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Clare G, Kempen JH, Pavésio C. Infectious eye disease in the 21st century-an overview. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:2014-2027. [PMID: 38355671 PMCID: PMC11269619 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-02966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases affecting the eye often cause unilateral or asymmetric visual loss in children and people of working age. This group of conditions includes viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases, both common and rare presentations which, in aggregate, may account for a significant portion of the global visual burden. Diagnosis is frequently challenging even in specialist centres, and many disease presentations are highly regional. In an age of globalisation, an understanding of the various modes of transmission and the geographic distribution of infections can be instructive to clinicians. The impact of eye infections on global disability is currently not sufficiently captured in global prevalence studies on visual impairment and blindness, which focus on bilateral disease in the over-50s. Moreover, in many cases it is hard to differentiate between infectious and immune-mediated diseases. Since infectious eye diseases can be preventable and frequently affect younger people, we argue that in future prevalence studies they should be considered as a separate category, including estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as a measure of overall disease burden. Numbers of ocular infections are uniquely affected by outbreaks as well as endemic transmission, and their control frequently relies on collaborative partnerships that go well beyond the remit of ophthalmology, encompassing domains as various as vaccination, antibiotic development, individual healthcare, vector control, mass drug administration, food supplementation, environmental and food hygiene, epidemiological mapping, and many more. Moreover, the anticipated impacts of global warming, conflict, food poverty, urbanisation and environmental degradation are likely to magnify their importance. While remote telemedicine can be a useful aide in the diagnosis of these conditions in resource-poor areas, enhanced global reporting networks and artificial intelligence systems may ultimately be required for disease surveillance and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, USA
- MCM Eye Unit; MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Göttig L, Schreiner S. E4orf1: The triple agent of adenovirus - Unraveling its roles in oncogenesis, infectious obesity and immune responses in virus replication and vector therapy. Tumour Virus Res 2024; 17:200277. [PMID: 38428735 PMCID: PMC10937242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2024.200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) are nearly ubiquitous pathogens comprising numerous sub-types that infect various tissues and organs. Among many encoded proteins that facilitate viral replication and subversion of host cellular processes, the viral E4orf1 protein has emerged as an intriguing yet under-investigated player in the complex interplay between the virus and its host. E4orf1 has gained attention as a metabolism activator and oncogenic agent, while recent research is showing that E4orf1 may play a more important role in modulating cellular pathways such as PI3K-Akt-mTOR, Ras, the immune response and further HAdV replication stages than previously anticipated. In this review, we aim to explore the structure, molecular mechanisms, and biological functions of E4orf1, shedding light on its potentially multifaceted roles during HAdV infection, including metabolic diseases and oncogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of functional E4orf1 in biotechnological applications such as Adenovirus (AdV) vaccine vectors and oncolytic AdV. By dissecting the intricate relationships between HAdV types and E4orf1 proteins, this review provides valuable insights into viral pathogenesis and points to promising areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Göttig
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Resolving Infection Susceptibility; EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Kolb AW, Chau VQ, Miller DL, Yannuzzi NA, Brandt CR. Phylogenetic and Recombination Analysis of Clinical Vitreous Humor-Derived Adenovirus Isolates Reveals Discordance Between Serotype and Phylogeny. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:12. [PMID: 38319669 PMCID: PMC10854415 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To sequence, identify, and perform phylogenetic and recombination analysis on three clinical adenovirus samples taken from the vitreous humor at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Methods The PacBio Sequel II was used to sequence the genomes of the three clinical adenovirus isolates. To identify the isolates, a full genome-based multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of 722 mastadenoviruses was generated using multiple alignment using fast Fourier transform (MAFFT). MAFFT was also used to generate genome-based human adenovirus B (HAdV-B) MSAs, as well as HAdV-B fiber, hexon, and penton protein-based MSAs. To examine recombination within HAdV-B, RF-Net 2 and Bootscan software programs were used. Results In the course of classifying three new atypical ocular adenovirus samples, taken from the vitreous humor, we found that all three isolates were HAdV-B species. The three Bascom Palmer HAdV-B genomes were then combined with over 300 HAdV-B genome sequences, including