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Li H, Sun Z, Zheng T, Chen M, Lei X, Yu X, Ning Z. CD46 inhibits the replication of swine influenza viruses by promoting the production of type I IFNs in PK-15 cells. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1111-1119. [PMID: 38153594 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Swine flu caused by swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is an acute respiratory viral disease that is spreading in swine herds worldwide. Although the effect of some host factors on replication of swIAV has been identified, the role of CD46 in this process is unclear. Here, we report that CD46 inhibits the replication of swIAV by promoting the production of type I interferons (IFNs) in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells. CD46 knockout (CD46-KO) and stably expressing (CD46-overexpression) PK-15 cells were prepared using lentivirus-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and seamless cloning technology. The results of virus infection in CD46-overexpression PK-15 cells showed that the replication of H1N1 and H3N2 swIAVs were inhibited, and the production of type I IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β), interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) was enhanced. Virus infection in CD46-KO PK-15 cells showed the opposite results. Further results showed that CD46-KO PK-15 cells have a favorable ability to proliferate influenza viruses compared to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and PK-15 cells. These findings indicate that CD46 acts as promising target regulating the replication of swIAV, and help to develop new agents against infection and replication of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenzhen Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoling Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianglong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China.
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2
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Aitkenhead H, Stuart DI, El Omari K. Structure of Bovine CD46 Ectodomain. Viruses 2023; 15:1424. [PMID: 37515111 PMCID: PMC10385506 DOI: 10.3390/v15071424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CD46, or membrane cofactor protein, is a type-one transmembrane protein from the complement regulatory protein family. Alongside its role in complement activation, CD46 is involved in many other processes, from T-cell activation to reproduction. It is also referred to as a pathogen magnet, because it is used as a receptor by multiple bacteria and viruses. Bovine CD46 (bovCD46) in particular is involved in bovine viral diarrhoea virus entry, an economically important disease in cattle industries. This study presents the X-ray crystallographic structure of the extracellular region of bovCD46, revealing a four-short-consensus-repeat (SCR) structure similar to that in human CD46. SCR1-3 are arranged linearly, while SCR 4 has a reduced interface angle, resulting in a hockey stick-like appearance. The structure also reveals the bovine viral diarrhoea virus interaction site in SCR1, which is likely to confer pestivirus specificity for their target host, CD46. Insights gained from the structural information on pestivirus receptors, such as CD46, could offer valuable guidance for future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Aitkenhead
- Diamond Light Source (United Kingdom), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX110DE, UK;
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37BN, UK
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot OX110FA, UK
| | - David I. Stuart
- Diamond Light Source (United Kingdom), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX110DE, UK;
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37BN, UK
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Diamond Light Source (United Kingdom), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX110DE, UK;
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot OX110FA, UK
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3
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Leveringhaus E, Cagatay GN, Hardt J, Becher P, Postel A. Different impact of bovine complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46 bov) as a cellular receptor for members of the species Pestivirus H and Pestivirus G. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:60-72. [PMID: 34839792 PMCID: PMC8741246 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2011620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae comprises highly relevant animal pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and -2) classified into the two species Pestivirus A and Pestivirus B, respectively. First described in 2004, HoBi-like pestiviruses (HoBiPeV) represent emerging bovine pathogens that belong to a separate species (Pestivirus H), but share many similarities with BVDV-1 and -2. Additionally, two giraffe pestivirus (GPeV) strains both originating from Kenya represent another distinct species (Pestivirus G), whose members replicate very efficiently in bovine cells. In this study, we investigated the role of bovine complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46bov), the receptor of BVDV-1 and -2, in the entry of HoBiPeV and GPeV. For this purpose, bovine CD46-knockout and CD46-rescue cell lines were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology and subsequent trans-complementation, respectively. Our results provide strong evidence that the impact of CD46bov differs between viruses belonging to Pestivirus H and viruses representing Pestivirus G: CD46bov revealed to be a major cellular entry factor for HoBiPeV strain HaVi-20. In contrast, GPeV strain PG-2 presented as largely independent of CD46bov, suggesting a different entry mechanism involving other molecular determinants which remain to be identified. In addition, we demonstrated that, similar to BVDV-1 and -2, virus isolates of both Pestivirus H and Pestivirus G are able to adapt to cell culture conditions by using heparan sulfate to enter the host cell. In conclusion, our findings show that different bovine pestiviruses use diverse mechanisms of host cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Leveringhaus
