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Flerlage T, Crawford JC, Allen EK, Severns D, Tan S, Surman S, Ridout G, Novak T, Randolph A, West AN, Thomas PG. Single cell transcriptomics identifies distinct profiles in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3870. [PMID: 37391405 PMCID: PMC10313703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), termed pediatric ARDS (pARDS) in children, is a severe form of acute respiratory failure (ARF). Pathologic immune responses are implicated in pARDS pathogenesis. Here, we present a description of microbial sequencing and single cell gene expression in tracheal aspirates (TAs) obtained longitudinally from infants with ARF. We show reduced interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression, altered mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) transcriptional programs, and progressive airway neutrophilia associated with unique transcriptional profiles in patients with moderate to severe pARDS compared to those with no or mild pARDS. We additionally show that an innate immune cell product, Folate Receptor 3 (FOLR3), is enriched in moderate or severe pARDS. Our findings demonstrate distinct inflammatory responses in pARDS that are dependent upon etiology and severity and specifically implicate reduced ISG expression, altered macrophage repair-associated transcriptional programs, and accumulation of aged neutrophils in the pathogenesis of moderate to severe pARDS caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Flerlage
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Danielle Severns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shaoyuan Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sherri Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Granger Ridout
- Hartwell Center for Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tanya Novak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrienne Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alina N West
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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2
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Kim H, Seiler P, Jones JC, Ridout G, Camp KP, Fabrizio TP, Jeevan T, Miller LA, Throm RE, Ferrara F, Fredrickson RL, Lowe JF, Wang L, Odemuyiwa SO, Wan XF, Webby RJ. Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Humans and Animals. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040684. [PMID: 33207583 PMCID: PMC7712576 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To optimize the public health response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we must first understand the antibody response to individual proteins on the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the antibody's cross reactivity to other coronaviruses. Using a panel of 37 convalescent COVID-19 human serum samples, we showed that the magnitude and specificity of responses varied across individuals, independent of their reactivity to seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs). These data suggest that COVID-19 vaccines will elicit primary humoral immune responses in naïve individuals and variable responses in those previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Unlike the limited cross-coronavirus reactivities in humans, serum samples from 96 dogs and 10 cats showed SARS-CoV-2 protein-specific responses focused on non-S1 proteins. The correlation of this response with those to other coronaviruses suggests that the antibodies are cross-reactive and generated to endemic viruses within these hosts, which must be considered in seroepidemiologic studies. We conclude that substantial variation in antibody generation against coronavirus proteins will influence interpretations of serologic data in the clinical and veterinary settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsuh Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Granger Ridout
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | | | - Thomas P. Fabrizio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Lance A. Miller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Robert E. Throm
- Vector Development & Production, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Vector Development & Production, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Richard L. Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA;
| | - James F. Lowe
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA;
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA;
| | - Solomon O. Odemuyiwa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.O.O.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.O.O.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-595-3014
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3
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Paugh SW, Coss DR, Bao J, Laudermilk LT, Grace CR, Ferreira AM, Waddell MB, Ridout G, Naeve D, Leuze M, LoCascio PF, Panetta JC, Wilkinson MR, Pui CH, Naeve CW, Uberbacher EC, Bonten EJ, Evans WE. MicroRNAs Form Triplexes with Double Stranded DNA at Sequence-Specific Binding Sites; a Eukaryotic Mechanism via which microRNAs Could Directly Alter Gene Expression. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004744. [PMID: 26844769 PMCID: PMC4742280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, acting primarily by binding to sequence-specific locations on already transcribed messenger RNAs (mRNA) and typically down-regulating their stability or translation. Recent studies indicate that microRNAs may also play a role in up-regulating mRNA transcription levels, although a definitive mechanism has not been established. Double-helical DNA is capable of forming triple-helical structures through Hoogsteen and reverse Hoogsteen interactions in the major groove of the duplex, and we show physical evidence (i.e., NMR, FRET, SPR) that purine or pyrimidine-rich microRNAs of appropriate length and sequence form triple-helical structures with purine-rich sequences of duplex DNA, and identify microRNA sequences that favor triplex formation. We developed an algorithm (Trident) to search genome-wide for potential triplex-forming sites and show that several mammalian and non-mammalian genomes are enriched for strong microRNA triplex binding sites. We show that those genes containing sequences favoring microRNA triplex formation are markedly enriched (3.3 fold, p<2.2 × 10−16) for genes whose expression is positively correlated with expression of microRNAs targeting triplex binding sequences. This work has thus revealed a new mechanism by which microRNAs could interact with gene promoter regions to modify gene transcription. We provide physical evidence, using NMR, FRET and SPR, that purine or pyrimidine-rich microRNAs can form triplexes with complementary purine-rich sequences of duplex DNA and provide an algorithm (Trident) to search genome-wide for potential microRNA double-stranded DNA triplex-forming sites. Using this algorithm we document enrichment of microRNA triplex binding sites in mammalian and non-mammalian genomes. We found in primary leukemia cells from patients a significant over-representation of positively correlated microRNA and mRNA expression for genes containing sequences favoring microRNA-duplex DNA triplex formation, suggesting this as a mechanism by which microRNA may enhance gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Paugh
- Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David R. Coss
- High Performance Computing Facility, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ju Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lucas T. Laudermilk
- Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christy R. Grace
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Antonio M. Ferreira
- High Performance Computing Facility, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Brett Waddell
- Molecular Interaction Analysis Laboratory, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Granger Ridout
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Deanna Naeve
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael Leuze
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - John C. Panetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Wilkinson
- Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Clayton W. Naeve
- Department of Information Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Edward C. Uberbacher
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erik J. Bonten
- Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - William E. Evans
- Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Thornton JA, Tullos NA, Sanders ME, Ridout G, Wang YD, Taylor SD, McDaniel LS, Marquart ME. Differential bacterial gene expression during experimental pneumococcal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Res 2015; 53:149-61. [PMID: 25791614 DOI: 10.1159/000371713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a potential cause of bacterial endophthalmitis in humans that can result in ocular morbidity. We sought to identify pneumococcal genes that are differentially expressed during growth in the vitreous humor of the eye in an experimental endophthalmitis model. Microarray analysis was used to identify genes that were differentially expressed when pneumococci replicated in the vitreous of rabbit eyes as compared with bacteria grown in vitro in Todd Hewitt medium. Array results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR analysis of representative genes. Select genes potentially playing a role in virulence during endophthalmitis were deleted, and mutants were tested for reduced eye pathogenesis and altered adhesion to host cells. Array analysis identified 134 genes that were differentially expressed during endophthalmitis; 112 genes demonstrated increased expression during growth in the eye whereas 22 were downregulated. Real-time analysis verified increased expression of neuraminidase A (NanA; SP1693), neuraminidase B (NanB; SP1687) and serine protease (SP1954), and decreased expression of RlrA (SP0461) and choline transporter (SP1861). Mutation of NanA and NanB had no major effect on pathogenesis. Loss of SP1954 led to increased adherence to host cells. S. pneumoniae enhances and represses the expression of a variety of genes during endophthalmitis. While some of these genes reflect changes in metabolic requirements, some appear to play a role in immune evasion and pathogenesis in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Miss., USA
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5
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Mann B, van Opijnen T, Wang J, Obert C, Wang YD, Carter R, McGoldrick DJ, Ridout G, Camilli A, Tuomanen EI, Rosch JW. Control of virulence by small RNAs in Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002788. [PMID: 22807675 PMCID: PMC3395615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) play important roles in gene regulation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Thus far, no sRNA has been assigned a definitive role in virulence in the major human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Based on the potential coding capacity of intergenic regions, we hypothesized that the pneumococcus produces many sRNAs and that they would play an important role in pathogenesis. We describe the application of whole-genome transcriptional sequencing to systematically identify the sRNAs of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Using this approach, we have identified 89 putative sRNAs, 56 of which are newly identified. Furthermore, using targeted genetic approaches and Tn-seq transposon screening, we demonstrate that many of the identified sRNAs have important global and niche-specific roles in virulence. These data constitute the most comprehensive analysis of pneumococcal sRNAs and provide the first evidence of the extensive roles of sRNAs in pneumococcal pathogenesis. Pneumonia is a leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide, resulting in more deaths in young children than any other infectious disease. One of the leading causes of pneumonia is the human pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, the causative agent of over six million infections each year in the United States. Understanding how bacterial pathogens rapidly respond to dynamic host environments is a central aspect of microbial pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence has implicated sRNAs as vital regulators in a number of important cellular processes though few have been implicated in virulence. In our investigations we have applied next-generation sequencing to define the sRNA repertoire of S. pneumoniae. In addition, we utilized both targeted genetic knockouts and transposon mutagenesis to show that a significant portion of these sRNAs play important roles at various stages of pneumococcal pathogenesis. These data represent the first example of sRNAs being involved in pneumococcal pathogenesis and greatly expand the number of sRNAs that play important roles in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Mann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tim van Opijnen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Caroline Obert