nine ocular HAdV-B genome sequences. Attempts to categorize the penton, hexon, and fiber serotypes using phylogeny of the three Bascom Palmer samples were inconclusive due to incongruence between serotype and phylogeny in the dataset. Recombination analysis using a subset of HAdV-B strains to generate a hybridization network detected recombination between nonhuman primate and human-derived strains, recombination between one HAdV-B strain and the HAdV-E outgroup, and limited recombination between the B1 and B2 clades. Conclusions The discordance between serotype and phylogeny detected in this study suggests that the current classification system does not accurately describe the natural history and phylogenetic relationships among adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. Kolb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Viet Q. Chau
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Darlene L. Miller
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Nicolas A. Yannuzzi
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Curtis R. Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Yang Q, Zhang T, Wu Y, Liang Q, Zhao W, Liu R, Jin X. Progress in the Application of Microneedles in Eye Disorders and the Proposal of the Upgraded Microneedle with Spinule. Pharm Res 2024; 41:203-222. [PMID: 38337104 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the local administration methods for treating eye diseases, the application of microneedles has great potential due to the shortcomings of low efficacy and significant side effects of local administration preparations. This article provides ideas for the research on the application of ophthalmic microneedle in the treatment of eye diseases. RESULTS This article analyzes the physiological structures of the eyes, ocular diseases and its existing ocular preparations in sequence. Finally, this article reviews the development and trends of ocular microneedles in recent years, and summarizes and discusses the drugs of ocular microneedles as well as the future directions of development. At the same time, according to the inspiration of previous work, the concept of "microneedle with spinule" is proposed for the first time, and its advantages and limitations are discussed in the article. CONCLUSIONS At present, the application of ocular microneedles still faces multiple challenges. The aspects of auxiliary devices, appearance, the properties of the matrix materials, and preparation technology of ophthalmic microneedle are crucial for their application in the treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Tianjin, 301617, Jinghai District, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianyue Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Tianjin, 301617, Jinghai District, China
| | - Wanqi Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Tianjin, 301617, Jinghai District, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Military Medicine Section, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, 1 Huizhihuan Road, Tianjin, 300309, Dongli District, China.
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Mohanty A, Kelgaonkar A, Behera HS, Mallick A, Das S, Rekha Priyadarshini S, Chaurasia S, Sahu SK. Microsporidia-Associated Anterior Uveitis After Keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea 2023; 42:1439-1445. [PMID: 36727968 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features and management of uveitis associated with microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis (MKC). METHODS The medical records of clinically diagnosed or microbiologically proven patients with MKC between July 2016 and August 2021 were reviewed. Patients with documented evidence of keratic precipitates (KPs) or anterior chamber cells were analyzed for their demography, clinical features, and treatment. Patients with microsporidial stromal keratitis and herpes simplex virus keratouveitis were excluded from the study. RESULTS Of the 2212 patients reviewed within the study period 171 of 172 eyes (7.7%) had documented evidence of KPs and/or anterior chamber cells. The patients' mean age was 43.8 ± 13.8 years, and there were more men (n = 120). The mean duration of appearance of KPs was 6.9 ± 5.5 days, and 28% (n = 48 of 171) appeared on the day of presentation. Superficial punctate keratitis was central and diffuse in 48 and 49 patients, respectively. The treatment was either lubricant alone (45.3%; 78 eyes) or combined with topical steroids (54.7%; 94 eyes). The mean duration of the resolution was longer in the "corticosteroid" than "no corticosteroid" group: KPs: 15.3 ± 6.5 days versus 12.3 ± 5.8 days ( P = 0.007) and superficial punctate keratitises: 15.4 ± 9.4 days versus 11.7 ± 6.2 days ( P = 0.01). The presenting visual acuity with a pinhole was 0.26 ± 0.26 (logMAR) and it improved to 0.03 ± 0.07 on resolution ( P < 0.0001, paired t test). CONCLUSIONS Uveitis after MKC is a self-limiting entity that often resolves without corticosteroid. One must exercise caution in using steroids in the presence of active corneal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mohanty
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, The Cornea Institute, Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Anup Kelgaonkar
- Uveitis and Vitreo-retina Services, Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Himansu Shekhar Behera
- Ocular Microbiology Services, Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India; and
| | - Aparajita Mallick
- Ocular Microbiology Services, Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India; and
