1
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Dickey TH, Salinas ND, Patel P, Orr-Gonzalez S, Ouahes T, McAleese H, Richardson BL, Singleton M, Murphy M, Eaton B, Kwan JL, Holbrook MR, Lambert LE, Tolia NH. RBD design increases the functional antibody titers elicited by SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccination. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105937. [PMID: 38901738 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Most COVID-19 vaccines contain the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as an antigen, but they lose efficacy as neutralizing antibody titers wane and escape variants emerge. Modifying the spike antigen to increase neutralizing antibody titers would help counteract this decrease in titer. We previously used a structure-based computational design method to identify nine amino acid changes in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike that stabilize the RBD and increase the neutralizing antibody titers elicited by vaccination. Here, we introduce those enhancing amino acid changes into a full-length spike (FL-S-2P) ectodomain representative of most approved vaccine antigens. These amino acid changes can be incorporated into the FL-S-2P protein without negatively effecting expression or stability. Furthermore, the amino acid changes improved functional antibody titers in both mice and monkeys following vaccination. These amino acid changes could increase the duration of protection conferred by most COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne H Dickey
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Nichole D Salinas
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Palak Patel
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Sachy Orr-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Tarik Ouahes
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Holly McAleese
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Brandi L Richardson
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Myesha Singleton
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kwan
- Epidemiology and Population Studies Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lynn E Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.
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2
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Rak A, Matyushenko V, Prokopenko P, Kostromitina A, Polyakov D, Sokolov A, Rudenko L, Isakova-Sivak I. A novel immunofluorescent test system for SARS-CoV-2 detection in infected cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304534. [PMID: 38820303 PMCID: PMC11142482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly variable pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes the hazardous COVID-19 infection, has been persistent in the human population since late 2019. A prompt assessment of individual and herd immunity against the infection can be accomplished by using rapid tests to determine antiviral antibody levels. The microneutralization assay (MN) is one of the most widely used diagnostic methods that has been proposed to assess the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of virus-specific humoral immunity in COVID-19 convalescents or vaccine recipients. However, some aspects of the assay, such as sensitivity and time cost, need improvement. Here, we developed an express test, which may be potentially used in clinical practice for the assessment of serum-caused SARS-CoV-2 inhibition in infected cell cultures. It implies the detection and counting of coronaviral fluorescent-forming units (FFU) and includes two sequentially used developing components: biotinylated mouse monoclonal antibodies against the recombinant N protein of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1) and the recombinant EGFP-streptavidin fusion protein. Due to the universal specificity of the antibodies, our analytical tool is suitable for the detection of various strains of SARS-CoV-2 when determining both the infectious titer of viruses and the titer of serum virus-neutralizing antibodies. The developed two-component test system is characterized by high sensitivity, a reduced number of analytic stages and low assay cost, as well as by flexibility, since it may be modified for detection of other pathogens using the appropriate antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Prokopenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Arina Kostromitina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Polyakov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Sokolov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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3
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Ford ES, Mayer-Blackwell K, Jing L, Laing KJ, Sholukh AM, St Germain R, Bossard EL, Xie H, Pulliam TH, Jani S, Selke S, Burrow CJ, McClurkan CL, Wald A, Greninger AL, Holbrook MR, Eaton B, Eudy E, Murphy M, Postnikova E, Robins HS, Elyanow R, Gittelman RM, Ecsedi M, Wilcox E, Chapuis AG, Fiore-Gartland A, Koelle DM. Repeated mRNA vaccination sequentially boosts SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 + T cells in persons with previous COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:166-177. [PMID: 38057617 PMCID: PMC10981451 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hybrid immunity is more protective than vaccination or previous infection alone. To investigate the kinetics of spike-reactive T (TS) cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection through messenger RNA vaccination in persons with hybrid immunity, we identified the T cell receptor (TCR) sequences of thousands of index TS cells and tracked their frequency in bulk TCRβ repertoires sampled longitudinally from the peripheral blood of persons who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccinations led to large expansions in memory TS cell clonotypes, most of which were CD8+ T cells, while also eliciting diverse TS cell clonotypes not observed before vaccination. TCR sequence similarity clustering identified public CD8+ and CD4+ TCR motifs associated with spike (S) specificity. Synthesis of longitudinal bulk ex vivo single-chain TCRβ repertoires and paired-chain TCRɑβ sequences from droplet sequencing of TS cells provides a roadmap for the rapid assessment of T cell responses to vaccines and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anton M Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell St Germain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily L Bossard
