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Piacentini J, Allen DS, Ganser-Pornillos BK, Chanda SK, Yoh SM, Pornillos O. Molecular Determinants of PQBP1 Binding to the HIV-1 Capsid Lattice. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168409. [PMID: 38128824 PMCID: PMC10885737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) stimulates innate immune responses upon infection, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) signaling that results in type I interferon production. HIV-1-induced activation of cGAS requires the host cell factor polyglutamine binding protein 1 (PQBP1), an intrinsically disordered protein that bridges capsid recognition and cGAS recruitment. However, the molecular details of PQBP1 interactions with the HIV-1 capsid and their functional implications remain poorly understood. Here, we show that PQBP1 binds to HIV-1 capsids through charge complementing contacts between acidic residues in the N-terminal region of PQBP1 and an arginine ring in the central channel of the HIV-1 CA hexamer that makes up the viral capsid. These studies reveal the molecular details of PQBP1's primary interaction with the HIV-1 capsid and suggest that additional elements are likely to contribute to stable capsid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Piacentini
- University of Virginia, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dale S Allen
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barbie K Ganser-Pornillos
- University of Virginia, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, Charlottesville, VA, USA; University of Utah, Department of Biochemistry, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sunnie M Yoh
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Owen Pornillos
- University of Virginia, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, Charlottesville, VA, USA; University of Utah, Department of Biochemistry, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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2
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Yoh SM, Mamede JI, Lau D, Ahn N, Sánchez-Aparicio MT, Temple J, Tuckwell A, Fuchs NV, Cianci GC, Riva L, Curry H, Yin X, Gambut S, Simons LM, Hultquist JF, König R, Xiong Y, García-Sastre A, Böcking T, Hope TJ, Chanda SK. Recognition of HIV-1 capsid by PQBP1 licenses an innate immune sensing of nascent HIV-1 DNA. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2871-2884.e6. [PMID: 35809572 PMCID: PMC9552964 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described polyglutamine-binding protein 1 (PQBP1) as an adapter required for the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-mediated innate response to the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and other lentiviruses. Cytoplasmic HIV-1 DNA is a transient and low-abundance pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), and the mechanism for its detection and verification is not fully understood. Here, we show a two-factor authentication strategy by the innate surveillance machinery to selectively respond to the low concentration of HIV-1 DNA, while distinguishing these species from extranuclear DNA molecules. We find that, upon HIV-1 infection, PQBP1 decorates the intact viral capsid, and this serves as a primary verification step for the viral nucleic acid cargo. As reverse transcription and capsid disassembly initiate, cGAS is recruited to the capsid in a PQBP1-dependent manner. This positions cGAS at the site of PAMP generation and sanctions its response to a low-abundance DNA PAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnie M Yoh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - João I Mamede
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Derrick Lau
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Narae Ahn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria T Sánchez-Aparicio
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joshua Temple
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Andrew Tuckwell
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nina V Fuchs
- Host-Pathogen Interaction, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Gianguido C Cianci
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Laura Riva
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Heather Curry
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, P.R. China
| | - Stéphanie Gambut
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interaction, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Jain P, Boso G, Langer S, Soonthornvacharin S, De Jesus PD, Nguyen Q, Olivieri KC, Portillo AJ, Yoh SM, Pache L, Chanda SK. Large-Scale Arrayed Analysis of Protein Degradation Reveals Cellular Targets for HIV-1 Vpu. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2493-2503. [PMID: 29490283 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accessory proteins of lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, target cellular restriction factors to enhance viral replication. Systematic analyses of proteins that are targeted for degradation by HIV-1 accessory proteins may provide a better understanding of viral immune evasion strategies. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform developed to study cellular protein stability in a highly parallelized matrix format. We used this approach to identify cellular targets of the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu through arrayed coexpression with 433 interferon-stimulated genes, followed by differential fluorescent labeling and automated image analysis. Among the previously unreported Vpu targets identified by this approach, we find that the E2 ligase mediating ISG15 conjugation, UBE2L6, and the transmembrane protein PLP2 are targeted by Vpu during HIV-1 infection to facilitate late-stage replication. This study provides a framework for the systematic and high-throughput evaluation of protein stability and establishes a more comprehensive portrait of cellular Vpu targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jain
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guney Boso
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simon Langer
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen Soonthornvacharin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul D De Jesus