| | - Sujata Das
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, The Cornea Institute, Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Smruti Rekha Priyadarshini
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, The Cornea Institute, Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sunita Chaurasia
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Service, The Cornea Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srikant K Sahu
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, The Cornea Institute, Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
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González Martín-Moro J, Zarallo-Gallardo J, Guzmán-Almagro E, Antón Rodríguez C. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of topical povidone iodine in adenoviral conjunctivitis. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101873. [PMID: 37380515 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate if topical povidone iodine (alone (PI) or combined with dexamethasone (PI-DXM)) is superior to placebo for treating adenoviral conjunctivitis (AC). METHODS A systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for the Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. An electronic search was made on PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library. Randomized control studies that compared PI or PI-DXM with placebo were included. At least three researchers were involved in all phases. Primary outcomes were AC duration and the number of clinical resolutions during the first week. Secondary outcomes were conjunctival redness and serous discharge one week after starting treatment and the rate of AC complications. RESULTS Only five studies met the inclusion criteria. PI-DXM reduced the duration of the disease by 2.4 days (IC95% 4.09-0.71), however this result was based only in one study. PI and PI-DXM did not modify the probability of clinical resolution during the first week; relative risk (RR) = 1.77 (IC95% 0.63-4.96) and 1.70 (IC95% 0.67-4.36). The impact of PI on the probability of pseudomembranes could not be estimated. PI-DXM did not influence the risk of developing subepithelial infiltrates RR = 0.73 (IC95% 0.02-33.38). CONCLUSIONS At this time there is great uncertainty about the usefulness of PI on the course of adenoviral conjunctivitis. PI-DXM may have a small effect on AC duration. To make future reviews possible, it is important to standardize the way in which these results are reported. Futures studies should include etiological confirmation, unit of study (eyes vs patients) and report on those aspects that are more relevant for patient quality of life (duration of the disease, development of complications: pseudomembranes and subepithelial infiltrates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio González Martín-Moro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Henares, Av. de Marie Curie, 0, 28822 Coslada, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo, km 1800, 28223 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Zarallo-Gallardo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Henares, Av. de Marie Curie, 0, 28822 Coslada, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo, km 1800, 28223 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Guzmán-Almagro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Henares, Av. de Marie Curie, 0, 28822 Coslada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Antón Rodríguez
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo, km 1800, 28223 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Kitao M, Hayashi R, Nomi K, Kobayashi R, Katayama T, Takayanagi H, Oguchi A, Murakawa Y, Nishida K. Identification of BST2 as a conjunctival epithelial stem/progenitor cell marker. iScience 2023; 26:107016. [PMID: 37389178 PMCID: PMC10300367 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The conjunctival epithelium consists of conjunctival epithelial cells and goblet cells derived from conjunctival epithelial stem/progenitor cells. However, the source of these cells is not well known because no specific markers for conjunctival epithelial stem/progenitor cells have been discovered. Therefore, to identify conjunctival epithelial stem/progenitor cell markers, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of a conjunctival epithelial cell population derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The following conjunctival epithelial markers were identified: BST2, SLC2A3, AGR2, TMEM54, OLR1, and TRIM29. Notably, BST2 was strongly positive in the basal conjunctival epithelium, which is thought to be rich in stem/progenitor cells. Moreover, BST2 was able to sort conjunctival epithelial stem/progenitor cells from hiPSC-derived ocular surface epithelial cell populations. BST2-positive cells were highly proliferative and capable of successfully generating conjunctival epithelial sheets containing goblet cells. In conclusion, BST2 has been identified as a specific marker of conjunctival epithelial stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kitao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kimihito Nomi
- Business Strategy Office, ROHTO Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Osaka 544-0012, Japan
| | - Reiko Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Katayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiko Oguchi
- RIKEN-IFOM Joint Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Murakawa
