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Popotas A, Casimir GJ, Corazza F, Lefèvre N. Sex-related immunity: could Toll-like receptors be the answer in acute inflammatory response? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379754. [PMID: 38835761 PMCID: PMC11148260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have highlighted the existence of a sex-specific immune response, wherein men experience a worse prognosis in cases of acute inflammatory diseases. Initially, this sex-dependent inflammatory response was attributed to the influence of sex hormones. However, a growing body of evidence has shifted the focus toward the influence of chromosomes rather than sex hormones in shaping these inflammatory sex disparities. Notably, certain pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and their associated immune pathways have been implicated in driving the sex-specific immune response. These receptors are encoded by genes located on the X chromosome. TLRs are pivotal components of the innate immune system, playing crucial roles in responding to infectious diseases, including bacterial and viral pathogens, as well as trauma-related conditions. Importantly, the TLR-mediated inflammatory responses, as indicated by the production of specific proteins and cytokines, exhibit discernible sex-dependent patterns. In this review, we delve into the subject of sex bias in TLR activation and explore its clinical implications relatively to both the X chromosome and the hormonal environment. The overarching objective is to enhance our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying these sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Popotas
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Jacques Casimir
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Cystic Fibrosis, Queen Fabiola Childrens University Hospital (Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola) – University Hospital of Brussels (Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francis Corazza
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Lefèvre
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Cystic Fibrosis, Queen Fabiola Childrens University Hospital (Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola) – University Hospital of Brussels (Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles), Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Rooke Z, Zainal Abidin N, Harris C, Brodlie M. Neutrophils and RSV: differences with age. Thorax 2024; 79:489-490. [PMID: 38388487 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2023-221177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Rooke
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Noreen Zainal Abidin
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Caroline Harris
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Malcolm Brodlie
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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3
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Smulski CR. Editorial: Reviews and advances in inflammatory diseases and the tumor necrosis factor. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1399804. [PMID: 38655065 PMCID: PMC11035870 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1399804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian R. Smulski
- Medical Physics Department, Bariloche Atomic Centre (CNEA, CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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4
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Riaz B, Sohn S. Neutrophils in Inflammatory Diseases: Unraveling the Impact of Their Derived Molecules and Heterogeneity. Cells 2023; 12:2621. [PMID: 37998356 PMCID: PMC10670008 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases involve numerous disorders and medical conditions defined by an insufficient level of self-tolerance. These diseases evolve over the course of a multi-step process through which environmental variables play a crucial role in the emergence of aberrant innate and adaptive immunological responses. According to experimental data accumulated over the past decade, neutrophils play a significant role as effector cells in innate immunity. However, neutrophils are also involved in the progression of numerous diseases through participation in the onset and maintenance of immune-mediated dysregulation by releasing neutrophil-derived molecules and forming neutrophil extracellular traps, ultimately causing destruction of tissues. Additionally, neutrophils have a wide variety of functional heterogeneity with adverse effects on inflammatory diseases. However, the complicated role of neutrophil biology and its heterogeneity in inflammatory diseases remains unclear. Moreover, neutrophils are considered an intriguing target of interventional therapies due to their multifaceted role in a number of diseases. Several approaches have been developed to therapeutically target neutrophils, involving strategies to improve neutrophil function, with various compounds and inhibitors currently undergoing clinical trials, although challenges and contradictions in the field persist. This review outlines the current literature on roles of neutrophils, neutrophil-derived molecules, and neutrophil heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with potential future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Riaz
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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5
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Langedijk AC, Bont LJ. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and novel interventions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:734-749. [PMID: 37438492 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The large global burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) respiratory tract infections in young children and older adults has gained increased recognition in recent years. Recent discoveries regarding the neutralization-specific viral epitopes of the pre-fusion RSV glycoprotein have led to a shift from empirical to structure-based design of RSV therapeutics, and controlled human infection model studies have provided early-stage proof of concept for novel RSV monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and antiviral drugs. The world's first vaccines and first monoclonal antibody to prevent RSV among older adults and all infants, respectively, have recently been approved. Large-scale introduction of RSV prophylactics emphasizes the need for active surveillance to understand the global impact of these interventions over time and to timely identify viral mutants that are able to escape novel prophylactics. In this Review, we provide an overview of RSV interventions in clinical development, highlighting global disease burden, seasonality, pathogenesis, and host and viral factors related to RSV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annefleur C Langedijk
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis J Bont
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- ReSViNET Foundation, Zeist, the Netherlands.
