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Taylor IA, Fassati A. The capsid revolution. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 15:mjad076. [PMID: 38037430 PMCID: PMC11193064 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lenacapavir, targeting the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) capsid, is the first-in-class antiretroviral drug recently approved for clinical use. The development of Lenacapavir is attributed to the remarkable progress in our understanding of the capsid protein made during the last few years. Considered little more than a component of the virus shell to be shed early during infection, the capsid has been found to be a key player in the HIV-1 life cycle by interacting with multiple host factors, entering the nucleus, and directing integration. Here, we describe the key advances that led to this 'capsid revolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ariberto Fassati
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PP, UK
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Gifford LB, Melikyan GB. HIV-1 Capsid Uncoating Is a Multistep Process That Proceeds through Defect Formation Followed by Disassembly of the Capsid Lattice. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2928-2947. [PMID: 38241476 PMCID: PMC10832047 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The HIV-1 core consists of a cone-shaped capsid shell made of capsid protein (CA) hexamers and pentamers encapsulating the viral genome. HIV-1 capsid disassembly, referred to as uncoating, is important for productive infection; however, the location, timing, and regulation of uncoating remain controversial. Here, we employ amber codon suppression to directly label CA. In addition, a fluid phase fluorescent probe is incorporated into the viral core to detect small defects in the capsid lattice. This double-labeling strategy enables the visualization of uncoating of single cores in vitro and in living cells, which we found to always proceed through at least two distinct steps─the formation of a defect in the capsid lattice that initiates gradual loss of CA below a detectable level. Importantly, intact cores containing the fluid phase and CA fluorescent markers enter and uncoat in the nucleus, as evidenced by a sequential loss of both markers, prior to establishing productive infection. This two-step uncoating process is observed in different cells, including a macrophage line. Notably, the lag between the release of fluid phase marker and terminal loss of CA appears to be independent of the cell type or reverse transcription and is much longer (>5-fold) for nuclear capsids compared to cell-free cores or cores in the cytosol, suggesting that the capsid lattice is stabilized by capsid-binding nuclear factors. Our results imply that intact HIV-1 cores enter the cell nucleus and that uncoating is initiated through a localized defect in the capsid lattice prior to a global loss of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi B. Gifford
- Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Children’s
Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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3
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McFadden WM, Sarafianos SG. Targeting the HIV-1 and HBV Capsids, an EnCore. Viruses 2023; 15:896. [PMID: 37112877 PMCID: PMC10146275 DOI: 10.3390/v15040896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Not many structures are common among all viruses: only nucleic acid and a protein coat [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. McFadden
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Genetic Code Expansion and Bio-Orthogonal Labeling Reveal Intact HIV-1 Capsids inside the Nucleus. mBio 2022; 13:e0234622. [PMID: 36098403 PMCID: PMC9600262 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02346-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopy is one of the few techniques that can directly observe the HIV-1 capsid as it traverses the cell. However, an extrinsic or intrinsic label is needed to facilitate detection and this can perturb capsid behavior. Now, S. Schifferdecker, V. Zila, T. G. Muller, V. Sakin, et al. (mBio:e0195922, 2022, https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.01959-22) have developed an ingenious direct labeling technology that uses genetic code expansion and click chemistry to produce infectious viruses whose capsids are labeled with only a single modified amino acid. Using this new system, together with electron tomography, the authors demonstrate that the capsid remains intact during its transport into the nucleus of T cells, supporting a late model of uncoating immediately before integration. Combining direct-labeled capsids with fluorescent nonstructural viral proteins or host cofactors promises to be hugely enabling for future studies. Moreover, the potential to install a bio-orthogonal label site specifically in the capsid is likely to have exciting applications beyond imaging.
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Yoh SM, Mamede JI, Lau D, Ahn N, Sánchez-Aparicio MT, Temple J, Tuckwell A, Fuchs NV, Cianci GC, Riva L, Curry H, Yin X, Gambut S, Simons LM, Hultquist JF, König R, Xiong Y, García-Sastre A, Böcking T, Hope TJ, Chanda SK. Recognition of HIV-1 capsid by PQBP1 licenses an innate immune sensing of nascent HIV-1 DNA. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2871-2884.e6. [PMID: 35809572 PMCID: PMC9552964 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described polyglutamine-binding protein 1 (PQBP1) as an adapter required for the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-mediated innate response to the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and other lentiviruses. Cytoplasmic HIV-1 DNA is a transient and low-abundance pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), and the mechanism for its detection and verification is not fully understood. Here, we show a two-factor authentication strategy by the innate surveillance machinery to selectively respond to the low concentration of HIV-1 DNA, while distinguishing these species from extranuclear DNA molecules. We find that, upon HIV-1 infection, PQBP1 decorates the intact viral capsid, and this serves as a primary verification step for the viral nucleic acid cargo. As reverse transcription and capsid disassembly initiate, cGAS is recruited to the capsid in a PQBP1-dependent manner. This positions cGAS at the site of PAMP generation and sanctions its response to a low-abundance DNA PAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnie M Yoh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - João I Mamede
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Derrick Lau
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Narae Ahn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria T Sánchez-Aparicio
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joshua Temple
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Andrew Tuckwell
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nina V Fuchs
- Host-Pathogen Interaction, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Gianguido C Cianci
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Laura Riva
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Heather Curry
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, P.R. China
| | - Stéphanie Gambut
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interaction, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Mendes A, Heil HS, Coelho S, Leterrier C, Henriques R. Mapping molecular complexes with super-resolution microscopy and single-particle analysis. Open Biol 2022; 12:220079. [PMID: 35892200 PMCID: PMC9326279 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure of supramolecular complexes provides insight into their functional capabilities and how they can be modulated in the context of disease. Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) excels in performing this task by resolving ultrastructural details at the nanoscale with molecular specificity. However, technical limitations, such as underlabelling, preclude its ability to provide complete structures. Single-particle analysis (SPA) overcomes this limitation by combining information from multiple images of identical structures and producing an averaged model, effectively enhancing the resolution and coverage of image reconstructions. This review highlights important studies using SRM-SPA, demonstrating how it broadens our knowledge by elucidating features of key biological structures with unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simao Coelho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Ricardo Henriques
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal,MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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