- RIKEN-IFOM Joint Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Didara Z, Reithofer F, Zöttl K, Jürets A, Kiss I, Witte A, Klein R. Inhibition of adenovirus replication by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated targeting of the viral E1A gene. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:48-60. [PMID: 36950281 PMCID: PMC10025986 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas systems are able to cleave dsDNA in mammalian cells. Accordingly, they have been employed to target the genomes of dsDNA viruses, mostly when present in cells in a non-replicative state with low copy numbers. However, the sheer amount of viral DNA produced within a very short time by certain lytically replicating viruses potentially brings the capacities of CRISPR-Cas systems to their limits. The accessibility of viral DNA replication sites, short time of accessibility of the DNA before encapsidation, or its complexation with shielding proteins are further potential hurdles. Adenoviruses are fast-replicating dsDNA viruses for which no approved antiviral therapy currently exists. We evaluated the potency of CRISPR-Cas9 in inhibiting the replication of human adenovirus 5 in vitro by targeting its master regulator E1A with a set of guide RNAs and observed a decrease in infectious virus particles by up to three orders of magnitude. Target DNA cleavage also negatively impacted the amount of viral DNA accumulated during the infection cycle. This outcome was mainly caused by specific deletions, inversions, and duplications occurring between target sites, which abolished most E1A functions in most cases. Additionally, we compared two strategies for multiplex gRNA expression and obtained comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Didara
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Florian Reithofer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Karina Zöttl
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Alexander Jürets
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Izabella Kiss
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Angela Witte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology, and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Klein
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Corresponding author: Reinhard Klein, Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria.
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Windheim M, Reubold TF, Aichane K, Gaestel M, Burgert HG. Enforced Dimerization of CD45 by the Adenovirus E3/49K Protein Inhibits T Cell Receptor Signaling. J Virol 2023; 97:e0189822. [PMID: 37125921 PMCID: PMC10231199 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01898-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are widespread pathogens that generally cause mild infections in immunocompetent individuals but severe or even fatal diseases in immunocompromised patients. In order to counteract the host immune defenses, HAdVs encode various immunomodulatory proteins in the early transcription unit 3 (E3). The E3/49K protein is a highly glycosylated type I transmembrane protein uniquely expressed by species D HAdVs. Its N-terminal ectodomain sec49K is released by metalloprotease-mediated shedding at the cell surface and binds to the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45, a critical regulator of leukocyte activation and functions. It remained elusive which domains of CD45 and E3/49K are involved in the interaction and whether such an interaction can also occur on the cell surface with membrane-anchored full-length E3/49K. Here, we show that the two extracellular domains R1 and R2 of E3/49K bind to the same site in the domain d3 of CD45. This interaction enforces the dimerization of CD45, causing the inhibition of T cell receptor signaling. Intriguingly, the membrane-anchored E3/49K appears to be designed like a "molecular fishing rod" using an extended disordered region of E3/49K as a "fishing line" to bridge the distance between the plasma membrane of infected cells and the CD45 binding site on T cells to effectively position the domains R1 and R2 as baits for CD45 binding. This design strongly suggests that both secreted sec49K as well as membrane-anchored full-length E3/49K have immunomodulatory functions. The forced dimerization of CD45 may be applied as a therapeutic strategy in chronic inflammatory disorders and cancer. IMPORTANCE The battle between viruses and their hosts is an ongoing arms race. Whereas the host tries to detect and eliminate the virus, the latter counteracts such antiviral measures to replicate and spread. Adenoviruses have evolved various mechanisms to evade the human immune response. The E3/49K protein of species D adenoviruses mediates the inhibition of immune cell function via binding to the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Here, we show that E3/49K triggers the dimerization of CD45 and thereby inhibits its phosphatase activity. Intriguingly, the membrane-anchored E3/49K seems to be designed like a "molecular fishing rod" with the two CD45 binding domains of E3/49K as baits positioned at the end of an extended disordered region reminiscent of a fishing line. The adenoviral strategy to inhibit CD45 activity by forced dimerization may be used for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune diseases or to prevent graft rejection after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Windheim
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Reubold
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Khadija Aichane
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerhard Burgert
