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Zaragoza-Huesca D, Rodenas MC, Peñas-Martínez J, Pardo-Sánchez I, Peña-García J, Espín S, Ricote G, Nieto A, García-Molina F, Vicente V, Lozano ML, Carmona-Bayonas A, Mulero V, Pérez-Sánchez H, Martínez-Martínez I. Suramin, a drug for the treatment of trypanosomiasis, reduces the prothrombotic and metastatic phenotypes of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting hepsin. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115814. [PMID: 37918256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, our group identified serine-protease hepsin from primary tumor as a biomarker of metastasis and thrombosis in patients with localized colorectal cancer. We described hepsin promotes invasion and thrombin generation of colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and identified venetoclax as a hepsin inhibitor that suppresses these effects. Now, we aspire to identify additional hepsin inhibitors, aiming to broaden the therapeutic choices for targeted intervention in colorectal cancer. METHODS We developed a virtual screening based on molecular docking between the hepsin active site and 2000 compounds from DrugBank. The most promising drug was validated in a hepsin activity assay. Subsequently, we measured the hepsin inhibitor effect on colorectal cancer cells with basal or overexpression of hepsin via wound-healing, gelatin matrix invasion, and plasma thrombin generation assays. Finally, a zebrafish model determined whether hepsin inhibition reduced the invasion of colorectal cancer cells overexpressing hepsin. RESULTS Suramin was the most potent hepsin inhibitor (docking score: -11.9691 Kcal/mol), with an IC50 of 0.66 µM. In Caco-2 cells with basal or overexpression of hepsin, suramin decreased migration and significantly reduced invasion and thrombin generation. Suramin did not reduce the thrombotic phenotype in the hepsin-negative colorectal cancer cells HCT-116 and DLD-1. Finally, suramin significantly reduced the in vivo invasion of Caco-2 cells overexpressing hepsin. CONCLUSION Suramin is a novel hepsin inhibitor that reduces its protumorigenic and prothrombotic effects in colorectal cancer cells. This suggests the possibility of repurposing suramin and its derivatives to augment the repertoire of molecular targeted therapies against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zaragoza-Huesca
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, CIBERER, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Maria Carmen Rodenas
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, CIBERER, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Julia Peñas-Martínez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, CIBERER, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Irene Pardo-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de Murcia, CIBERER, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Peña-García
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Salvador Espín
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, CIBERER, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Ricote
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, CIBERER, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Andrés Nieto
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, 30008 Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Vicente Vicente
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, CIBERER, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Maria Luisa Lozano
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, CIBERER, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Carmona-Bayonas
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, CIBERER, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de Murcia, CIBERER, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Irene Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, CIBERER, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
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Ayusso GM, da Silva Sanches PR, Carvalho T, Santos IA, Martins DOS, Lima MLD, da Conceição PJP, Bittar C, Merits A, Cilli EM, Jardim ACG, Rahal P, Calmon MF. The Synthetic Peptide GA-Hecate and Its Analogs Inhibit Multiple Steps of the Chikungunya Virus Infection Cycle In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1389. [PMID: 37895860 PMCID: PMC10610090 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) belongs to the Alphavirus genus and is responsible for significant outbreaks worldwide. Currently, there is no approved antiviral therapy against CHIKV. Bioactive peptides have great potential for new drug development. Here, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the synthetic peptide GA-Hecate and its analogs PSSct1905 and PSSct1910 against CHIKV infection. Initial screening showed that all three peptides inhibited the CHIKV replication cycle in baby hamster kidney fibroblast cells (BHK-21) and human hepatocarcinoma epithelial cells (Huh-7). GA-Hecate and its analog PSSct1905 were the most active, demonstrating suppression of viral infection by more than 91%. The analog PSSct1905 exhibited a protective effect in cells against CHIKV infection. We also observed that the analogs PSSct1905 and PSSct1910 affected CHIKV entry into both cell lines, inhibiting viral attachment and internalization. Finally, all tested compounds presented antiviral activity on the post-entry steps of CHIKV infection in all cells evaluated. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of the peptide GA-Hecate and its analogs as novel anti-CHIKV compounds targeting different stages of the viral replication cycle, warranting the development of GA-Hecate-based compounds with broad antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Miranda Ayusso
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil; (G.M.A.); (T.C.); (D.O.S.M.); (M.L.D.L.); (P.J.P.d.C.); (C.B.); (A.C.G.J.); (P.R.)