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas H Pulliam
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saumya Jani
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Eudy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel M Gittelman
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA
- Guardant Health, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Takeda Oncology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elise Wilcox
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Long J, Soni M, Muranski P, Miller MJ, Conry-Cantilena C, De Giorgi V. Case Report: Kinetics and durability of humoral and cellular response of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine in a lung and kidney transplant recipient. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207638. [PMID: 37465681 PMCID: PMC10350526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a case report of a 63-year-old female health care worker who is 15 years status post double lung transplant and six years status post living related donor kidney transplant who is healthy on a chronic immunosuppression regimen including prednisone, mycophenolate, and tacrolimus who received the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2) primary series and had poor initial humoral response to the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, then demonstrated a robust, sustained immune response against S1 and S2 antigens for over seven months after receiving the recommended vaccine doses, including booster dose, without developing COVID-19 or other serious adverse events. Her immune response to vaccination indicates effective formation of anti-spike T cell memory despite chronic immunosuppression. This case report provides a comprehensive characterization of her immune response to this SARS-CoV-2 vaccination series. As vaccine effectiveness data is updated, and as better understanding of immune response including hybrid immunity emerges, these findings may reassure that recipients of SOTs may be capable of durable immune responses to emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Long
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mithil Soni
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maureen J. Miller
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cathleen Conry-Cantilena
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
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5
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Cong Y, Lee JH, Perry DL, Cooper K, Wang H, Dixit S, Liu DX, Feuerstein IM, Solomon J, Bartos C, Seidel J, Hammoud DA, Adams R, Anthony SM, Liang J, Schuko N, Li R, Liu Y, Wang Z, Tarbet EB, Hischak AMW, Hart R, Isic N, Burdette T, Drawbaugh D, Huzella LM, Byrum R, Ragland D, St Claire MC, Wada J, Kurtz JR, Hensley LE, Schmaljohn CS, Holbrook MR, Johnson RF. Longitudinal analyses using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography as a measure of COVID-19 severity in the aged, young, and humanized ACE2 SARS-CoV-2 hamster models. Antiviral Res 2023; 214:105605. [PMID: 37068595 PMCID: PMC10105383 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This study compared disease progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in three different models of golden hamsters: aged (≈60 weeks old) wild-type (WT), young (6 weeks old) WT, and adult (14-22 weeks old) hamsters expressing the human-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. After intranasal (IN) exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 Washington isolate (WA01/2020), 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) was used to monitor disease progression in near real time and animals were euthanized at pre-determined time points to directly compare imaging findings with other disease parameters associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Consistent with histopathology, 18F-FDG-PET/CT demonstrated that aged WT hamsters exposed to 105 plaque forming units (PFU) developed more severe and protracted pneumonia than young WT hamsters exposed to the same (or lower) dose or hACE2 hamsters exposed to a uniformly lethal dose of virus. Specifically, aged WT hamsters presented with a severe interstitial pneumonia through 8 d post-exposure (PE), while pulmonary regeneration was observed in young WT hamsters at that time. hACE2 hamsters exposed to 100 or 10 PFU virus presented with a minimal to mild hemorrhagic pneumonia but succumbed to SARS-CoV-2-related meningoencephalitis by 6 d PE, suggesting that this model might allow assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the central nervous system (CNS). Our group is the first to use (18F-FDG) PET/CT to differentiate respiratory disease severity ranging from mild to severe in three COVID-19 hamster models. The non-invasive, serial measure of disease progression provided by PET/CT makes it a valuable tool for animal model characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cong
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Irwin M Feuerstein
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Bartos
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jurgen Seidel
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicolette Schuko
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Amanda M W Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Randy Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nejra Isic
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tracey Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - David Drawbaugh
