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Salman DM, Mohammad TAM. siRNA-based therapy for gastric adenocarcinoma: what's next step? Pathol Res Pract 2024; 258:155328. [PMID: 38744002 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer continues to have a high death rate despite advancements in their diagnosis and treatment. Novel treatment techniques are thus desperately needed. This is where double-stranded RNA molecules known as small interfering RNA (siRNA), which may selectively target the mRNA of disease-causing genes, may find use in medicine. For siRNAs to function properly in the human body, they must be shielded from deterioration. Furthermore, in order to maintain organ function, they must only target the tumor and spare normal tissue. siRNAs have been designed using clever delivery mechanisms including polymers and lipids to achieve these objectives. Although siRNA protection is not hard to acquire, it is still challenging to target cancer cells with them. Here, we first discuss the basic characteristics of gastric cancer before describing the properties of siRNA and typical delivery methods created specifically for gastric tumors. Lastly, we provide a succinct overview of research using siRNAs to treat gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyar Mudhafar Salman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Talar Ahmad Merza Mohammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Pharmacy department, School of Medicine, University of Kurdistan Hewlêr (UKH), Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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2
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Huang H, Liao D, Zhou G, He B, Pu R, Cui Y. MicroRNA-194-3p impacts autophagy and represses rotavirus replication via targeting silent information regulator 1. Virol J 2023; 20:210. [PMID: 37697309 PMCID: PMC10496334 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV) is the main cause of serious diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated that RV use host cell mechanisms to motivate their own stabilization and multiplication by degrading, enhancing, or hijacking microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs motivate or restrain RV replication by controlling different biological processes, including autophagy, will help to better understand the pathogenesis of RV development. This study mainly explored the effect of miR-194-3p on autophagy after RV infection and its underlying mechanism of the regulation of RV replication. METHODS Caco-2 cells were infected with RV and used to measure the expression levels of miR-194-3p and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1). After transfection with plasmids and RV infection, viral structural proteins, RV titer, cell viability, and autophagy-linked proteins were tested. The degree of acetylation of p53 was further investigated. A RV-infected neonatal mouse model was constructed in vivo and was evaluated for diarrhea symptoms and lipid droplet formation. RESULTS The results showed that miR-194-3p was reduced but SIRT1 was elevated after RV infection. Elevation of miR-194-3p or repression of SIRT1 inhibited RV replication through the regulation of autophagy. The overexpression of SIRT1 reversed the effects of miR-194-3p on RV replication. The upregulation of miR-194-3p or the downregulation of SIRT1 repressed RV replication in vivo. MiR-194-3p targeted SIRT1 to decrease p53 acetylation. CONCLUSION These results were used to determine the mechanism of miR-194-3p in RV replication, and identified a novel therapeutic small RNA molecule that can be used against RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohai Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
- Medical and Pharmacy Research Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, 523326, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Gynaecology, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation medicine, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin He
- Medical and Pharmacy Research Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, 523326, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yejia Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Liu CH, Lin CH, Chen YJ, Wu WC, Wang CC. Multifunctional magnetic nanocarriers for delivery of siRNA and shRNA plasmid to mammalian cells: Characterization, adsorption and release behaviors. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112861. [PMID: 36162177 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are promising candidates for treating various diseases. Nucleic acid is negatively charged and hydrophilic; therefore, it is not efficiently taken up by cells. Successful gene therapy requires the development of carriers for efficient delivery of gene-expressing DNA plasmid and small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplex. In this study, we developed MNP-CA-PEI, a citric acid (CA)-modified magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) cross-linked with polyethyleneimine (PEI), using carbonyldiimidazole as the crosslinker. The physical properties of MNP-CA-PEI (particle size, morphologies, surface coating, surface potentials, magnetic hystereses, superparamagnetic behaviors, and infrared spectra) were systematically characterized by transmission electron microscopy imaging, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, superconducting quantum interference device, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were determined by the Langmuir model, the Freundlich model, a pseudo-first-order equation, and a pseudo-second-order equation. MNP-CA-PEI could form polyelectrolyte complexes with negatively charged nucleic acids, enabling the efficient delivery of nucleic acids into cells. Using MNP-CA-PEI nanoparticles, we magnetically triggered the intracellular delivery of green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing DNA plasmid, plasmid-expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against GFP, or siRNA targeting GFP into different cell lines. Nucleic acid/MNP-CA-PEI displayed the enhanced cellular uptake of GFP-expressing DNA plasmid, and it improved the silencing efficiency of shRNA and siRNA, determined by fluorescence imaging. Gene knockdowns mediated by shRNA and siRNA were also confirmed by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. MNP-CA-PEI delivered nucleic acids into cytosol through caveolae-mediated endocytosis. This study introduces a new MNP functionalization that can be used for the magnetically driven intracellular delivery of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsien Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84, Gung-Juan Road, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jun Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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Nai J, Zhang J, Li J, Li H, Yang Y, Yang M, Wang Y, Gong W, Li Z, Li L, Gao C. Macrophage membrane- and cRGD-functionalized thermosensitive liposomes combined with CPP to realize precise siRNA delivery into tumor cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:349-362. [PMID: 35024246 PMCID: PMC8724933 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in clinical settings, their fast clearance and poor delivery efficiency to target cells still hinder their therapeutic effect. Herein, a new treatment