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Quy Nguyen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin C Olivieri
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alex J Portillo
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sunnie M Yoh
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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4
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Deng M, Guo H, König R, Riess M, Mo J, Zhang L, Petrucelli A, Yoh SM, Zhang A, Colberg-Poley AM, Feng H, Lemon SM, Zhang Z, Damania B, Tsao LC, Wang Q, Su L, Duncan JA, Chanda SK, Ting JP. NLRX1 promotes HIV-1 and DNA viruses replication by blocking STING-TBK1 innate immune signaling. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.158.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Microbial infections are the most common cause of death in humans. Type I interferon (IFN-I) is a key element bridging the host innate and adaptive immune response against infections. Delineating the molecular regulation network of IFN-I signaling is critical for developing novel antiviral strategy and benefiting rational therapy. Using an unbiased siRNA screen, we find NLRX1, one nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein, is a host factor that promotes an early step of HIV-1 infection. NLRX1 suppresses type-I interferon (IFN-I) and cytokines in response to HIV-1 reverse-transcribed DNA and enhances the nuclear import of HIV-1 DNA. In addition to HIV, NLRX1 also reduces STING-dependent host response to cytosolic DNA, c-di-GMP, cGAMP, and DNA virus. Mechanistically, NLRX1 associates with STING in mitochondria-associated ER membranes, and prevents STING recruiting TBK1 and activating downstream interferon signaling. By using purified recombinant proteins, we found NLRX1 interacts directly with STING. Furthermore, DNA virus infected Nlrx1−/− mice exhibited enhanced innate immunity and reduced morbidity and viral load. In summary, these findings reveal that NLRX1 is a checkpoint protein for DNA sensing adaptor STING and may represent a novel precision target for anti-viral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Deng
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Haitao Guo
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Renate König
- 2Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Maximilian Riess
- 3Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, German Center for Infection Research, Germany
| | - Jinyao Mo
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lu Zhang
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Alex Petrucelli
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Sunnie M. Yoh
- 2Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Aiping Zhang
- 4Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center
| | - Anamaris M. Colberg-Poley
- 5Departments of Integrative Systems Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University
| | - Hui Feng
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Blossom Damania
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Li-Chung Tsao
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Qi Wang
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lishan Su
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Joseph A. Duncan
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- 2Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Jenny P Ting
- 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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5
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Soonthornvacharin S, Rodriguez-Frandsen A, Zhou Y, Galvez F, Huffmaster NJ, Tripathi S, Balasubramaniam VRMT, Inoue A, de Castro E, Moulton H, Stein DA, Sánchez-Aparicio MT, De Jesus PD, Nguyen Q, König R, Krogan NJ, García-Sastre A, Yoh SM, Chanda SK. Systems-based analysis of RIG-I-dependent signalling identifies KHSRP as an inhibitor of RIG-I receptor activation. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17022. [PMID: 28248290 PMCID: PMC5338947 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) receptor recognizes 5'-triphosphorylated RNA and triggers a signalling cascade that results in the induction of type-I interferon (IFN)-dependent responses. Its precise regulation represents a pivotal balance between antiviral defences and autoimmunity. To elucidate the cellular cofactors that regulate RIG-I signalling, we performed two global RNA interference analyses to identify both positive and negative regulatory nodes operating on the signalling pathway during virus infection. These factors were integrated with experimentally and computationally derived interactome data to build a RIG-I protein interaction network. Our analysis revealed diverse cellular processes, including the unfolded protein response, Wnt signalling and RNA metabolism, as critical cellular components governing innate responses to non-self RNA species. Importantly, we identified K-Homology Splicing Regulatory Protein (KHSRP) as a negative regulator of this pathway. We find that KHSRP associates with the regulatory domain of RIG-I to maintain the receptor in an inactive state and attenuate its sensing of viral RNA (vRNA). Consistent with increased RIG-I antiviral signalling in the absence of KHSRP, viral replication is reduced when KHSRP expression is knocked down both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that KHSRP functions as a checkpoint regulator of the innate immune response to pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Soonthornvacharin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ariel Rodriguez-Frandsen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yingyao Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Felipe Galvez
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas J Huffmaster
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Vinod R M T Balasubramaniam
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Atsushi Inoue
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Elisa de Castro
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Hong Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, 450 SW 30th Street, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - David A Stein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, 450 SW 30th Street, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - María Teresa Sánchez-Aparicio