| | | | - Tamara Carvalho
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil; (G.M.A.); (T.C.); (D.O.S.M.); (M.L.D.L.); (P.J.P.d.C.); (C.B.); (A.C.G.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil;
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil; (G.M.A.); (T.C.); (D.O.S.M.); (M.L.D.L.); (P.J.P.d.C.); (C.B.); (A.C.G.J.); (P.R.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil;
| | - Maria Letícia Duarte Lima
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil; (G.M.A.); (T.C.); (D.O.S.M.); (M.L.D.L.); (P.J.P.d.C.); (C.B.); (A.C.G.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Pâmela Jóyce Previdelli da Conceição
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil; (G.M.A.); (T.C.); (D.O.S.M.); (M.L.D.L.); (P.J.P.d.C.); (C.B.); (A.C.G.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Cíntia Bittar
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil; (G.M.A.); (T.C.); (D.O.S.M.); (M.L.D.L.); (P.J.P.d.C.); (C.B.); (A.C.G.J.); (P.R.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil; (G.M.A.); (T.C.); (D.O.S.M.); (M.L.D.L.); (P.J.P.d.C.); (C.B.); (A.C.G.J.); (P.R.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil;
| | - Paula Rahal
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil; (G.M.A.); (T.C.); (D.O.S.M.); (M.L.D.L.); (P.J.P.d.C.); (C.B.); (A.C.G.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Marilia Freitas Calmon
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil; (G.M.A.); (T.C.); (D.O.S.M.); (M.L.D.L.); (P.J.P.d.C.); (C.B.); (A.C.G.J.); (P.R.)
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Wu G, Zhou H, Lv D, Zheng R, Wu L, Yu S, Kai J, Xu N, Gu L, Hong N, Shentu J. Phase I, Single-Dose Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Suramin in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:2051-2061. [PMID: 37457890 PMCID: PMC10349579 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s416325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Suramin is a multifunctional molecule with a wide range of potential applications, including parasitic and viral diseases, as well as cancer. Methods A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled single ascending dose study was conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of suramin in healthy Chinese volunteers. A total of 36 healthy subjects were enrolled. All doses of suramin sodium and placebo were administered as a 30-minute infusion. Blood and urine samples were collected at the designated time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. Safety was assessed by clinical examinations and adverse events. Results After a single dose, suramin maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the last measurable concentration (AUClast) increased in a dose-proportional manner. The plasma half-life (t1/2) was dose-independent, average 48 days (range 28-105 days). The cumulative percentages of the dose excreted in urine over 7 days were less than 4%. Suramin can be detected in urine samples for longer periods (more than 140 days following infusion). Suramin was generally well tolerated. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were generally mild in severity. Conclusion The PK and safety profiles of suramin in Chinese subjects indicated that 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg could be an appropriate dose in a future multiple-dose study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolan Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huili Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duo Lv
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruling Zheng
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songxia Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiejing Kai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nana Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lie Gu
- Hainan Honz Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanfang Hong
- Hainan Honz Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shentu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Paschoalino M, Marinho MDS, Santos IA, Grosche VR, Martins DOS, Rosa RB, Jardim ACG. An update on the development of antiviral against Mayaro virus: from molecules to potential viral targets. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:106. [PMID: 36881172 PMCID: PMC9990066 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV), first isolated in 1954 in Trinidad and Tobago islands, is the causative agent of Mayaro fever, a disease characterized by fever, rashes, headaches, myalgia, and arthralgia. The infection can progress to a chronic condition in over 50% of cases, with persistent arthralgia, which can lead to the disability of the infected individuals. MAYV is mainly transmitted through the bite of the female Haemagogus spp. mosquito genus. However, studies demonstrate that Aedes aegypti is also a vector, contributing to the spread of MAYV beyond endemic areas, given the vast geographical distribution of the mosquito. Besides, the similarity of antigenic sites with other Alphavirus complicates the diagnoses of MAYV, contributing to underreporting of the disease. Nowadays, there are no antiviral drugs available to treat infected patients, being the clinical management based on analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In this context, this review aims to summarize compounds that have demonstrated antiviral activity against MAYV in vitro, as well as discuss the potentiality of viral proteins as targets for the development of antiviral drugs against MAYV. Finally, through rationalization of the data presented herein, we wish to encourage further research encompassing these compounds as potential anti-MAYV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paschoalino
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Borges Rosa
- Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Naidu SAG, Mustafa G, Clemens RA, Naidu AS. Plant-Derived Natural Non-Nucleoside Analog Inhibitors (NNAIs) against RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Complex (nsp7/nsp8/nsp12) of SARS-CoV-2. J Diet Suppl 2023; 20:254-283. [PMID: 34850656 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.2006387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of fast-spreading SARS-CoV-2 mutants has sparked a new phase of COVID-19 pandemic. There is a dire necessity for antivirals targeting highly conserved genomic domains on SARS-CoV-2 that are less prone to mutation. The nsp12, also known as the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), the core component of 'SARS-CoV-2 replication-transcription complex', is a potential well-conserved druggable antiviral target. Several FDA-approved RdRp 'nucleotide analog inhibitors (NAIs)' such as remdesivir, have been repurposed to treat COVID-19 infections. The NAIs target RdRp protein translation and competitively block the nucleotide insertion into the RNA chain, resulting in the inhibition of viral replication. However, the replication proofreading function of nsp14-ExoN could provide resistance to SARS-CoV-2 against many NAIs. Conversely, the 'non-nucleoside analog inhibitors (NNAIs)' bind to allosteric sites on viral polymerase surface, change the redox state; thereby, exert antiviral activity by altering interactions between the enzyme substrate and active core catalytic site of the RdRp. NNAIs neither require metabolic activation (unlike NAIs) nor compete with intracellular pool of nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) for anti-RdRp activity. The NNAIs from phytonutrient origin are potential antiviral candidates compared to their synthetic counterparts. Several in-silico studies reported the antiviral spectrum of natural phytonutrient-NNAIs such as Suramin, Silibinin (flavonolignan), Theaflavin (tea polyphenol), Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone), Corilagin (gallotannin), Hesperidin (citrus bioflavonoid), Lycorine (pyrrolidine alkaloid), with superior redox characteristics (free binding energy, hydrogen-bonds, etc.) than antiviral drugs (i.e. remdesivir, favipiravir). These phytonutrient-NNAIs also exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and cardioprotective functions, with multifunctional therapeutic benefits in the clinical management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Department of International Regulatory Science, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mourad O, Makhani L, Chen LH. Chikungunya: An Emerging Public Health Concern. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2022; 24:217-228. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-022-00789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
The worldwide spread of chikungunya over the past two decades calls for greater knowledge and awareness of the virus, its route of transmission, methods of diagnosis, and the use of available treatment and prevention measures.
Recent Findings
Chikungunya virus infection, an Aedes mosquito-borne febrile disease, has spread from Africa and Asia to Europe and the Americas and from the tropics and subtropics to temperate regions. International travel is a pivotal influence in the emergence of chikungunya as a global public health threat, as evidenced by a growing number of published reports on travel-related chikungunya infections. The striking features of chikungunya are arthralgia and arthritis, and the disease is often mistaken for dengue. Although mortality is low, morbidity can be profound and persistent. Current treatment for chikungunya is supportive; chikungunya vaccines and therapeutics are in development. Travelers planning to visit areas where the mosquito vectors are present should be advised on preventive measures.
Summary
Chikungunya is an emerging disease in the Americas. Frequent travel, the presence of at least two competent mosquito species, and a largely naïve human population in the Western Hemisphere create a setting conducive to future outbreaks. Awareness of the disease and its manifestations is critical to effectively and safely manage and limit its impact. Vaccines in late-stage clinical trials offer a new pathway to prevention.
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Xu X, Chen Y, Lu X, Zhang W, Fang W, Yuan L, Wang X. An update on inhibitors targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for COVID-19 treatment: Promises and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115279. [PMID: 36209840 PMCID: PMC9535928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The highly transmissible variants of SARS-CoV-2, the causative pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic, bring new waves of infection worldwide. Identification of effective therapeutic drugs to combat the COVID-19 pandemic is an urgent global need. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), an essential enzyme for viral RNA replication, is the most promising target for antiviral drug research since it has no counterpart in human cells and shows the highest conservation across coronaviruses. This review summarizes recent progress in studies of RdRp inhibitors, focusing on interactions between these inhibitors and the enzyme complex, based on structural analysis, and their effectiveness. In addition, we propose new possible strategies to address the shortcomings of current inhibitors, which may guide the development of novel efficient inhibitors to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Yuheng Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, China
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, China
| | - Wenxiu Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, China
| | - Luping Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, China.