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gökce Nur Cagatay
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Juliane Hardt
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Postel
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Yang G, Wang J, Wang S, Zhu Y. Forsythiaside A Improves the Inhibitory Efficiency of Recombinant Protein Vaccines against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169390. [PMID: 36012654 PMCID: PMC9409473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a critical animal pathogen that leads to cattle production losses associated with acute disease, immune dysregulation, reproductive failure, and respiratory disease. Due to the monotonous control technique and neglect of BVDV, increasing prevalence of BVDV has caused significant economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Therefore, novel anti-BVDV drugs are essential to prevent and control BVDV. Our previous studies have found that Forsythoside A (FTA) could inhibit the replication of BVDV via TRAF2-dependent CD28-4-1BB signaling in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but whether they can directly inhibit the BVDV remains unclear. Here, we further investigated the effects of FTA on BVDV and its underlying mechanisms of action. We found that FTA significantly inhibited the replication of BVDV in the MDBK cell directly. The results demonstrated that FTA could reduce the functional activation of Caspase-1 to inhibit the inflammatory response caused by BVDV infection and increase the expression of type I interferon (IFN-I) to clear the virus in vitro. The animal experiment was performed to evaluate the antiviral effect of FTA in vivo. Notably, after challenged with BVDV, mice with FTA + Erns-E2 protein displayed alleviated pathological damage and decreased the viral load in the spleen compared with mice inoculated with Erns-E2 protein. Furthermore, treatment with FTA enhanced body defense and delayed infection by the BVDV. Our results reveal that FTA suppresses BVDV replication both in vitro and in vivo and therefore shows promise as an anti-BVDV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shenghua Wang
- OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102629, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
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5
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Viral Traits and Cellular Knock-Out Genotype Affect Dependence of BVDV on Bovine CD46. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121620. [PMID: 34959575 PMCID: PMC8704300 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of bovine CD46 in the host cell entry of BVDV has been established for more than a decade. By generating novel MDBK CD46 knock-out clones, we confirm previously reported data on the CD46 motives important for BVDV binding and the importance of the G479R exchange within BVDV Erns to gain independence of bovine CD46 during entry. The comparison of different knock-out genotypes revealed a high variability of cellular susceptibility for a BVDV encoding the G479R exchange. These data highlight the effect of clonal selection of knock-outs on virus susceptibility, which should be considered when planning knock-out experiments.
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Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46): deficiency states and pathogen connections. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:126-134. [PMID: 34004375 PMCID: PMC8123722 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46), a ubiquitously expressed complement regulatory protein, serves as a cofactor for serine protease factor I to cleave and inactivate C3b and C4b deposited on host cells. However, CD46 also plays roles in human reproduction, autophagy, modulating T cell activation and effector functions and is a member of the newly identified intracellular complement system (complosome). CD46 also is a receptor for 11 pathogens ('pathogen magnet'). While CD46 deficiencies contribute to inflammatory disorders, its overexpression in cancers and role as a receptor for some adenoviruses has led to its targeting by oncolytic agents and adenoviral-based therapeutic vectors, including coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. This review focuses on recent advances in identifying disease-causing CD46 variants and its pathogen connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Liszewski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - John P Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Al-Kubati AAG, Hussen J, Kandeel M, Al-Mubarak AIA, Hemida MG. Recent Advances on the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Molecular Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccines Development. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:665128. [PMID: 34055953 PMCID: PMC8160231 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.665128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV outbreaks and the emergence of new variants, outbreaks still reported throughout the world. In this review, we are focusing on the molecular biology of BVDV, its molecular pathogenesis, and the immune response of the host against the viral infection. Special attention was paid to discuss some immune evasion strategies adopted by the BVDV to hijack the host immune system to ensure the success of virus replication. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for prophylaxis and contributes to the control and eradication of many viral diseases including BVDV. We discussed the recent advances of various types of currently available classical and modern BVDV vaccines. However, with the emergence of new strains and variants of the virus, it is urgent to find some other novel targets for BVDV vaccines that may overcome the drawbacks of some of the currently used vaccines. Effective vaccination strategy mainly based on the preparation of vaccines from the homologous circulating strains. The BVDV-E2 protein plays important role in viral infection and pathogenesis. We mapped some important potential neutralizing epitopes among some BVDV genomes especially the E2 protein. These novel epitopes could be promising targets against the currently circulating strains of BVDV. More research is needed to further explore the actual roles of these epitopes as novel targets for the development of novel vaccines against BVDV. These potential vaccines may contribute to the global eradication campaign of the BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A G Al-Kubati