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6
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Brady T, Cayatte C, Roe TL, Speer SD, Ji H, Machiesky L, Zhang T, Wilkins D, Tuffy KM, Kelly EJ. Fc-mediated functions of nirsevimab complement direct respiratory syncytial virus neutralization but are not required for optimal prophylactic protection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1283120. [PMID: 37901217 PMCID: PMC10600457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1283120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nirsevimab is an extended half-life (M252Y/S254T/T256E [YTE]-modified) monoclonal antibody to the pre-fusion conformation of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Fusion protein, with established efficacy in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection in infants for the duration of a typical RSV season. Previous studies suggest that nirsevimab confers protection via direct virus neutralization. Here we use preclinical models to explore whether fragment crystallizable (Fc)-mediated effector functions contribute to nirsevimab-mediated protection. Methods Nirsevimab, MEDI8897* (i.e., nirsevimab without the YTE modification), and MEDI8897*-TM (i.e., MEDI8897* without Fc effector functions) binding to Fc γ receptors (FcγRs) was evaluated using surface plasmon resonance. Antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were assessed through in vitro and ex vivo serological analyses. A cotton rat challenge study was performed with MEDI8897* and MEDI8897*-TM to explore whether Fc effector functions contribute to protection from RSV. Results Nirsevimab and MEDI8897* exhibited binding to a range of FcγRs, with expected reductions in FcγR binding affinities observed for MEDI8897*-TM. Nirsevimab exhibited in vitro ADNP, ADCP, ADCD, and ADCC activity above background levels, and similar ADNP, ADCP, and ADCD activity to palivizumab. Nirsevimab administration increased ex vivo ADNP, ADCP, and ADCD activity in participant serum from the MELODY study (NCT03979313). However, ADCC levels remained similar between nirsevimab and placebo. MEDI8897* and MEDI8897*-TM exhibited similar dose-dependent reduction in lung and nasal turbinate RSV titers in the cotton rat model. Conclusion Nirsevimab possesses Fc effector activity comparable with the current standard of care, palivizumab. However, despite possessing the capacity for Fc effector activity, data from RSV challenge experiments illustrate that nirsevimab-mediated protection is primarily dependent on direct virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Brady
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Corinne Cayatte
- Early Oncology ICA, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Roe
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Scott D. Speer
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Hong Ji
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - LeeAnn Machiesky
- Process and Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Kevin M. Tuffy
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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7
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Flerlage T, Crawford JC, Allen EK, Severns D, Tan S, Surman S, Ridout G, Novak T, Randolph A, West AN, Thomas PG. Single cell transcriptomics identifies distinct profiles in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3870. [PMID: 37391405 PMCID: PMC10313703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), termed pediatric ARDS (pARDS) in children, is a severe form of acute respiratory failure (ARF). Pathologic immune responses are implicated in pARDS pathogenesis. Here, we present a description of microbial sequencing and single cell gene expression in tracheal aspirates (TAs) obtained longitudinally from infants with ARF. We show reduced interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression, altered mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) transcriptional programs, and progressive airway neutrophilia associated with unique transcriptional profiles in patients with moderate to severe pARDS compared to those with no or mild pARDS. We additionally show that an innate immune cell product, Folate Receptor 3 (FOLR3), is enriched in moderate or severe pARDS. Our findings demonstrate distinct inflammatory responses in pARDS that are dependent upon etiology and severity and specifically implicate reduced ISG expression, altered macrophage repair-associated transcriptional programs, and accumulation of aged neutrophils in the pathogenesis of moderate to severe pARDS caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Flerlage
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Danielle Severns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shaoyuan Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sherri Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Granger Ridout
- Hartwell Center for Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tanya Novak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrienne Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alina N West
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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8
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Pokharel SM, Mohanty I, Mariasoosai C, Miura TA, Maddison LA, Natesan S, Bose S. Human beta defensin-3 mediated activation of β-catenin during human respiratory syncytial virus infection: interaction of HBD3 with LDL receptor-related protein 5. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1186510. [PMID: 37426017 PMCID: PMC10324619 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1186510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a non-segmented negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the paramyxovirus family. RSV infects the respiratory tract to cause pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. Effective clinical therapeutic options and vaccines to combat RSV infection are still lacking. Therefore, to develop effective therapeutic interventions, it is imperative to understand virus-host interactions during RSV infection. Cytoplasmic stabilization of β-catenin protein results in activation of canonical Wingless (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathway that culminates in transcriptional activation of various genes regulated by T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) transcription factors. This pathway is involved in various biological and physiological functions. Our study shows RSV infection of human lung epithelial A549 cells triggering β-catenin protein stabilization and induction of β-catenin mediated transcriptional activity. Functionally, the activated β-catenin pathway promoted a pro-inflammatory response during RSV infection of lung epithelial cells. Studies with β-catenin inhibitors and A549 cells lacking optimal β-catenin activity demonstrated a significant loss of pro-inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) release from RSV-infected cells. Mechanistically, our studies revealed a role of extracellular human beta defensin-3 (HBD3) in interacting with cell surface Wnt receptor LDL receptor-related protein-5 (LRP5) to activate the non-canonical Wnt independent β-catenin pathway during RSV infection. We showed gene expression and release of HBD3 from RSV-infected cells and silencing of HBD3 expression resulted in reduced stabilization of β-catenin protein during RSV infection. Furthermore, we observed the binding of extracellular HBD3 with cell surface localized LRP5 protein, and our in silico and protein-protein interaction studies have highlighted a direct interaction of HBD3 with LRP5. Thus, our studies have identified the β-catenin pathway as a key regulator of pro-inflammatory response during RSV infection of human lung epithelial cells. This pathway was induced during RSV infection via a non-canonical Wnt-independent mechanism involving paracrine/autocrine action of extracellular HBD3 activating cell surface Wnt receptor complex by directly interacting with the LRP5 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swechha M. Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Indira Mohanty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Charles Mariasoosai
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Tanya A. Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Lisette A. Maddison
- Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Senthil Natesan
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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9
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Tielemans B, De Herdt L, Pollenus E, Vanhulle E, Seldeslachts L, Marain F, Belmans F, Ahookhosh K, Vanoirbeek J, Vermeire K, Van den Steen PE, Vande Velde G. A Multimodal Imaging-Supported Down Syndrome Mouse Model of RSV Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040993. [PMID: 37112973 PMCID: PMC10144178 DOI: 10.3390/v15040993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are more prone to develop severe respiratory tract infections. Although a RSV infection has a high clinical impact and severe outcome in individuals with DS, no vaccine nor effective therapeutics are available. Any research into infection pathophysiology or prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral strategies in the specific context of DS would greatly benefit this patient population, but currently such relevant animal models are lacking. This study aimed to develop and characterize the first mouse model of RSV infection in a DS-specific context. Ts65Dn mice and wild type littermates were inoculated with a bioluminescence imaging-enabled recombinant human RSV to longitudinally track viral replication in host cells throughout infection progression. This resulted in an active infection in the upper airways and lungs with similar viral load in Ts65Dn mice and euploid mice. Flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes in lungs and spleen demonstrated immune alterations with lower CD8+ T cells and B-cells in Ts65Dn mice. Overall, our study presents a novel DS-specific mouse model of hRSV infection and shows that potential in using the Ts65Dn preclinical model to study immune-specific responses of RSV in the context of DS and supports the need for models representing the pathological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birger Tielemans
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lander De Herdt
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emilie Pollenus
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emiel Vanhulle
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Seldeslachts
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fopke Marain
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flore Belmans
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Radiomics (Oncoradiomics SA), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Kaveh Ahookhosh
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Vermeire
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Protection against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Afforded by Maternal Antibodies from Cows Immunized with an Inactivated Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010141. [PMID: 36679988 PMCID: PMC9864491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The passive protection afforded by the colostrum from cattle that were vaccinated prepartum with an inactivated combination vaccine against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was evaluated after an experimental challenge of calves. Pregnant cows without or with a low ELISA and neutralizing BRSV antibody titers were twice vaccinated or not vaccinated, the last immunization being at one month prior to calving. Vaccination was followed by a rapid increase in BRSV antibody titers after the second immunization. Twenty-eightnewborn calves were fed during the 6 h following birth, with 4 L of colostrum sourced from vaccinated cows (14 vaccine calves) or non-vaccinated cows (14 control calves) and were challenged with BRSV at 21 days of age. We showed that maternal immunity to BRSV provides a significant reduction in the clinical signs of BRSV in calves, especially for severe clinical forms. This protection was correlated with reduced BRSV detection in the lower respiratory tract but not in nasal swabs, indicating an absence of protection against BRSV nasal excretion. Finally, transcriptomic assays in bronchoalveolar lavages showed no statistical differences between groups for chemokine and cytokine mRNA transcriptions, with the exception of the overexpression of IL-9 at days 6 and 10 post-challenge, and a severe downregulation of CXCL-1 at day 3 post-challenge, in the vaccine group.