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Louis M Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Danny Ragland
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marisa C St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan R Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA; SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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6
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Chen C, Liang J, Hu H, Li X, Wang L, Wang Z. Research progress in methods for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Anal Biochem 2023:115199. [PMID: 37257735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has seriously affected the lives of people worldwide. Clarifying the attenuation rule of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) in vivo is the key to prevent reinfection and recurrence of virus. Currently, the commonly used methods for detecting NAb include virus neutralization tests, pseudovirus neutralization assays, lateral flow immunochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The detection of NAb not only can be used to evaluate the level of immunity after vaccination or infection but also can provide important theoretical support for virus reinfection, recurrence and vaccine iteration. In this research, the related technologies of SARS-CoV-2 NAb detection were reviewed, aiming to provide better research ideas for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Hangzhan Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Zhizeng Wang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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7
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Cong Y, Mucker EM, Perry DL, Dixit S, Kollins E, Byrum R, Huzella L, Kim R, Josleyn M, Kwilas S, Stefan C, Shoemaker CJ, Koehler J, Coyne S, Delp K, Liang J, Drawbaugh D, Hischak A, Hart R, Postnikova E, Vaughan N, Asher J, St Claire M, Hanson J, Schmaljohn C, Eakin AE, Hooper JW, Holbrook MR. Evaluation of a panel of therapeutic antibody clinical candidates for efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters. Antiviral Res 2023; 213:105589. [PMID: 37003305 PMCID: PMC10060192 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic spurred the rapid development of a range of therapeutic antibody treatments. As part of the US government's COVID-19 therapeutic response, a research team was assembled to support assay and animal model development to assess activity for therapeutics candidates against SARS-CoV-2. Candidate treatments included monoclonal antibodies, antibody cocktails, and products derived from blood donated by convalescent patients. Sixteen candidate antibody products were obtained directly from manufacturers and evaluated for neutralization activity against the WA-01 isolate of SARS-CoV-2. Products were further tested in the Syrian hamster model using prophylactic (-24 h) or therapeutic (+8 h) treatment approaches relative to intranasal SARS-CoV-2 exposure. In vivo assessments included daily clinical scores and body weights. Viral RNA and viable virus titers were quantified in serum and lung tissue with histopathology performed at 3d and 7d post-virus-exposure. Sham-treated, virus-exposed hamsters showed consistent clinical signs with concomitant weight loss and had detectable viral RNA and viable virus in lung tissue. Histopathologically, interstitial pneumonia with consolidation was present. Therapeutic efficacy was identified in treated hamsters by the absence or diminution of clinical scores, body weight loss, viral loads, and improved semiquantitative lung histopathology scores. This work serves as a model for the rapid, systematic in vitro and in vivo assessment of the efficacy of candidate therapeutics at various stages of clinical development. These efforts provided preclinical efficacy data for therapeutic candidates. Furthermore, these studies were invaluable for the phenotypic characterization of SARS CoV-2 disease in hamsters and of utility to the broader scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cong
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Eric M Mucker
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Erin Kollins
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Russ Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Louis Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Robert Kim
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mathew Josleyn
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Steven Kwilas
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Christopher Stefan
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Charles J Shoemaker
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeff Koehler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Susan Coyne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Korey Delp
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - David Drawbaugh
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Amanda Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Randy Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nick Vaughan
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jason Asher
- Leidos Supporting Department of Health and Human Services, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, 20024, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jarod Hanson
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Connie Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ann E Eakin
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jay W Hooper
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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8