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Mayaro Virus: The State-of-the-Art for Antiviral Drug Development. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081787. [PMID: 36016409 PMCID: PMC9415492 DOI: 10.3390/v14081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus is an emerging arbovirus that causes nonspecific febrile illness or arthralgia syndromes similar to the Chikungunya virus, a virus closely related from the Togaviridae family. MAYV outbreaks occur more frequently in the northern and central-western states of Brazil; however, in recent years, virus circulation has been spreading to other regions. Due to the undifferentiated initial clinical symptoms between MAYV and other endemic pathogenic arboviruses with geographic overlapping, identification of patients infected by MAYV might be underreported. Additionally, the lack of specific prophylactic approaches or antiviral drugs limits the pharmacological management of patients to treat symptoms like pain and inflammation, as is the case with most pathogenic alphaviruses. In this context, this review aims to present the state-of-the-art regarding the screening and development of compounds/molecules which may present anti-MAYV activity and infection inhibition.
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The Antifungal Itraconazole Is a Potent Inhibitor of Chikungunya Virus Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071351. [PMID: 35891332 PMCID: PMC9317443 DOI: 10.3390/v14071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the causative agent of chikungunya fever, a disabling disease that can cause long-term severe arthritis. Since the last large CHIKV outbreak in 2015, the reemergence of the virus represents a serious public health concern. The morbidity associated with viral infection emphasizes the need for the development of specific anti-CHIKV drugs. Herein, we describe the development and characterization of a CHIKV reporter replicon cell line and its use in replicon-based screenings. We tested 960 compounds from MMV/DNDi Open Box libraries and identified four candidates with interesting antiviral activities, which were confirmed in viral infection assays employing CHIKV-nanoluc and BHK-21 cells. The most noteworthy compound identified was itraconazole (ITZ), an orally available, safe, and cheap antifungal, that showed high selectivity indexes of >312 and >294 in both replicon-based and viral infection assays, respectively. The antiviral activity of this molecule has been described against positive-sense single stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA) and was related to cholesterol metabolism that could affect the formation of the replication organelles. Although its precise mechanism of action against CHIKV still needs to be elucidated, our results demonstrate that ITZ is a potent inhibitor of the viral replication that could be repurposed as a broad-spectrum antiviral.
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Repurposing drugs targeting epidemic viruses. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1874-1894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Leung AKL, Griffin DE, Bosch J, Fehr AR. The Conserved Macrodomain Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Coronaviruses and Alphaviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010094. [PMID: 35056042 PMCID: PMC8780475 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases pose continuous public health threats, and effective control requires a combination of non-pharmacologic interventions, treatment with antivirals, and prevention with vaccines. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the world was least prepared to provide effective treatments. This lack of preparedness has been due, in large part, to a lack of investment in developing a diverse portfolio of antiviral agents, particularly those ready to combat viruses of pandemic potential. Here, we focus on a drug target called macrodomain that is critical for the replication and pathogenesis of alphaviruses and coronaviruses. Some mutations in alphavirus and coronaviral macrodomains are not tolerated for virus replication. In addition, the coronavirus macrodomain suppresses host interferon responses. Therefore, macrodomain inhibitors have the potential to block virus replication and restore the host’s protective interferon response. Viral macrodomains offer an attractive antiviral target for developing direct acting antivirals because they are highly conserved and have a structurally well-defined (druggable) binding pocket. Given that this target is distinct from the existing RNA polymerase and protease targets, a macrodomain inhibitor may complement current approaches, pre-empt the threat of resistance and offer opportunities to develop combination therapies for combating COVID-19 and future viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K. L. Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.L.L.); (D.E.G.); (A.R.F.); Tel.: +1-(410)-5028939 (A.K.L.L.); +1-(410)-955-3459 (D.E.G.); +1-(785)-864-6626 (A.R.F.)