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11
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Dalziel SR, Haskell L, O'Brien S, Borland ML, Plint AC, Babl FE, Oakley E. Bronchiolitis. Lancet 2022; 400:392-406. [PMID: 35785792 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral bronchiolitis is the most common cause of admission to hospital for infants in high-income countries. Respiratory syncytial virus accounts for 60-80% of bronchiolitis presentations. Bronchiolitis is diagnosed clinically without the need for viral testing. Management recommendations, based predominantly on high-quality evidence, advise clinicians to support hydration and oxygenation only. Evidence suggests no benefit with use of glucocorticoids or bronchodilators, with further evidence required to support use of hypertonic saline in bronchiolitis. Evidence is scarce in the intensive care unit. Evidence suggests use of high-flow therapy in bronchiolitis is limited to rescue therapy after failure of standard subnasal oxygen only in infants who are hypoxic and does not decrease rates of intensive care unit admission or intubation. Despite systematic reviews and international clinical practice guidelines promoting supportive rather than interventional therapy, universal de-implementation of interventional care in bronchiolitis has not occurred and remains a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Dalziel
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Children's Emergency Department, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Libby Haskell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Children's Emergency Department, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sharon O'Brien
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Nursing, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Amy C Plint
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Emergency Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Franz E Babl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ed Oakley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Matera L, Nenna R, Frassanito A, Petrarca L, Mancino E, Rizzo V, Di Mattia G, Paolo La Regina D, Pierangeli A, Midulla F. Low lymphocyte count: A clinical severity marker in infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:1770-1775. [PMID: 35411598 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in infants younger than 1 year of age. We sought to evaluate the correlation between lymphocyte count and clinical manifestation in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study evaluating 1297 children hospitalized for bronchiolitis from 2004 to 2019. A nasal washing was tested for 14 respiratory viruses by PCR. A clinical severity score, ranging 0-8, was assigned at hospital admission. History and clinical course were recorded for each infant. Patients were divided in 3 groups according to lymphocyte count tertiles. Parents of enrolled patients have been phoned annually over 5 years to evaluate respiratory sequelae. RESULTS A total of 433 children had 2914.2 ± 745.5/mm3 lymphocytes (Group 1), 432 had 4897.6 ± 561.5/mm3 lymphocytes (Group 2) and 432 had 7884 ± 1903.3/mm3 lymphocytes (Group 3). Group 1 patients were more frequently infected by RSV and presented with fever, a worse clinical severity score. They more frequently needed oxygen supplementation, underwent a prolonged hospitalization needed to be admitted to pediatric intensive care unit. Finally, they had more frequently a family history of eczema, wheezing and asthma. We found no differences between lymphocytes count and respiratory sequelae (at least two episodes of wheezing per year). CONCLUSIONS Infants with low lymphocyte count are more likely to have a worse clinical course of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Matera
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Frassanito
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Mancino
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rizzo
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Di Mattia
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Paolo La Regina
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Sebina I, Rashid RB, Sikder MAA, Rahman MM, Ahmed T, Radford-Smith DE, Kotenko SV, Hill GR, Bald T, Phipps S. IFN-λ Diminishes the Severity of Viral Bronchiolitis in Neonatal Mice by Limiting NADPH Oxidase-Induced PAD4-Independent NETosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2806-2816. [PMID: 35675958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infants with attenuated type III IFN (IFN-λ) responses are at increased risk of severe lower respiratory tract infection (sLRI). The IL-28Rα-chain and IL-10Rβ-chain form a heterodimeric receptor complex, necessary for IFN-λ signaling. Therefore, to better understand the immunopathogenic mechanisms through which an IFN-λlo microenvironment predisposes to a sLRI, we inoculated neonatal wild-type and IL-28R-deficient (IL-28R -/-) mice with pneumonia virus of mice, a rodent-specific pneumovirus. Infected IL-28R -/- neonates displayed an early, pronounced, and persistent neutrophilia that was associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NETosis, and mucus hypersecretion. Targeted deletion of the IL-28R in neutrophils was sufficient to increase neutrophil activation, ROS production, NET formation, and mucus production in the airways. Inhibition of protein-arginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4), a regulator of NETosis, had no effect on myeloperoxidase expression, citrullinated histones, and the magnitude of the inflammatory response in the lungs of infected IL-28R -/- mice. In contrast, inhibition of ROS production decreased NET formation, cellular inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion. These data suggest that IFN-λ signaling in neutrophils dampens ROS-induced NETosis, limiting the magnitude of the inflammatory response and mucus production. Therapeutics that promote IFN-λ signaling may confer protection against sLRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sebina
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ridwan B Rashid
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Md Al Amin Sikder
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Muhammed Mahfuzur Rahman
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tufael Ahmed
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel E Radford-Smith
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei V Kotenko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Tobias Bald
- Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia; and
- Institute for Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Phipps