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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MacNeil KM, Dodge MJ, Evans AM, Tessier TM, Weinberg JB, Mymryk JS. Adenoviruses in medicine: innocuous pathogen, predator, or partner. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:4-19. [PMID: 36336610 PMCID: PMC9742145 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections are generally mild. However, despite the perception that HAdVs are harmless, infections can cause severe disease in certain individuals, including newborns, the immunocompromised, and those with pre-existing conditions, including respiratory or cardiac disease. In addition, HAdV outbreaks remain relatively common events and the recent emergence of more pathogenic genomic variants of various genotypes has been well documented. Coupled with evidence of zoonotic transmission, interspecies recombination, and the lack of approved AdV antivirals or widely available vaccines, HAdVs remain a threat to public health. At the same time, the detailed understanding of AdV biology garnered over nearly 7 decades of study has made this group of viruses a molecular workhorse for vaccine and gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andris M Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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11
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Fortingo N, Melnyk S, Sutton SH, Watsky MA, Bollag WB. Innate Immune System Activation, Inflammation and Corneal Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314933. [PMID: 36499260 PMCID: PMC9740891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal wounds resulting from injury, surgeries, or other intrusions not only cause pain, but also can predispose an individual to infection. While some inflammation may be beneficial to protect against microbial infection of wounds, the inflammatory process, if excessive, may delay corneal wound healing. An examination of the literature on the effect of inflammation on corneal wound healing suggests that manipulations that result in reductions in severe or chronic inflammation lead to better outcomes in terms of corneal clarity, thickness, and healing. However, some acute inflammation is necessary to allow efficient bacterial and fungal clearance and prevent corneal infection. This inflammation can be triggered by microbial components that activate the innate immune system through toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. In particular, TLR2 and TLR4 activation leads to pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) activation. Similarly, endogenous molecules released from disrupted cells, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), can also activate TLR2, TLR4 and NFκB, with the resultant inflammation worsening the outcome of corneal wound healing. In sterile keratitis without infection, inflammation can occur though TLRs to impact corneal wound healing and reduce corneal transparency. This review demonstrates the need for acute inflammation to prevent pathogenic infiltration, while supporting the idea that a reduction in chronic and/or excessive inflammation will allow for improved wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyemkuna Fortingo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
| | - Samuel Melnyk
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
| | - Sarah H. Sutton
- Department of Medical Illustration, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Watsky
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(706)-721-0698
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12
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Veugen JMJ, Nuijts RMMA, van den Biggelaar FJHM, Gijs M, Savelkoul PHM, Wolffs PFG, Dickman MM. Effectiveness of Commonly Used Contact Lens Disinfectants Against SARS-CoV-2. Eye Contact Lens 2022; 48:362-368. [PMID: 35971234 PMCID: PMC9398461 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of commonly used contact lens disinfectants against severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS The efficacy of five disinfectant solutions against SARS-CoV-2 was tested in the presence and absence of contact lenses (CLs). Three types of unused CLs (hard gas permeable, soft hydrogel, and soft silicone hydrogel) and worn silicone hydrogel CLs were tested. Contact lenses were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and disinfected at various times, with and without rubbing and rinsing, as per manufacturer's instructions. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and viability polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were applied to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and viral infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, respectively. RESULTS In the presence of SARS-CoV-2-infected CLs, no SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected when disinfectant solutions were used according to the manufacturer's instructions. When SARS-Co-V2-infected CLs were disinfected without the rub-and-rinse step, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected at almost each time interval with each disinfecting solution tested for both new and worn CLs. In the absence of CLs, viable SARS-CoV-2 was detected with all disinfectant solutions except Menicon Progent at all time points. CONCLUSIONS Disinfectant solutions effectively disinfect CLs from SARS-CoV-2 if manufacturer's instructions are followed. The rub-and-rinse regimen is mainly responsible for disinfection. The viability PCR may be useful to indicate potential infectiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. J. Veugen