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.L.L.); (D.E.G.); (A.R.F.); Tel.: +1-(410)-5028939 (A.K.L.L.); +1-(410)-955-3459 (D.E.G.); +1-(785)-864-6626 (A.R.F.)
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- InterRayBio, LLC, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anthony R. Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.L.L.); (D.E.G.); (A.R.F.); Tel.: +1-(410)-5028939 (A.K.L.L.); +1-(410)-955-3459 (D.E.G.); +1-(785)-864-6626 (A.R.F.)
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12
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Sowa ST, Galera-Prat A, Wazir S, Alanen HI, Maksimainen MM, Lehtiö L. A molecular toolbox for ADP-ribosyl binding proteins. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100121. [PMID: 34786571 PMCID: PMC8580838 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins interacting with ADP-ribosyl groups are often involved in disease-related pathways or viral infections, making them attractive drug targets. We present a robust and accessible assay applicable to both hydrolyzing or non-hydrolyzing binders of mono- and poly-ADP-ribosyl groups. This technology relies on a C-terminal tag based on a Gi protein alpha subunit peptide (GAP), which allows for site-specific introduction of cysteine-linked mono- and poly-ADP-ribosyl groups or analogs. By fusing the GAP-tag and ADP-ribosyl binders to fluorescent proteins, we generate robust FRET partners and confirm the interaction with 22 known ADP-ribosyl binders. The applicability for high-throughput screening of inhibitors is demonstrated with the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 macrodomain, for which we identify suramin as a moderate-affinity yet non-specific inhibitor. High-affinity ADP-ribosyl binders fused to nanoluciferase complement this technology, enabling simple blot-based detection of ADP-ribosylated proteins. All these tools can be produced in Escherichia coli and will help in ADP-ribosylation research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven T. Sowa
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Albert Galera-Prat
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Sarah Wazir
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Heli I. Alanen
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirko M. Maksimainen
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
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13
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Battisti V, Urban E, Langer T. Antivirals against the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:1307. [PMID: 34372513 PMCID: PMC8310245 DOI: 10.3390/v13071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has re-emerged in recent decades, causing large-scale epidemics in many parts of the world. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterised by severe joint pain and myalgia. As many patients develop a painful chronic stage and neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available, the development of a potent CHIKV inhibiting drug is crucial for CHIKF treatment. A comprehensive summary of current antiviral research and development of small-molecule inhibitor against CHIKV is presented in this review. We highlight different approaches used for the identification of such compounds and further discuss the identification and application of promising viral and host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.B.); (E.U.)
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14
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Battini L, Fidalgo DM, Álvarez DE, Bollini M. Discovery of a Potent and Selective Chikungunya Virus Envelope Protein Inhibitor through Computer-Aided Drug Design. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1503-1518. [PMID: 34048233 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide expansion of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) into tropical and subtropical areas in the last 15 years has posed a currently unmet need for vaccines and therapeutics. The E2-E1 envelope glycoprotein complex binds receptors on the host cell and promotes membrane fusion during CHIKV entry, thus constituting an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs. In order to identify CHIKV antivirals acting through inhibition of the envelope glycoprotein complex function, our first approach was to search for amenable druggable sites within the E2-E1 heterodimer. We identified a pocket located in the interface between E2 and E1 around the fusion loop. Then, via a structure-based virtual screening approach and in vitro assay of antiviral activity, we identified compound 7 as a specific inhibitor of CHIKV. Through a lead optimization process, we obtained compound 11 that demonstrated increased antiviral activity and low cytotoxicity (EC50 1.6 μM, CC50 56.0 μM). Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out and described a possible interaction pattern of compound 11 and the E1-E2 dimer that could be useful for further optimization. As expected from target site selection, compound 11 inhibited virus internalization during CHIKV entry. In addition, virus populations resistant to compound 11 included mutation E2-P173S, which mapped to the proposed binding pocket, and second site mutation E1-Y24H. Construction of recombinant viruses showed that these mutations conferred antiviral resistance in the parental background. Finally, compound 11 presents acceptable solubility values and is chemically and enzymatically stable in different media. Altogether, these findings uncover a suitable pocket for the design of CHIKV entry inhibitors with promising antiviral activity and pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Battini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín B1650, Argentina
| | - Daniela M. Fidalgo
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Diego E. Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín B1650, Argentina
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
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15
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Repurposing Drugs for Mayaro Virus: Identification of EIDD-1931, Favipiravir and Suramin as Mayaro Virus Inhibitors. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040734. [PMID: 33807492 PMCID: PMC8065421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the emerging threat of the Mayaro virus (MAYV) in Central and South-America, there are no licensed antivirals or vaccines available for this neglected mosquito-borne virus. Here, we optimized a robust antiviral assay based on the inhibition of the cytopathogenic effect that could be used for high-throughput screening to identify MAYV inhibitors. We first evaluated different cell lines and virus inputs to determine the best conditions for a reliable and reproducible antiviral assay. Next, we used this assay to evaluate a panel of antiviral compounds with known activity against other arboviruses. Only three drugs were identified as inhibitors of MAYV: β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), favipiravir and suramin. The in vitro anti-MAYV activity of these antiviral compounds was further confirmed in a virus yield assay. These antivirals can therefore serve as reference compounds for future anti-MAYV compound testing. In addition, it is of interest to further explore the activity of EIDD-1931 and its orally bioavailable pro-drug molnupiravir in animal infection models to determine whether it offers promise for the treatment of MAYV infection.