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Simpson J, Spann KM, Phipps S. MLKL Regulates Rapid Cell Death-independent HMGB1 Release in RSV Infected Airway Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:890389. [PMID: 35712662 PMCID: PMC9194532 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.890389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis is a significant contributor to infant morbidity and mortality. Previously, we identified that necroptosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death mediated by receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain like protein (MLKL), occurs in RSV-infected human airway epithelial cells (hAECs), mediating the release of the alarmin high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Here, we show that RSV infection of hAECs induces the biphasic release of HMGB1 at 6 (“early”) and 24 (“late”) hours post infection (hpi). The early phase of HMGB1 release at 6 hpi is cell death-independent, however, this release is nonetheless attenuated by inhibition of MLKL (primarily associated with necroptosis). The early release of HMGB1 promotes the late phase of HMGB1 release via the activation of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) and occurs with cell death. Treatment of hAECS with exogenous HMGB1 combined with a pan-caspase inhibitor induces hAEC necroptosis, and is attenuated by the RAGE antagonist, FPS-ZM1. Together, these findings demonstrate that RSV infection of hAECs leads to the early release of HMGB1, followed by a paracrine feed-forward amplification loop that further increases HMGB1 levels and promotes cell death. As the inhibition of MLKL or targeting of HMGB1/RAGE pathway attenuates the release of pro-inflammatory HMGB1 and decreases viral load, this suggests that the pharmacological targeting of these pathways may be of benefit for the treatment of severe RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simpson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsten M. Spann
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Simon Phipps,
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15
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Zheng X, Wang K, Pan L, Hao W, Xue Y, Bacsi A, Vlahopoulos SA, Radak Z, Hazra TK, Brasier AR, Tanner L, Ba X, Boldogh I. Innate Immune Responses to RSV Infection Facilitated by OGG1, an Enzyme Repairing Oxidatively Modified DNA Base Lesions. J Innate Immun 2022; 14:593-614. [PMID: 35512649 PMCID: PMC9801259 DOI: 10.1159/000524186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cause of morbidity and mortality from infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the excessive innate immune response(s) (IIR) in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) play key role(s). However, the mechanisms for these processes are not fully understood. We hypothesized that expressions of IIR genes are controlled by the ROS-generated epigenetic-like mark 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo(d)guanine (8-oxo(d)Gua) and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1 (OGG1). Here, we report that ROS not only generates intrahelical 8-oxo(d)Gua, but also enzymatically disables OGG1 in RSV-infected human airway epithelial cells and mouse lungs. OGG1 bound to 8-oxo(d)Gua in gene regulatory sequences promotes expression of IIR genes, and consequently exacerbates lung inflammation, histological changes, and body weight loss of experimental animals. Pharmacological inhibition of OGG1 substrate binding decreased expression of RSV-induced chemokine and cytokines and significantly lessened clinical symptoms. Results of mechanistic studies show that OGG1 binding at 8-oxo(d)Gua promoter regions modulated loading of transcription factors via transient cooperative interactions in RSV-infected lungs and airway epithelial cells. Other base specific DNA repair proteins had no effects. Collectively, this study identifies unprecedented roles of ROS-generated DNA base lesion(s) and cognate repair protein as a determinant of RSV-induced exuberant inflammation. Pharmaceutical inhibition of OGG1 interaction with its DNA substrate may represent a novel strategy in prevention/intervention of respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Lang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yaoyao Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Spiros A. Vlahopoulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tapas K. Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lloyd Tanner
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xueqing Ba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA,*Istvan Boldogh,
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16
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Laucirica DR, Schofield CJ, McLean SA, Margaroli C, Agudelo‐Romero P, Stick SM, Tirouvanziam R, Kicic A, Garratt LW. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
modulates neutrophil granule exocytosis in an
in vitro
model of airway infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:352-370. [PMID: 35318736 PMCID: PMC9544492 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A population of neutrophils recruited into cystic fibrosis (CF) airways is associated with proteolytic lung damage, exhibiting high expression of primary granule exocytosis marker CD63 and reduced phagocytic receptor CD16. Causative factors for this population are unknown, limiting intervention. Here we present a laboratory model to characterize responses of differentiated airway epithelium and neutrophils following respiratory infection. Pediatric primary airway epithelial cells were cultured at the air–liquid interface, challenged individually or in combination with rhinovirus (RV) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, then apically washed with medical saline to sample epithelial infection milieus. Cytokine multiplex analysis revealed epithelial antiviral signals, including IP‐10 and RANTES, increased with exclusive RV infection but were diminished if P. aeruginosa was also present. Proinflammatory signals interleukin‐1α and β were dominant in P. aeruginosa infection milieus. Infection washes were also applied to a published model of neutrophil transmigration into the airways. Neutrophils migrating into bacterial and viral–bacterial co‐infection milieus exhibited the in vivo CF phenotype of increased CD63 expression and reduced CD16 expression, while neutrophils migrating into milieus of RV‐infected or uninfected cultures did not. Individually, bacterial products lipopolysaccharide and N‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine and isolated cytokine signals only partially activated this phenotype, suggesting that additional soluble factors in the infection microenvironment trigger primary granule release. Findings identify P. aeruginosa as a trigger of acute airway inflammation and neutrophil primary granule exocytosis, underscoring potential roles of airway microbes in prompting this neutrophil subset. Further studies are required to characterize microbes implicated in primary granule release, and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Laucirica