system was constructed by combining thermosensitive liposomes with the macrophage membrane, tumor-targeting cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide, a cell-penetrating peptide, and thermotherapy. The constructed system was found to be thermosensitive and stable; the proteins were inherited from the macrophage membrane. This new system combined with thermotherapy displayed the least uptake by macrophages, the greatest uptake by HepG2 cells, the most obvious HepG2 cell apoptosis, and the strongest inhibition of Bcl-2 mRNA and Bcl-2 protein in HepG2 cells. Moreover, 24 h after system administration in tumor-bearing mice, the most prominent distribution of siRNA was observed in tumors, while almost no siRNA was found in other organs. The strongest inhibition of Bcl-2 mRNA, Bcl-2 protein, and tumors was found in mice that had received the proposed system. In summary, when using the constructed system both in vitro and in mice, less uptake by the reticuloendothelial system, greater accumulation in tumor cells, and improved therapeutic efficacy were observed. Therefore, this new system can deliver siRNA selectively and efficiently, and it is a promising therapeutic candidate for precise tumor-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Nai
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Pandey M, Ojha D, Bansal S, Rode AB, Chawla G. From bench side to clinic: Potential and challenges of RNA vaccines and therapeutics in infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:101003. [PMID: 34332771 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The functional and structural versatility of Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) makes them ideal candidates for overcoming the limitations imposed by small molecule-based drugs. Hence, RNA-based biopharmaceuticals such as messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNA mimics, anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs), aptamers, riboswitches, and CRISPR-Cas9 are emerging as vital tools for the treatment and prophylaxis of many infectious diseases. Some of the major challenges to overcome in the area of RNA-based therapeutics have been the instability of single-stranded RNAs, delivery to the diseased cell, and immunogenicity. However, recent advancements in the delivery systems of in vitro transcribed mRNA and chemical modifications for protection against nucleases and reducing the toxicity of RNA have facilitated the entry of several exogenous RNAs into clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of RNA-based vaccines and therapeutics, their production, delivery, current advancements, and future translational potential in treating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Pandey
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Divya Ojha
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Sakshi Bansal
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Ambadas B Rode
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India.
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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Piperno A, Sciortino MT, Giusto E, Montesi M, Panseri S, Scala A. Recent Advances and Challenges in Gene Delivery Mediated by Polyester-Based Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5981-6002. [PMID: 34511901 PMCID: PMC8418317 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s321329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of several diseases, such as chronic or viral infections, inherited disorders, and cancer. The cellular internalization of exogenous nucleic acids (NA) requires efficient delivery vehicles to overcome their inherent pharmacokinetic drawbacks, e.g. electrostatic repulsions, enzymatic degradation, limited cellular uptake, fast clearance, etc. Nanotechnological advancements have enabled the use of polymer-based nanostructured biomaterials as safe and effective gene delivery systems, in addition to viral vector delivery methods. Among the plethora of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), this review will provide a comprehensive and in-depth summary of the polyester-based nanovehicles, including poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polylactic acid (PLA) NPs, used to deliver a variety of foreign NA, e.g. short interfering RNA (siRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and plasmid DNA (pDNA). The article will review the versatility of polyester-based nanocarriers including their recent application in the delivery of the clustered, regularly-interspaced, short palindromic repeats/Cas (CRISPR/Cas) genome editing system for treating gene-related diseases. The remaining challenges and future trend of the targeted delivery of this revolutionary genome-editing system will be discussed. Special attention will be given to the pivotal role of nanotechnology in tackling emerging infections such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): ground-breaking mRNA vaccines delivered by NPs are currently used worldwide to fight the pandemic, pushing the boundaries of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piperno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elena Giusto
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Monica Montesi
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Silvia Panseri
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Angela Scala
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Montazeri Aliabadi H, Totonchy J, Mahdipoor P, Parang K, Uludağ H. Suppression of Human Coronavirus 229E Infection in Lung Fibroblast Cells via RNA Interference. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 3. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.670543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to repurpose approved drugs, discover new small molecules, and develop vaccines, COVID-19 pandemic is still claiming victims around the world. The current arsenal of antiviral compounds did not perform well in the past viral infections (e.g., SARS), which casts a shadow of doubt for use against the new SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines should offer the ultimate protection; however, there is limited information about the longevity of the generated immunity and the protection against possible mutations. This study uses Human Coronavirus 229E as a model coronavirus to test the hypothesis that effective delivery of virus-specific siRNAs to infected cells will result in lower viral load and reduced cell death. Two different categories of nucleic acid delivery systems, Peptide/Lipid-Associated Nucleic Acids (PLANAs) and lipophilic polymers, were investigated for their toxicity in human lung fibroblast cells and their ability to deliver specific siRNAs targeting Spike and Envelope proteins in order to prevent cell death in infected cells. Selected siRNAs were effectively delivered to human lung fibroblast cells with negligible toxicity. Cell death due to viral infection was significantly reduced with individual and combinatorial silencing of selected viral proteins. The combinatorial silencing of Spike and Envelope proteins restored the cell viability completely and eliminated plaques in the investigated system. Our cell culture data indicate promising results for the RNAi based approach as an alternative antiviral treatment.
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