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16
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Structural basis for inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase by suramin. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:319-325. [PMID: 33674802 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by nonstop infections of SARS-CoV-2 has continued to ravage many countries worldwide. Here we report that suramin, a 100-year-old drug, is a potent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and acts by blocking the binding of RNA to the enzyme. In biochemical assays, suramin and its derivatives are at least 20-fold more potent than remdesivir, the currently approved nucleotide drug for treatment of COVID-19. The 2.6 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of the viral RdRp bound to suramin reveals two binding sites. One site directly blocks the binding of the RNA template strand and the other site clashes with the RNA primer strand near the RdRp catalytic site, thus inhibiting RdRp activity. Suramin blocks viral replication in Vero E6 cells, although the reasons underlying this effect are likely various. Our results provide a structural mechanism for a nonnucleotide inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp.
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17
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Santana AC, Silva Filho RC, Menezes JCJMDS, Allonso D, Campos VR. Nitrogen-Based Heterocyclic Compounds: A Promising Class of Antiviral Agents against Chikungunya Virus. Life (Basel) 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 33396631 PMCID: PMC7824564 DOI: 10.3390/life11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses, in general, are a global threat due to their morbidity and mortality, which results in an important social and economic impact. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), one of the most relevant arbovirus currently known, is a re-emergent virus that causes a disease named chikungunya fever, characterized by a severe arthralgia (joint pains) that can persist for several months or years in some individuals. Until now, no vaccine or specific antiviral drug is commercially available. Nitrogen heterocyclic scaffolds are found in medications, such as aristeromycin, favipiravir, fluorouracil, 6-azauridine, thioguanine, pyrimethamine, among others. New families of natural and synthetic nitrogen analogous compounds are reported to have significant anti-CHIKV effects. In the present work, we focus on these nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds as an important class with CHIKV antiviral activity. We summarize the present understanding on this class of compounds against CHIKV and also present their possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza C. Santana
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (R.C.S.F.)
| | - Ronaldo C. Silva Filho
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (R.C.S.F.)
| | - José C. J. M. D. S. Menezes
- Section of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
- Research & Development, Esteem Industries Pvt. Ltd., Bicholim, Goa 403 529, India
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vinícius R. Campos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (R.C.S.F.)
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Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus: Mechanisms of Action and Antiviral Drug Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01788-20. [PMID: 32928738 PMCID: PMC7674028 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01788-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has spread to more than 60 countries worldwide. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile illness known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterized by long-lasting and debilitating joint and muscle pain. CHIKV can cause large-scale epidemics with high attack rates, which substantiates the need for development of effective therapeutics suitable for outbreak containment. In this review, we highlight the different strategies used for developing CHIKV small-molecule inhibitors, ranging from high-throughput cell-based screening to in silico screens and enzymatic assays with purified viral proteins. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has spread to more than 60 countries worldwide. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile illness known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterized by long-lasting and debilitating joint and muscle pain. CHIKV can cause large-scale epidemics with high attack rates, which substantiates the need for development of effective therapeutics suitable for outbreak containment. In this review, we highlight the different strategies used for developing CHIKV small-molecule inhibitors, ranging from high-throughput cell-based screening to in silico screens and enzymatic assays with purified viral proteins. We further discuss the current status of the most promising molecules, including in vitro and in vivo findings. In particular, we focus on describing host and/or viral targets, mode of action, and mechanisms of antiviral drug resistance and associated mutations. Knowledge of the key molecular determinants of drug resistance will aid selection of the most promising antiviral agent(s) for clinical use. For these reasons, we also summarize the available information about drug-resistant phenotypes in Aedes mosquito vectors. From this review, it is evident that more of the active molecules need to be evaluated in preclinical and clinical models to address the current lack of antiviral treatment for CHIKF.