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Craig J Schofield
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Samantha A McLean
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Patricia Agudelo‐Romero
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Perth Children’s Hospital Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Center for CF and Airways Disease Research Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Perth Children’s Hospital Nedlands WA Australia
- Occupation and Environment School of Public Health Curtin University Bentley WA Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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17
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Do Not Induce Injury and Inflammation in Well-Differentiated RSV-Infected Airway Epithelium. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050785. [PMID: 35269407 PMCID: PMC8909397 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) causes a major burden of disease. The host response in RSV-LRTI is characterized by airway epithelial injury, inflammation and neutrophil influx, with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, the precise role of NETs in the pathophysiology of RSV-LRTI remains to be elucidated. Here, we used well-differentiated human airway epithelial cultures (HAE) of a pediatric and adult donor to study whether NETs cause airway epithelial injury and inflammation in the setting of RSV infection. The exposure of uninfected and RSV-infected HAE cultures to NETs, as produced by stimulation of neutrophils by a low dose of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), did not induce or aggravate cell injury or inflammation. RSV infection of HAE cultures caused release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and RANTES in both adult and pediatric cultures, but the differential gene expression for regulated cell death differed between culture donors. In this in vitro airway epithelial model, NETs in the setting of RSV infection did not cause or aggravate epithelial injury or inflammation.
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18
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George S, Aguilera X, Gallardo P, Farfán M, Lucero Y, Torres JP, Vidal R, O'Ryan M. Bacterial Gut Microbiota and Infections During Early Childhood. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:793050. [PMID: 35069488 PMCID: PMC8767011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.793050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition during the first years of life is variable, dynamic and influenced by both prenatal and postnatal factors, such as maternal antibiotics administered during labor, delivery mode, maternal diet, breastfeeding, and/or antibiotic consumption during infancy. Furthermore, the microbiota displays bidirectional interactions with infectious agents, either through direct microbiota-microorganism interactions or indirectly through various stimuli of the host immune system. Here we review these interactions during childhood until 5 years of life, focusing on bacterial microbiota, the most common gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and two well characterized gastrointestinal diseases related to dysbiosis (necrotizing enterocolitis and Clostridioides difficile infection). To date, most peer-reviewed studies on the bacterial microbiota in childhood have been cross-sectional and have reported patterns of gut dysbiosis during infections as compared to healthy controls; prospective studies suggest that most children progressively return to a "healthy microbiota status" following infection. Animal models and/or studies focusing on specific preventive and therapeutic interventions, such as probiotic administration and fecal transplantation, support the role of the bacterial gut microbiota in modulating both enteric and respiratory infections. A more in depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of the early bacterial microbiota, focusing on specific components of the microbiota-immunity-infectious agent axis is necessary in order to better define potential preventive or therapeutic tools against significant infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio George
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Aguilera
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Gallardo
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Farfán
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Roberto del Río Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Torres
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Koch CM, Prigge AD, Anekalla KR, Shukla A, Do Umehara HC, Setar L, Chavez J, Abdala-Valencia H, Politanska Y, Markov NS, Hahn GR, Heald-Sargent T, Sanchez-Pinto LN, Muller WJ, Singer BD, Misharin AV, Ridge KM, Coates BM. Age-related Differences in the Nasal Mucosal Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 66:206-222. [PMID: 34731594 PMCID: PMC8845137 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0292oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 180 million people since the onset of the pandemic. Despite similar viral load and infectivity rates between children and adults, children rarely develop severe illness. Differences in the host response to the virus at the primary infection site are among the mechanisms proposed to account for this disparity. Our objective was to investigate the host response to SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal mucosa in children and adults and compare it with the host response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus. We analyzed clinical outcomes and gene expression in the nasal mucosa of 36 children with SARS-CoV-2, 24 children with RSV, 9 children with influenza virus, 16 adults with SARS-CoV-2, and 7 healthy pediatric and 13 healthy adult controls. In both children and adults, infection with SARS-CoV-2 led to an IFN response in the nasal mucosa. The magnitude of the IFN response correlated with the abundance of viral reads, not the severity of illness, and was comparable between children and adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 and children with severe RSV infection. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 did not correlate with age or presence of viral infection. SARS-CoV-2–infected adults had increased expression of genes involved in neutrophil activation and T-cell receptor signaling pathways compared with SARS-CoV-2–infected children, despite similar severity of illness and viral reads. Age-related differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 may place adults at increased risk of developing severe illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Koch
- Northwestern University, Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Andrew D Prigge
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Kishore R Anekalla
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Avani Shukla