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert Carter
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. McGoldrick
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Granger Ridout
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrew Camilli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elaine I. Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Rosch JW, Gao G, Ridout G, Wang YD, Tuomanen EI. Role of the manganese efflux system mntE for signalling and pathogenesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2009; 72:12-25. [PMID: 19226324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to sense and respond to both environmental and intracellular metal concentrations plays an important role in pathogenesis. The acquisition of manganese is vital for the virulence of several bacterial species. Although manganese uptake systems have been well studied in bacteria, no manganese efflux system has yet been identified. In this study we have identified a cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) protein (Sp1552) of unknown substrate specificity that functions as a manganese export system in Streptococcus pneumoniae. We designated the gene for this manganese efflux system mntE and found that the mutant strain was highly sensitive to manganese stress. Although the mutant was more resistant to oxidative stress and produced more H(2)O(2) and pili, it had reduced virulence in a murine model of infection, indicating that manganese export plays a role in host pathogenesis. There was a distinct differential transcriptional response to extracellular and intracellular manganese accumulation. Our study indicates that manganese efflux is required for invasive disease and may provide a useful antimicrobial target to devise future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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7
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Seaber EJ, Ridout G, Layton G, Posner J, Peck RW. The novel anti-migraine compound zolmitriptan (Zomig 311C90) has no clinically significant interactions with paracetamol or metoclopramide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 53:229-34. [PMID: 9476036 DOI: 10.1007/s002280050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated potential pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions between the novel anti-migraine compound zolmitriptan (Zomig, formerly 311C90) and paracetamol and/or metoclopramide. METHODS In an open-label, randomised, crossover study, 15 healthy volunteers received single oral doses of 10 mg zolmitriptan alone, 1 g paracetamol alone, 10 mg zolmitriptan + 1 g paracetamol, 10 mg zolmitriptan + 10 mg metoclopramide or 10 mg zolmitriptan + 1 g paracetamol + 10 mg metoclopramide on five separate occasions. RESULTS Metoclopramide had no significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan or the active zolmitriptan metabolite 183C91, nor did it affect interactions between zolmitriptan and paracetamol. Paracetamol marginally increased the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) (11%) and the area under the curve (AUC) (11%) and reduced the renal clearance of zolmitriptan (9%); similar small effects were seen on 183C91. The AUC, Cmax and half-life of paracetamol were reduced by concomitant zolmitriptan (by 11%, 31% and 8%, respectively), whilst the mean residence time showed a small increase (+0.7 h). There was a trend towards a transient increase in blood pressure following all regimens containing zolmitriptan; this effect was small, was consistent between all zolmitriptan regimens as well as with previous studies, and was considered to be clinically insignificant. Zolmitriptan was well tolerated after all treatment regimens. CONCLUSION Concomitant administration of zolmitriptan and paracetamol resulted in a slight increase in bioavailability of zolmitriptan and a reduced rate and extent of paracetamol absorption. These findings are considered to be of no clinical significance and there is no reason to avoid concomitant administration of paracetamol and/or metoclopramide with zolmitriptan.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Seaber
- Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Greenford, Middlesex, UK
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8
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Rolan PE, Mercer AJ, Weatherley BC, Holdich T, Meire H, Peck RW, Ridout G, Posner J. Examination of some factors responsible for a food-induced increase in absorption of atovaquone. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 37:13-20. [PMID: 8148213 PMCID: PMC1364703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Atovaquone is a potent antiprotozoal slowly and irregularly absorbed after administration as tablets to fasting volunteers. A series of studies was performed to investigate the effects of food, bile and formulation on atovaquone absorption. 2. In 18 healthy male volunteers, a high-fat breakfast administered 45 min before 500 mg atovaquone as tablets increased AUC by 3.3-fold (95% CI 2.8-4.0) and Cmax 5.3-fold (4.3-6.6) compared with fasting. 3. The absorption of atovaquone from tablets was examined in 12 healthy male volunteers after an overnight fast, following toast alone, toast with 28 g butter (LOFAT), or toast with 56 g butter (HIFAT). Compared with absorption when fasted, toast had no significant effect but LOFAT increased AUC 3.0-fold (2.1-4.2) and Cmax 3.9-fold (2.6-5.8). HIFAT increased AUC 3.9-fold (2.7-5.5) and Cmax 5.6-fold (3.8-8.4). 4. The absorption of atovaquone was examined in nine healthy fasting male volunteers from tablets, an aqueous suspension, and an oily solution/suspension in miglyol (fractionated coconut oil). Compared with tablets, AUC following the aqueous suspension was increased 1.7-fold (1.0-2.7) and Cmax 2.4-fold (1.7-3.5). Following miglyol, AUC was increased to the same extent but Cmax was only increased 1.8-fold (1.2-2.6). 5. Atovaquone absorption was examined in eight healthy fasting male volunteers following an i.v. infusion of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP) which decreased gallbladder volume by 82% (73%-90%) on occasion 1 or saline on occasion 2. AUC(0,12) was increased following CCK-OP by 1.6-fold (1.1-2.4) and Cmax by 1.5-fold (0.98-2.4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Rolan
- Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent
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9