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De Caluwé L, Ariën KK, Bartholomeeusen K. Host Factors and Pathways Involved in the Entry of Mosquito-Borne Alphaviruses. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:634-647. [PMID: 33208275 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that has re-emerged recently and has spread to previously unaffected regions, resulting in millions of infections worldwide. The genus Alphavirus, in the family Togaviridae, contains several members with a similar potential for epidemic emergence. In order for CHIKV to replicate in targeted cell types it is essential for the virus to enter these cells. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the versatile and promiscuous steps in CHIKV binding and entry into human and mosquito host cells. We describe the different entry pathways, receptors, and attachment factors so far described for CHIKV and other mosquito-borne alphaviruses and discuss them in the context of tissue tropism and potential therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien De Caluwé
- Virology Unit, Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Virology Unit, Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
Alphaviruses cause severe human illnesses including persistent arthritis and fatal encephalitis. As alphavirus entry into target cells is the first step in infection, intensive research efforts have focused on elucidating aspects of this pathway, including attachment, internalization, and fusion. Herein, we review recent developments in the molecular understanding of alphavirus entry both in vitro and in vivo and how these advances might enable the design of therapeutics targeting this critical step in the alphavirus life cycle.
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21
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Antiviral Strategies against Arthritogenic Alphaviruses. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091365. [PMID: 32906603 PMCID: PMC7563460 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are members of the Togaviridae family that are mainly transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes. In the last decades, several alphaviruses have re-emerged, causing outbreaks worldwide. One example is the re-emergence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in 2004, which caused massive epidemics in the Indian Ocean region after which the virus dramatically spread to the Americas in late 2013. Besides CHIKV, other alphaviruses, such as the Ross River virus (RRV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), have emerged and have become a serious public health concern in recent years. Infections with the Old World alphaviruses (e.g., CHIKV, RRV) are primarily associated with polyarthritis and myalgia that can persist for months to years. On the other hand, New World alphaviruses such as VEEV cause mainly neurological disease. Despite the worldwide (re-)emergence of these viruses, there are no antivirals or vaccines available for the treatment or prevention of infections with alphaviruses. It is therefore of utmost importance to develop antiviral strategies against these viruses. We here provided an overview of the reported antiviral strategies against arthritogenic alphaviruses. In addition, we highlighted the future perspectives for the development and the proper use of such antivirals.
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22
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Suramin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Cell Culture by Interfering with Early Steps of the Replication Cycle. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00900-20. [PMID: 32513797 PMCID: PMC7526844 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00900-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic that originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has impacted public health, society, the global economy, and the daily lives of billions of people in an unprecedented manner. There are currently no specific registered antiviral drugs to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections. Therefore, drug repurposing would be the fastest route to provide at least a temporary solution while better, more specific drugs are being developed. Here, we demonstrate that the antiparasitic drug suramin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, protecting Vero E6 cells with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of ∼20 μM, which is well below the maximum attainable level in human serum. Suramin also decreased the viral load by 2 to 3 logs when Vero E6 cells or cells of a human lung epithelial cell line (Calu-3 2B4 [referred to here as "Calu-3"]) were treated. Time-of-addition and plaque reduction assays performed on Vero E6 cells showed that suramin acts on early steps of the replication cycle, possibly preventing binding or entry of the virus. In a primary human airway epithelial cell culture model, suramin also inhibited the progression of infection. The results of our preclinical study warrant further investigation and suggest that it is worth evaluating whether suramin provides any benefit for COVID-19 patients, which obviously requires safety studies and well-designed, properly controlled randomized clinical trials.
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