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Leah Setar
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jairo Chavez
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Yuliya Politanska
- Northwestern University, Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Nikolay S Markov
- Northwestern University, Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Grant R Hahn
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Taylor Heald-Sargent
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - L Nelson Sanchez-Pinto
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 12244, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - William J Muller
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Benjamin D Singer
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 12244, Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Northwestern University, Rheumatology/Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Northwestern University, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Bria M Coates
- Northwestern University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States;
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20
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Role of neutrophils in acute viral infection. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1186-1196. [PMID: 34472718 PMCID: PMC8589350 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play multiple roles in acute viral infections. They restrict viral replication and diffusion through phagocytosis, degranulation, respiratory burst, secretion of cytokines, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, as well as, activate the adaptive immune response. However, the overactivation of neutrophils may cause tissue damage and lead to poor outcomes. Additionally, some characteristics and functions of neutrophils, such as cell number, lifespan, and antiviral capability, can be influenced while eliminating viruses. This review provides a general description of the protective and pathological roles of neutrophils in acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuluan Zhu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Díaz FE, Guerra-Maupome M, McDonald PO, Rivera-Pérez D, Kalergis AM, McGill JL. A Recombinant BCG Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Neonatal Calves and Reduces the Clinical Disease Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664212. [PMID: 33981309 PMCID: PMC8108697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) constitutes a major health burden, causing millions of hospitalizations in children under five years old worldwide due to acute lower respiratory tract infections. Despite decades of research, licensed vaccines to prevent hRSV are not available. Development of vaccines against hRSV targeting young infants requires ruling out potential vaccine-enhanced disease presentations. To achieve this goal, vaccine testing in proper animal models is essential. A recombinant BCG vaccine that expresses the Nucleoprotein of hRSV (rBCG-N-hRSV) protects mice against hRSV infection, eliciting humoral and cellular immune protection. Further, this vaccine was shown to be safe and immunogenic in human adult volunteers. Here, we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine in a neonatal bovine RSV calf infection model. Newborn, colostrum-replete Holstein calves were either vaccinated with rBCG-N-hRSV, WT-BCG, or left unvaccinated, and then inoculated via aerosol challenge with bRSV strain 375. Vaccination with rBCG-N-hRSV was safe and well-tolerated, with no systemic adverse effects. There was no evidence of vaccine-enhanced disease following bRSV challenge of rBCG-N-hRSV vaccinated animals, suggesting that the vaccine is safe for use in neonates. Vaccination increased virus-specific IgA and virus-neutralization activity in nasal fluid and increased the proliferation of virus- and BCG-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PBMCs and lymph nodes at 7dpi. Furthermore, rBCG-N-hRSV vaccinated calves developed reduced clinical disease as compared to unvaccinated control calves, although neither pathology nor viral burden were significantly reduced in the lungs. These results suggest that the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine is safe in neonatal calves and induces protective humoral and cellular immunity against this respiratory virus. These data from a newborn animal model provide further support to the notion that this vaccine approach could be considered as a candidate for infant immunization against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paiton O McDonald
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniela Rivera-Pérez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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22
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Koch CM, Prigge AD, Anekalla KR, Shukla A, Do-Umehara HC, Setar L, Chavez J, Abdala-Valencia H, Politanska Y, Markov NS, Hahn GR, Heald-Sargent T, Sanchez-Pinto LN, Muller WJ, Misharin AV, Ridge KM, Coates BM. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal mucosa in children and adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33532801 PMCID: PMC7852252 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.26.21250269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: Despite similar viral load and infectivity rates between children and adults infected with SARS-CoV-2, children rarely develop severe illness. Differences in the host response to the virus at the primary infection site are among the proposed mechanisms. Objectives: To investigate the host response to SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus (IV) in the nasal mucosa in children and adults. Methods: Clinical outcomes and gene expression in the nasal mucosa were analyzed in 36 children hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 24 children with RSV infection, 9 children with IV infection, 16 adults with mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 7 healthy pediatric and 13 healthy adult controls. Results: In both children and adults, infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to an interferon response in the nasal mucosa. The magnitude of the interferon response correlated with the abundance of viral reads and was comparable between symptomatic children and adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 and symptomatic children infected with RSV and IV. Cell type deconvolution identified an increased abundance of immune cells in the samples from children and adults with a viral infection. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 - key entry factors for SARS-CoV-2 - did not correlate with age or presence or absence of viral infection. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 determine disease severity, independent of viral load and interferon response at the primary infection primary site.