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Ridout G, Houk J, Guy RH, Santus GC, Hadgraft J, Hall LL. An evaluation of structure-penetration relationships in percutaneous absorption. Farmaco 1992; 47:869-92. [PMID: 1388606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of chemical transport across skin is important both to the optimization of topical and transdermal drug delivery and to the assessment of risk following dermal exposure. To facilitate estimation of percutaneous absorption, a number of model in vitro experimental systems have been developed. However, the predictive applicability of the different approaches (with respect to human skin penetration), and the quantitative aspects of the structure-permeation behavior revealed, have not been critically evaluated. The objectives of this paper are to collect, from the literature, the more systematic investigations pertaining to chemical transport across the skin, to quantify the dependence of permeation on the lipophilicity of the penetrants studied, and to assess the relative utility of model systems for the prediction of percutaneous absorption. The categories of chemicals addressed in the survey include n-alkanols, para-substituted phenols, steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The experimental systems, used in the studies considered, involve, primarily, steady-state transport measurements across excised skin taken from either human cadavers or hairless mice. Favorable comparisons of these data to solute flux across simple organic liquid membranes are possible. Overall, general patterns of behavior emerge from the analysis such that qualitative predictions can be made. From a quantitative standpoint, though, it is clear that additional "structure-activity" work is necessary to provide appropriate equations that can relate penetration between different test systems and between different chemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ridout
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco 94143-0446
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10
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Ridout G, Hinz RS, Hostynek JJ, Reddy AK, Wiersema RJ, Hodson CD, Lorence CR, Guy RH. The effects of zwitterionic surfactants on skin barrier function. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991; 16:41-50. [PMID: 1826892 DOI: 10.1016/0272-0590(91)90133-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The action of five zwitterionic surfactants on the barrier function of hairless mouse skin has been studied in vitro. The surfactants considered were dodecylbetaine and hexadecylbetaine (C12BET and C16BET, respectively), hexadecylsulfobetaine (C16SUB), N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylamine oxide (C12AO), and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C12TAB). Excised skin was pretreated with each surfactant, at various concentrations, for 16 hr, following which the permeation of a model compound, nicotinamide, was measured. The action of the surfactants was assessed by comparing nicotinamide flux through surfactant-pretreated skin with that across control membranes which were exposed to buffer alone for 16 hr. All surfactants decreased skin barrier function to some extent. The degree of nicotinamide penetration enhancement induced was correlated with the ratio of the surfactant pretreatment concentration to the surfactant critical micelle concentration, suggesting that solubilization of stratum corneum lipids may be an important mechanism in explaining the effects observed. More detailed studies with 14C-radiolabeled C12BET and C16BET showed that the dodecyl analog was itself well absorbed, whereas the C16 compound partitioned into the skin favorably but then transferred only very slowly into the receptor phase. These observations were consistent with toxicity studies (albeit at much higher concentrations in a different animal model, the rat) which indicated that the dermal LD50 of C12BET was significantly less than that of C16BET (the value for which was so large that it could not be reliably determined). Overall, this study provides, we believe, useful information pertinent to the potential dermal toxicity of the surfactants considered following occupational or environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ridout
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Abstract
The lipophilicity of cationic drugs can be increased by forming ion pairs with the carboxylate anion of fatty acids. Transport of cations across an isopropyl myristate (IPM) membrane was facilitated in the presence of oleic acid and lauric acid, providing an appropriate pH gradient existed. Enhancement of in vitro skin permeation of various drugs, in the presence of fatty acids, was shown to be more dramatic with the slow-permeating neutral caffeine and anionic salicylate. Since both molecules are unable to form ion pairs it is probable that the fatty acids are capable of exerting a disruptive influence on the skin. The cationic drugs appeared to traverse excised human skin more rapidly than predicted by the model membrane data. This may be due to ion pairing with free fatty acids or other anionic groups within the skin. Consequently, the enhancing ability of fatty acids was less marked for neutral or anionic permeants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Green
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Abstract
This review addresses the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermally delivered drugs. The systemic input of drugs via the skin has attracted considerable interest over the past 15 years. The early promise of the administration route has, to some extent, been realised with the approval and successful launching of transdermal formulations of hyoscine (scopolamine), glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin), clonidine and oestradiol. The further application of transdermal delivery, however, will require additional effort. While other molecules (e.g. testosterone, fentanyl, nicotine) may ultimately be administered in this way, important questions pertaining to pharmacology (tolerance), toxicity (irritation, sensitisation) and dose sufficiency (penetration enhancement) remain. These problems are illustrated using information which has been published in the literature. Overall, while the enthusiasm for attraction and benefits of transdermal delivery remain evident, it is clear that future successes will demand a heightened level of commitment and skill from the pharmaceutical scientist.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ridout
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
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