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Paul D De Jesus
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Quy Nguyen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Renate König
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Host-Pathogen-Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 308D, Box 2530, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sunnie M Yoh
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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6
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Guo H, König R, Deng M, Riess M, Mo J, Zhang L, Petrucelli A, Yoh SM, Barefoot B, Samo M, Sempowski GD, Zhang A, Colberg-Poley AM, Feng H, Lemon SM, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wen H, Zhang Z, Damania B, Tsao LC, Wang Q, Su L, Duncan JA, Chanda SK, Ting JPY. NLRX1 Sequesters STING to Negatively Regulate the Interferon Response, Thereby Facilitating the Replication of HIV-1 and DNA Viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:515-528. [PMID: 27078069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the negative regulators of antiviral immune responses will be critical for advancing immune-modulated antiviral strategies. NLRX1, an NLR protein that negatively regulates innate immunity, was previously identified in an unbiased siRNA screen as required for HIV infection. We find that NLRX1 depletion results in impaired nuclear import of HIV-1 DNA in human monocytic cells. Additionally, NLRX1 was observed to reduce type-I interferon (IFN-I) and cytokines in response to HIV-1 reverse-transcribed DNA. NLRX1 sequesters the DNA-sensing adaptor STING from interaction with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which is a requisite for IFN-1 induction in response to DNA. NLRX1-deficient cells generate an amplified STING-dependent host response to cytosolic DNA, c-di-GMP, cGAMP, HIV-1, and DNA viruses. Accordingly, Nlrx1(-/-) mice infected with DNA viruses exhibit enhanced innate immunity and reduced viral load. Thus, NLRX1 is a negative regulator of the host innate immune response to HIV-1 and DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Renate König
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Host-Pathogen-Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Meng Deng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Maximilian Riess
- Host-Pathogen-Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Jinyao Mo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alex Petrucelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sunnie M Yoh
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brice Barefoot
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Melissa Samo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Anamaris M Colberg-Poley
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.,Departments of Integrative Systems Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li-Chung Tsao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph A Duncan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Departments of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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7
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Yoh SM, Schneider M, Seifried J, Soonthornvacharin S, Akleh RE, Olivieri KC, De Jesus PD, Ruan C, de Castro E, Ruiz PA, Germanaud D, des Portes V, García-Sastre A, König R, Chanda SK. PQBP1 Is a Proximal Sensor of the cGAS-Dependent Innate Response to HIV-1. Cell 2015; 161:1293-1305. [PMID: 26046437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the immune response to viral infection through the facilitation of cell-intrinsic antiviral activity and the activation of adaptive immunity. HIV-1 infection of DCs triggers an IRF3-dependent innate immune response, which requires the activity of cyclic GAMP synthase (cGAS). We report the results of a targeted RNAi screen utilizing primary human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) to identify immune regulators that directly interface with HIV-1-encoded features to initiate this innate response. Polyglutamine binding protein 1 (PQBP1) emerged as a strong candidate through this analysis. We found that PQBP1 directly binds to reverse-transcribed HIV-1 DNA and interacts with cGAS to initiate an IRF3-dependent innate response. MDDCs derived from Renpenning syndrome patients, who harbor mutations in the PQBP1 locus, possess a severely attenuated innate immune response to HIV-1 challenge, underscoring the role of PQBP1 as a proximal innate sensor of a HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnie M Yoh
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92116
| | - Monika Schneider
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92116
| | - Janna Seifried
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Stephen Soonthornvacharin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92116
| | - Rana E Akleh
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92116
| | - Kevin C Olivieri
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92116
| | - Paul D De Jesus
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92116
| | - Chunhai Ruan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Elisa de Castro
- Department of Microbiology, and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029
| | - Pedro A Ruiz
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92116
| | - David Germanaud
- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, DHU PROTECT, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique et Pathologie Métabolique, F-75019 Paris 2. Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, F-75010
| | - Vincent des Portes
- National Reference Center for Fragile X and Other XLID, Biobank NeuroBioTec, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon and CNRS UMR 5304 (L2C2), Bron, France
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029
| | - Renate König
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92116.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Langen, Germany
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92116