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdullah I A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Porcine Complement Regulatory Protein CD46 Is a Major Receptor for Atypical Porcine Pestivirus but Not for Classical Swine Fever Virus. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02186-20. [PMID: 33568504 PMCID: PMC8104093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02186-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses comprise animal pathogens such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that cause notifiable diseases with great economic impact. Several additional pestivirus species affecting animal health were recently identified, including atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). Pestiviruses such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) belong to the family Flaviviridae and represent pathogens of outstanding veterinary relevance. Pestiviruses enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. For entry in bovine cells, complement regulatory protein CD46bov serves as a cellular receptor for BVDV. In this study, the role of porcine CD46pig in cellular entry was investigated for the recently discovered atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), CSFV, and Bungowannah virus (BuPV) in order to elucidate the observed differences in host cell tropism. A cell culture-adapted APPV variant, which shows enhanced viral replication in vitro, was generated and demonstrated a strict tropism of APPV for porcine cells. One of the porcine cell lines displayed areas of CD46pig-expressing cells and areas of nonexpressing cells, and one single cell line revealed not to express any CD46pig. The CD46pig-deficient porcine lymphoma cell line, known to facilitate CSFV replication, was the only porcine cell line nonpermissive to APPV, indicating a significant difference in the entry mechanism of APPV and CSFV. Infection experiments with a set of genetically engineered CD46pig knockout cells confirmed that CD46pig is a major receptor of APPV as CD46bov is for BVDV. In contrast, it is apparently not an essential determinant in host cell entry of other porcine pestiviruses such as CSFV and BuPV. Existence of a CD46pig-independent entry mechanism illustrates that the pestiviral entry process is more diverse than previously recognized. IMPORTANCE Pestiviruses comprise animal pathogens such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that cause notifiable diseases with great economic impact. Several additional pestivirus species affecting animal health were recently identified, including atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). APPV is associated with health problems in piglets and is highly abundant in pig populations worldwide. Complement control protein CD46 serves as a receptor for diverse bacterial and viral pathogens, including particular adenoviruses, herpesviruses, measles virus (MeV), and BVDV. Porcine CD46 (CD46pig) was suggested to be a major receptor for CSFV. Here, we identified remarkable differences in relevance of CD46pig during entry of porcine pestiviruses. Resembling BVDV, efficient APPV infection in cell culture depends on CD46pig, while other porcine pestiviruses can efficiently enter and infect cells in the absence of CD46pig. Thus, the study provides insights into the entry process of these pathogens and may help to understand differences in their biology.
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Su A, Fu Y, Meens J, Yang W, Meng F, Herrler G, Becher P. Infection of polarized bovine respiratory epithelial cells by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Virulence 2021; 12:177-187. [PMID: 33300445 PMCID: PMC7801128 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1854539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is affecting cattle populations all over the world causing acute disease, immunosuppressive effects, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal, and reproductive failure in cattle. The virus is taken up via the oronasal route and infection of epithelial and immune cells contributes to the dissemination of the virus throughout the body. However, it is not known how the virus gets across the barrier of epithelial cells encountered in the airways. Here, we analyzed the infection of polarized primary bovine airway epithelial cells (BAEC). Infection of BAEC by a non-cytopathogenic BVDV was possible via both the apical and the basolateral plasma membrane, but the infection was most efficient when the virus was applied to the basolateral plasma membrane. Irrespective of the site of infection, BVDV was efficiently released to the apical site, while only minor amounts of virus were detected in the basal medium. This indicates that the respiratory epithelium can release large amounts of BVDV to the environment and susceptible animals via respiratory fluids and aerosols, but BVDV cannot cross the airway epithelial cells to infect subepithelial cells and establish systemic infection. Further experiments showed that the receptor, bovine CD46, for BVDV is expressed predominantly on the apical membrane domain of the polarized epithelial cells. In a CD46 blocking experiment, the addition of an antibody directed against CD46 almost completely inhibited apical infection, whereas basolateral infection was not affected. While CD46 serves as a receptor for apical infection of BAEC by BVDV, the receptor for basolateral infection remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yuguang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, China
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, China
| | - Fandan Meng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin, China
| | - Georg Herrler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
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Special Issue: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Related Pestiviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101181. [PMID: 33086661 PMCID: PMC7588974 DOI: 10.3390/v12101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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