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs) (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology (J.M.J.V., P.H.M.S., P.F.G.W.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) (J.M.J.V., P.F.G.W.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology (R.M.M.A.N.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control (P.H.M.S.), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudy M. M. A. Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs) (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology (J.M.J.V., P.H.M.S., P.F.G.W.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) (J.M.J.V., P.F.G.W.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology (R.M.M.A.N.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control (P.H.M.S.), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. H. M. van den Biggelaar
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs) (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology (J.M.J.V., P.H.M.S., P.F.G.W.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) (J.M.J.V., P.F.G.W.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology (R.M.M.A.N.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control (P.H.M.S.), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies Gijs
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs) (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology (J.M.J.V., P.H.M.S., P.F.G.W.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) (J.M.J.V., P.F.G.W.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology (R.M.M.A.N.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control (P.H.M.S.), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul H. M. Savelkoul
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs) (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology (J.M.J.V., P.H.M.S., P.F.G.W.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) (J.M.J.V., P.F.G.W.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology (R.M.M.A.N.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control (P.H.M.S.), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra F. G. Wolffs
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs) (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology (J.M.J.V., P.H.M.S., P.F.G.W.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) (J.M.J.V., P.F.G.W.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology (R.M.M.A.N.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control (P.H.M.S.), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mor M. Dickman
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs) (J.M.J.V., R.M.M.A.N., F.J.H.M.v.d.B., M.G., M.M.D.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology (J.M.J.V., P.H.M.S., P.F.G.W.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) (J.M.J.V., P.F.G.W.), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology (R.M.M.A.N.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control (P.H.M.S.), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Islam MM, Chivu A, AbuSamra DB, Saha A, Chowdhuri S, Pramanik B, Dohlman CH, Das D, Argüeso P, Rajaiya J, Patra HK, Chodosh J. Crosslinker-free collagen gelation for corneal regeneration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9108. [PMID: 35650270 PMCID: PMC9160259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an artificial cornea can potentially fulfil the demand of donor corneas for transplantation as the number of donors is far less than needed to treat corneal blindness. Collagen-based artificial corneas stand out as a regenerative option, having promising clinical outcomes. Collagen crosslinked with chemical crosslinkers which modify the parent functional groups of collagen. However, crosslinkers are usually cytotoxic, so crosslinkers need to be removed from implants completely before application in humans. In addition, crosslinked products are mechanically weak and susceptible to enzymatic degradation. We developed a crosslinker free supramolecular gelation strategy using pyrene conjugated dipeptide amphiphile (PyKC) consisting of lysine and cysteine; in which collagen molecules are intertwined inside the PyKC network without any functional group modification of the collagen. The newly developed collagen implants (Coll-PyKC) are optically transparent and can effectively block UV light, are mechanically and enzymatically stable, and can be sutured. The Coll-PyKC implants support the growth and function of all corneal cells, trigger anti-inflammatory differentiation while suppressing the pro-inflammatory differentiation of human monocytes. Coll-PyKC implants can restrict human adenovirus propagation. Therefore, this crosslinker-free strategy can be used for the repair, healing, and regeneration of the cornea, and potentially other damaged organs of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirazul Islam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Alexandru Chivu
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Dina B AbuSamra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Amrita Saha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sumit Chowdhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Claes H Dohlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hirak K Patra
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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14
