study design and control data. We measured no statistical difference in hematology, chemistry values, or time to clinical endpoint in animals that were anesthetized for clinical sampling during the acute disease compared to those that were not.
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