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23
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DP1 prostanoid receptor activation increases the severity of an acute lower respiratory viral infection in mice via TNF-α-induced immunopathology. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:963-972. [PMID: 33879829 PMCID: PMC8057290 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is a leading cause of infant hospitalization and mortality. We previously identified that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), released following RSV infection of primary human airway epithelial cells or pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) infection of neonatal mice, elicits pro- or antiviral innate immune responses as a consequence of D-type prostanoid receptor 2 (DP2) or DP1 activation, respectively. Here, we sought to determine whether treatment with the DP1 agonist BW245c decreases the severity of bronchiolitis in PVM-infected neonatal mice. Consistent with previous findings, BW245c treatment increased IFN-λ production and decreased viral load in week 1 of the infection. However, unexpectedly, BW245c treatment increased mortality in week 2 of the infection. This increased morbidity was associated with viral spread to the parenchyma, an increased cellular infiltrate of TNF-α-producing cells (neutrophils, monocytes, and CD4+ T cells), and the heightened production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. These phenotypes, as well as the increased mortality, were significantly attenuated following the administration of anti-TNF-α to PVM-infected, BW245c-treated mice. In summary, pharmacological activation of the DP1 receptor in PVM-infected neonatal mice boosts antiviral innate and adaptive immunity, however, this is ultimately detrimental, as a consequence of increased TNF-α-induced morbidity and mortality.
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24
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Respiratory Epithelial Cells Respond to Lactobacillus plantarum but Provide No Cross-Protection against Virus-Induced Inflammation. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010002. [PMID: 33374950 PMCID: PMC7821944 DOI: 10.3390/v13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced inflammation plays a critical role in determining the clinical outcome of an acute respiratory virus infection. We have shown previously that the administration of immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) directly to the respiratory tract prevents lethal inflammatory responses to subsequent infection with a mouse respiratory virus pathogen. While Lp-mediated protective responses involve non-redundant contributions of both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and NOD2, the cellular basis of these findings remains unclear. Here, we address the impact of Lp and its capacity to suppress inflammation in virus-infected respiratory epithelial cells in two cell culture models. We found that both MLE-12 cells and polarized mouse tracheal epithelial cells (mTECs) were susceptible to infection with Influenza A and released proinflammatory cytokines, including CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, and CXCL10, in response to replicating virus. MLE-12 cells express NOD2 (81 ± 6.3%) and TLR2 (19 ± 4%), respond to Lp, and are TLR2-specific, but not NOD2-specific, biochemical agonists. By contrast, we found that mTECs express NOD2 (81 ± 17%) but minimal TLR2 (0.93 ± 0.58%); nonetheless, mTECs respond to Lp and the TLR2 agonist, Pam2CSK4, but not NOD2 agonists or the bifunctional TLR2-NOD2 agonist, CL-429. Although MLE-12 cells and mTECS were both activated by Lp, little to no cytokine suppression was observed in response to Lp followed by virus infection via a protocol that replicated experimental conditions that were effective in vivo. Further study and a more complex approach may be required to reveal critical factors that suppress virus-induced inflammatory responses.
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25
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Tahamtan A, Besteman S, Samadizadeh S, Rastegar M, Bont L, Salimi V. Neutrophils in respiratory syncytial virus infection: From harmful effects to therapeutic opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:515-530. [PMID: 33169387 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important infectious agent in infants and young children. In most cases, RSV infection only causes mild disease, but in some, it requires invasive ventilation. Although antiviral drugs are obvious candidates to treat viral illness, and some have shown antiviral effects in humans, antivirals such as GS-5806, ALX-0171 and ALS-8176 have not yet met their expectations. Since the inappropriate or dysregulated immune response against RSV leads to harmful immune pathology, a robust immune cascade is probably underway by the time patients reach the hospital. RSV infection is associated with a strong neutrophil influx into the airway. It not clear if these cells contribute to antiviral defence or to lung pathology. This article discusses the protective and harmful roles of neutrophils during RSV infection and provides an overview of mechanisms by which neutrophil function could be targeted to prevent tissue injury and preserve homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tahamtan
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sjanna Besteman
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Translation Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Samadizadeh
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rastegar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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