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The Communication between Ocular Surface and Nasal Epithelia in 3D Cell Culture Technology for Translational Research: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312994. [PMID: 34884799 PMCID: PMC8657734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the connection between the ocular and nasal epithelia. This narrative review focuses on conjunctival, corneal, ultrastructural corneal stroma, and nasal epithelia as well as an introduction into their interconnections. We describe in detail the morphology and physiology of the ocular surface, the nasolacrimal ducts, and the nasal cavity. This knowledge provides a basis for functional studies and the development of relevant cell culture models that can be used to investigate the pathogenesis of diseases related to these complex structures. Moreover, we also provide a state-of-the-art overview regarding the development of 3D culture models, which allow for addressing research questions in models resembling the in vivo situation. In particular, we give an overview of the current developments of corneal 3D and organoid models, as well as 3D cell culture models of epithelia with goblet cells (conjunctiva and nasal cavity). The benefits and shortcomings of these cell culture models are discussed. As examples for pathogens related to ocular and nasal epithelia, we discuss infections caused by adenovirus and measles virus. In addition to pathogens, also external triggers such as allergens can cause rhinoconjunctivitis. These diseases exemplify the interconnections between the ocular surface and nasal epithelia in a molecular and clinical context. With a final translational section on optical coherence tomography (OCT), we provide an overview about the applicability of this technique in basic research and clinical ophthalmology. The techniques presented herein will be instrumental in further elucidating the functional interrelations and crosstalk between ocular and nasal epithelia.
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15
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Argüeso P, Woodward AM, AbuSamra DB. The Epithelial Cell Glycocalyx in Ocular Surface Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729260. [PMID: 34497615 PMCID: PMC8419333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is the main component of the transcellular barrier located at the interface between the ocular surface epithelia and the external environment. This barrier extends up to 500 nm from the plasma membrane and projects into the tear fluid bathing the surface of the eye. Under homeostatic conditions, defense molecules in the glycocalyx, such as transmembrane mucins, resist infection. However, many pathogenic microorganisms have evolved to exploit components of the glycocalyx in order to gain access to epithelial cells and consequently exert deleterious effects. This manuscript reviews the implications of the ocular surface epithelial glycocalyx to bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection. Moreover, it presents some ongoing controversies surrounding the functional relevance of the epithelial glycocalyx to ocular infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ashley M Woodward
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dina B AbuSamra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Sharma B, Soni D, Mohan RR, Sarkar D, Gupta R, Chauhan K, Karkhur S, Morya AK. Corticosteroids in the Management of Infectious Keratitis: A Concise Review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:452-463. [PMID: 34448619 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is devastating corneal morbidity with a variable spectrum of clinical manifestations depending on the infective etiology. Irrespective of the varied presentation delayed treatment can lead to severe visual impairment resulting from corneal ulceration, possible perforation, and subsequent scarring. Corticosteroids with a potent anti-inflammatory activity reduce host inflammation, thus minimizing resultant scarring while improving ocular symptoms. These potential effects of corticosteroids have been applied widely to treat various corneal diseases ranging from vernal keratoconjunctivitis to dry eye disease. However, antimicrobial therapy remains the mainstay of treatment in microbial keratitis, whereas the use of adjunctive topical corticosteroid therapy remains a matter of debate. Understandably, the use of topical corticosteroids is a double-edged sword with pros and cons in the treatment of microbial keratitis. Herein we review the rationale for and against the use and safety of topical corticosteroids in the treatment of infective keratitis. Important considerations, including type, dose, efficacy, the timing of initiation of corticosteroids, use of concomitant antimicrobial agents, and duration of corticosteroid therapy while prescribing corticosteroids for microbial keratitis, have been discussed. This review intends to provide new insights into the therapeutic utility of steroids as adjunctive treatment of corneal ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Deepak Soni
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Deepayan Sarkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Rituka Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Khushboo Chauhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Samendra Karkhur
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Arvind K Morya
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Arnberg N, Lenman A. Special Issue "Adenovirus Pathogenesis". Viruses 2021; 13:v13061112. [PMID: 34200540 PMCID: PMC8227180 DOI: 10.3390/v13061112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Arnberg
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Annasara Lenman
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (A.L.)
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