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Yoh SM, Lucas JS, Jones KA. The Iws1:Spt6:CTD complex controls cotranscriptional mRNA biosynthesis and HYPB/Setd2-mediated histone H3K36 methylation. Genes Dev 2009; 22:3422-34. [PMID: 19141475 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1720008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many steps in gene expression and mRNA biosynthesis are coupled to transcription elongation and organized through the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). We showed recently that Spt6, a transcription elongation factor and histone H3 chaperone, binds to the Ser2P CTD and recruits Iws1 and the REF1/Aly mRNA export adaptor to facilitate mRNA export. Here we show that Iws1 also recruits the HYPB/Setd2 histone methyltransferase to the RNAPII elongation complex and is required for H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) across the transcribed region of the c-Myc, HIV-1, and PABPC1 genes in vivo. Interestingly, knockdown of either Iws1 or HYPB/Setd2 also enhanced H3K27me3 at the 5' end of the PABPC1 gene, and depletion of Iws1, but not HYPB/Setd2, increased histone acetylation across the coding regions at the HIV-1 and PABPC1 genes in vivo. Knockdown of HYPB/Setd2, like Iws1, induced bulk HeLa poly(A)+ mRNAs to accumulate in the nucleus. In vitro, recombinant Spt6 binds selectively to a stretch of uninterrupted consensus repeats located in the N-terminal half of the CTD and recruits Iws1. Thus Iws1 connects two distinct CTD-binding proteins, Spt6 and HYPB/Setd2, in a megacomplex that affects mRNA export as well as the histone modification state of active genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnie M Yoh
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Brès V, Yoh SM, Jones KA. The multi-tasking P-TEFb complex. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:334-40. [PMID: 18513937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
P-TEFb (CycT1:Cdk9), the metazoan RNA polymerase II Ser2 C-terminal domain (CTD) kinase, regulates transcription elongation at many genes and integrates mRNA synthesis with histone modification, pre-mRNA processing, and mRNA export. Recruitment of P-TEFb to target genes requires deubiquitination of H2Bub, phosphorylation of H3S10, and the bromodomain protein, Brd4. Brd4 activates growth-related genes in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and can also tether P-TEFb to mitotic chromosomes, possibly to mark sites of active transcription throughout cell division. P-TEFb co-operates with c-Myc during transactivation and cell transformation, and also requires SKIP (c-Ski-interacting protein), an mRNA elongation and splicing factor. Some functions of the P-TEFb/Ser2P CTD are executed by the Spt6 transcription elongation factor, which binds directly to the phosphorylated CTD and recruits the Iws1 ('interacts with Spt6') protein. Iws1, in turn, interacts with the REF1/Aly nuclear export adaptor and stimulates the kinetics of mRNA export. Given the prominent role of Spt6 in regulating chromatin structure, the CTD-bound Spt6:Iws1 complex may also control histone modifications during elongation. Following transcription, P-TEFb accompanies the mature mRNA to the cytoplasm to promote translation elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Brès
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1099, USA
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Yoh SM, Cho H, Pickle L, Evans RM, Jones KA. The Spt6 SH2 domain binds Ser2-P RNAPII to direct Iws1-dependent mRNA splicing and export. Genes Dev 2007; 21:160-74. [PMID: 17234882 PMCID: PMC1770899 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1503107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spt6 promotes transcription elongation at many genes and functions as a histone H3 chaperone to alter chromatin structure during transcription. We show here that mammalian Spt6 binds Ser2-phosphorylated (Ser2P) RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) through a primitive SH2 domain, which recognizes phosphoserine rather than phosphotyrosine residues. Surprisingly, a point mutation in the Spt6 SH2 domain (R1358K) blocked binding to RNAPIIo without affecting transcription elongation rates in vitro. However, HIV-1 and c-myc RNAs formed in cells expressing the mutant Spt6 protein were longer than normal and contained splicing defects. Ectopic expression of the wild-type, but not mutant, Spt6 SH2 domain, caused bulk poly(A)+ RNAs to be retained in the nucleus, further suggesting a widespread role for Spt6 in mRNA processing or assembly of export-competent mRNP particles. We cloned the human Spt6-interacting protein, hIws1 (interacts with Spt6), and found that it associates with the nuclear RNA export factor, REF1/Aly. Depletion of endogenous hIws1 resulted in mRNA processing defects, lower levels of REF1/Aly at the c-myc gene, and nuclear retention of bulk HeLa poly(A)+ RNAs in vivo. Thus binding of Spt6 to Ser2-P RNAPII provides a cotranscriptional mechanism to recruit Iws1, REF1/Aly, and associated mRNA processing, surveillance, and export factors to responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnie M. Yoh
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Helen Cho
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Loni Pickle
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Katherine A. Jones
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnie M Yoh
- Section of Microbiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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12