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Dickey TH, Ma R, Orr-Gonzalez S, Ouahes T, Patel P, McAleese H, Butler B, Eudy E, Eaton B, Murphy M, Kwan JL, Salinas ND, Holbrook MR, Lambert LE, Tolia NH. Design of a stabilized RBD enables potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 single-component nanoparticle vaccines. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112266. [PMID: 36943870 PMCID: PMC9986124 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Waning immunity and emerging variants necessitate continued vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Improvements in vaccine safety, tolerability, and ease of manufacturing would benefit these efforts. Here, we develop a potent and easily manufactured nanoparticle vaccine displaying the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). Computational design to stabilize the RBD, eliminate glycosylation, and focus the immune response to neutralizing epitopes results in an RBD immunogen that resolves issues hindering the efficient nanoparticle display of the native RBD. This non-glycosylated RBD can be genetically fused to diverse single-component nanoparticle platforms, maximizing manufacturing ease and flexibility. All engineered RBD nanoparticles elicit potently neutralizing antibodies in mice that far exceed monomeric RBDs. A 60-copy particle (noNAG-RBD-E2p) also elicits potently neutralizing antibodies in non-human primates. The neutralizing antibody titers elicited by noNAG-RBD-E2p are comparable to a benchmark stabilized spike antigen and reach levels against Omicron BA.5 that suggest that it would provide protection against emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne H Dickey
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Sachy Orr-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Tarik Ouahes
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Palak Patel
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Holly McAleese
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Brandi Butler
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Elizabeth Eudy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kwan
- Epidemiology and Population Studies Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Nichole D Salinas
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lynn E Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
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9
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Liu STH, Mirceta M, Lin G, Anderson DM, Broomes T, Jen A, Abid A, Reich D, Hall C, Aberg JA. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin Intravenous (Human) Investigational Product (COVID-HIGIV) in Healthy Adults: a Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blinded, Phase 1 Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0151422. [PMID: 36852998 PMCID: PMC10019156 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01514-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (human) investigational product (COVID-HIGIV) is a purified immunoglobulin preparation containing SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal antibodies. This single-center clinical trial aimed to characterize the safety and pharmacokinetics of COVID-HIGIV in healthy, adult volunteers. Participants were enrolled to receive one of three doses of COVID-HIGIV (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) or placebo in a 2:2:2:1 randomization scheme. Between 24 December 2020 and 27 July 2021, 28 participants met eligibility and were randomized with 27 of these 28 (96.4%) being administered either COVID-HIGIV (n = 23) or placebo (n = 4). Only one SAE was observed, and it occurred in the placebo group. A total of 18 out of 27 participants (66.7%) reported 50 adverse events (AEs) overall. All COVID-HIGIV-related adverse events were mild or moderate in severity and transient. The most frequent AEs (>5% of participants) reported in the safety population were headache (n = 6, 22.2%), chills (n = 3, 11.1%), increased bilirubin (n = 2, 7.4%), muscle spasms (n = 2, 7.4%), seasonal allergies (n = 2, 7.4%), pyrexia (n = 2, 7.4%), and oropharyngeal pain (n = 2, 7.4%). Using the SARS-CoV-2 binding IgG immunoassay (n = 22, specific for pharmacokinetics), the geometric means of Cmax (AU/mL) for the three COVID-HIGIV dose levels (low to high) were 7.69, 17.02, and 33.27 AU/mL; the average values of Tmax were 7.09, 7.93, and 5.36 h, respectively. The half-life of COVID-HIGIV per dose level was 24 d (583 h), 31 d (753 h), and 26 d (619 h) for the 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg groups, respectively. The safety and pharmacokinetics of COVID-HIGIV support its development as a single-dose regimen for postexposure prophylaxis or treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. H. Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mila Mirceta
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grace Lin
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Tarashon Broomes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alina Jen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Abid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Reich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine Hall
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Epling BP, Rocco JM, Boswell KL, Laidlaw E, Galindo F, Kellogg A, Das S, Roder A, Ghedin E, Kreitman A, Dewar RL, Kelly SEM, Kalish H, Rehman T, Highbarger J, Rupert A, Kocher G, Holbrook MR, Lisco A, Manion M, Koup RA, Sereti I. Clinical, Virologic, and Immunologic Evaluation of Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 Rebound Following Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:573-581. [PMID: 36200701 PMCID: PMC9619622 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, the first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) protease inhibitor, reduces the risk of hospitalization and death by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but has been associated with symptomatic rebound after therapy completion. METHODS Six individuals with relapse of COVID-19 symptoms after treatment with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, 2 individuals with rebound symptoms without prior antiviral therapy and 7 patients with acute Omicron infection (controls) were studied. Soluble biomarkers and serum SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein were measured. Nasal swabs positive for SARS-CoV-2 underwent viral isolation and targeted viral sequencing. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike, anti-receptor-binding domain, and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies were measured. Surrogate viral neutralization tests against wild-type and Omicron spike protein, as well as T-cell stimulation assays, were performed. RESULTS High levels of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were found in all participants. Anti-nucleocapsid IgG and Omicron-specific neutralizing antibodies increased in patients with rebound. Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses were observed, higher in rebound compared with early acute COVID-19 patients. Inflammatory markers mostly decreased during rebound. Two patients sampled longitudinally demonstrated an increase in activated cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells against viral proteins. No characteristic resistance mutations were identified. SARS-CoV-2 was isolated by culture from 1 of 8 rebound patients; Polybrene addition increased this to 5 of 8. CONCLUSIONS Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment does not impede adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Clinical rebound corresponds to development of a robust antibody and T-cell immune response, arguing against a high risk of disease progression. The presence of infectious virus supports the need for isolation and assessment of longer treatment courses. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT04401436.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Epling
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph M Rocco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin L Boswell
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Laidlaw
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frances Galindo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anela Kellogg
- Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanchita Das
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Roder
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allie Kreitman
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robin L Dewar
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sophie E M Kelly
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tauseef Rehman
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeroen Highbarger
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Rupert
- AIDS Monitoring Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Kocher
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maura Manion
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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Chen Z, Zhang P, Matsuoka Y, Tsybovsky Y, West K, Santos C, Boyd LF, Nguyen H, Pomerenke A, Stephens T, Olia AS, Zhang B, De Giorgi V, Holbrook MR, Gross R, Postnikova E, Garza NL, Johnson RF, Margulies DH, Kwong PD, Alter HJ, Buchholz UJ, Lusso P, Farci P. Potent monoclonal antibodies neutralize Omicron sublineages and other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111528. [PMID: 36302375 PMCID: PMC9554601 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, which carry an unprecedented number of mutations, raise serious concerns due to the reduced efficacy of current vaccines and resistance to therapeutic antibodies. Here, we report the generation and characterization of two potent human monoclonal antibodies, NA8 and NE12, against the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. NA8 interacts with a highly conserved region and has a breadth of neutralization with picomolar potency against the Beta variant and the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages and nanomolar potency against BA.2.12.1 and BA.4. Combination of NA8 and NE12 retains potent neutralizing activity against the major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Cryo-EM analysis provides the structural basis for the broad and complementary neutralizing activity of these two antibodies. We confirm the in vivo protective and therapeutic efficacies of NA8 and NE12 in the hamster model. These results show that broad and potent human antibodies can overcome the continuous immune escape of evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochun Chen
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kamille West
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia Santos
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa F Boyd
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Pomerenke
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Adam S Olia
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L Garza
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David H Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harvey J Alter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrizia Farci
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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12
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Epling BP, Rocco JM, Boswell KL, Laidlaw E, Galindo F, Kellogg A, Das S, Roder A, Ghedin E, Kreitman A, Dewar RL, Kelly SEM, Kalish H, Rehman T, Highbarger J, Rupert A, Kocher G, Holbrook MR, Lisco A, Manion M, Koup RA, Sereti I. COVID-19 redux: clinical, virologic, and immunologic evaluation of clinical rebound after nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [PMID: 35734093 PMCID: PMC9216730 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.16.22276392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinical rebound of COVID-19 after nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment has been reported. We performed clinical, virologic, and immune measurements in seven patients with symptomatic rebound, six after nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment and one without previous treatment. There was no evidence of severe disease or impaired antibody and T-cell responses in people with rebound symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Epling
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph M Rocco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristin L Boswell
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Laidlaw