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Yoh SM, Privalsky ML. Transcriptional repression by thyroid hormone receptors. A role for receptor homodimers in the recruitment of SMRT corepressor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:16857-67. [PMID: 11278601 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010022200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors, such as the thyroid hormone receptors (T3Rs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), are ligand-regulated transcription factors that control key aspects of metazoan gene expression. T3Rs can bind to DNA either as receptor homodimers or as heterodimers with RXRs. Once bound to DNA, nuclear hormone receptors regulate target gene expression by recruiting auxiliary proteins, denoted corepressors and coactivators. We report here that T3R homodimers assembled on DNA exhibit particularly strong interactions with the SMRT corepressor, whereas T3R.RXR heterodimers are inefficient at binding to SMRT. Mutants of T3R that exhibit enhanced repression properties, such as the v-Erb A oncoprotein or the T3Rbeta-Delta432 mutant found in human resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome, display enhanced homodimerization properties and exhibit unusually strong interactions with the SMRT corepressor. Significantly, the topology of a DNA binding site can determine whether that site recruits primarily homodimers or heterodimers and therefore whether corepressor is efficiently or inefficiently recruited to the resulting receptor-DNA complex. We suggest that T3R homodimers, and not heterodimers, may be important mediators of transcriptional repression and that the nature of the DNA binding site, by selecting for receptor homodimers or heterodimers, can influence the ability of the receptor to recruit corepressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yoh
- Section of Microbiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (T3Rs) both repress and activate gene transcription by interacting with auxiliary factors denoted corepressors and coactivators. Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) syndrome in humans is manifested as a failure to respond properly to elevated circulating thyroid hormone. RTH syndrome has been mapped to T3Rbeta mutations that alter the transcriptional properties of the receptor, resulting in a dominant negative phenotype. We report here a characterization of a series of RTH mutant T3Rs that exhibit unusual interactions with corepressor. Two mutations in receptor helix 11 (delta430, delta432) greatly enhance the ability of the mutant receptors to bind to corepressor. A distinct mutation, V264D, in an 'omega loop' region of the receptor, impairs corepressor release but does not fully eliminate the ability to recruit coactivator. These mutations reveal novel determinants that regulate the interaction of the T3R with important ancillary cofactors, and that are disrupted in a human endocrine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yoh
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, 95616, USA.
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Lin BC, Hong SH, Krig S, Yoh SM, Privalsky ML. A conformational switch in nuclear hormone receptors is involved in coupling hormone binding to corepressor release. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:6131-8. [PMID: 9315673 PMCID: PMC232463 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.10.6131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-regulated transcription factors that modulate gene expression in response to small, hydrophobic hormones, such as retinoic acid and thyroid hormone. The thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors typically repress transcription in the absence of hormone and activate it in the presence of hormone. Transcriptional repression is mediated, in part, through the ability of these receptors to physically associate with ancillary polypeptides called corepressors. We wished to understand the mechanism by which corepressors are recruited to unliganded nuclear hormone receptors and are released on the binding of hormone. We report here that an alpha-helical domain located at the thyroid hormone receptor C terminus appears to undergo a hormone-induced conformational change required for release of corepressor and that amino acid substitutions that abrogate this conformational change can impair or prevent corepressor release. In contrast, retinoid X receptors appear neither to undergo an equivalent conformational alteration in their C termini nor to release corepressor in response to cognate hormone, consistent with the distinct transcriptional regulatory properties displayed by this class of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Lin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, 95616, USA
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Yoh SM, Chatterjee VK, Privalsky ML. Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome manifests as an aberrant interaction between mutant T3 receptors and transcriptional corepressors. Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11:470-80. [PMID: 9092799 PMCID: PMC2725002 DOI: 10.1210/mend.11.4.9914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors are hormone-regulated transcription factors that play critical roles in chordate development and homeostasis. Aberrant nuclear hormone receptors have been implicated as causal agents in a number of endocrine and neoplastic diseases. The syndrome of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone (RTH) is a human genetic disease characterized by an impaired physiological response to thyroid hormone. RTH is associated with diverse mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta-gene. The resulting mutant receptors function as dominant negatives, interfering with the actions of normal thyroid hormone receptors coexpressed in the same cells. We report here that RTH receptors interact aberrantly with a newly recognized family of transcriptional corepressors variously denoted as nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR), retinoid X receptor interacting protein-13 (RIP-13), silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT), and thyroid hormone receptor-associating cofactor (TRAC). All RTH receptors tested exhibit an impaired ability to dissociate from corepressors in the presence of thyroid hormone. Two of the RTH mutations uncouple corepressor dissociation from hormone binding; two additional RTH mutants exhibit an unusually strong interaction with corepressor under all hormone conditions tested. Finally, artificial mutants that abolish corepressor binding abrogate the dominant negative activity of RTH mutants. We suggest that an altered corepressor interaction is likely to play a critical role in the dominant negative potency of RTH mutants and may contribute to the variable phenotype in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yoh
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, 95616, USA
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