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frances Galindo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anela Kellogg
- Clinical Research Directorate (CRD), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sanchita Das
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison Roder
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allie Kreitman
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin L Dewar
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sophie E M Kelly
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tauseef Rehman
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeroen Highbarger
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Adam Rupert
- AIDS Monitoring Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gregory Kocher
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maura Manion
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Elyanow R, Snyder TM, Dalai SC, Gittelman RM, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Wald A, Selke S, Wener MH, Morishima C, Greninger AL, Gale M, Hsiang TY, Jing L, Holbrook MR, Kaplan IM, Zahid HJ, May DH, Carlson JM, Baldo L, Manley T, Robins HS, Koelle DM. T cell receptor sequencing identifies prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlates with neutralizing antibodies and disease severity. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e150070. [PMID: 35439166 PMCID: PMC9220924 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDMeasuring the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 enables assessment of past infection and protective immunity. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces humoral and T cell responses, but these responses vary with disease severity and individual characteristics.METHODSA T cell receptor (TCR) immunosequencing assay was conducted using small-volume blood samples from 302 individuals recovered from COVID-19. Correlations between the magnitude of the T cell response and neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers or indicators of disease severity were evaluated. Sensitivity of T cell testing was assessed and compared with serologic testing.RESULTSSARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses were significantly correlated with nAb titers and clinical indicators of disease severity, including hospitalization, fever, and difficulty breathing. Despite modest declines in depth and breadth of T cell responses during convalescence, high sensitivity was observed until at least 6 months after infection, with overall sensitivity ~5% greater than serology tests for identifying prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Improved performance of T cell testing was most apparent in recovered, nonhospitalized individuals sampled > 150 days after initial illness, suggesting greater sensitivity than serology at later time points and in individuals with less severe disease. T cell testing identified SARS-CoV-2 infection in 68% (55 of 81) of samples with undetectable nAb titers (<1:40) and in 37% (13 of 35) of samples classified as negative by 3 antibody assays.CONCLUSIONThese results support TCR-based testing as a scalable, reliable measure of past SARS-CoV-2 infection with clinical value beyond serology.TRIAL REGISTRATIONSpecimens were accrued under trial NCT04338360 accessible at clinicaltrials.gov.FUNDINGThis work was funded by Adaptive Biotechnologies, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIAID, Fred Hutchinson Joel Meyers Endowment, Fast Grants, and American Society for Transplantation and Cell Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudeb C. Dalai
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Mark H. Wener
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | | | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology
- Department of Microbiology, and
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Damon H. May
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lance Baldo
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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14
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Chen Z, Zhang P, Matsuoka Y, Tsybovsky Y, West K, Santos C, Boyd LF, Nguyen H, Pomerenke A, Stephens T, Olia AS, De Giorgi V, Holbrook MR, Gross R, Postnikova E, Garza NL, Johnson RF, Margulies DH, Kwong PD, Alter HJ, Buchholz UJ, Lusso P, Farci P. Extremely potent monoclonal antibodies neutralize Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [PMID: 35043120 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.12.22269023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has triggered a devastating global health, social and economic crisis. The RNA nature and broad circulation of this virus facilitate the accumulation of mutations, leading to the continuous emergence of variants of concern with increased transmissibility or pathogenicity 1 . This poses a major challenge to the effectiveness of current vaccines and therapeutic antibodies 1, 2 . Thus, there is an urgent need for effective therapeutic and preventive measures with a broad spectrum of action, especially against variants with an unparalleled number of mutations such as the recently emerged Omicron variant, which is rapidly spreading across the globe 3 . Here, we used combinatorial antibody phage-display libraries from convalescent COVID-19 patients to generate monoclonal antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with ultrapotent neutralizing activity. One such antibody, NE12, neutralizes an early isolate, the WA-1 strain, as well as the Alpha and Delta variants with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations at picomolar level. A second antibody, NA8, has an unusual breadth of neutralization, with picomolar activity against both the Beta and Omicron variants. The prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of NE12 and NA8 was confirmed in preclinical studies in the golden Syrian hamster model. Analysis by cryo-EM illustrated the structural basis for the neutralization properties of NE12 and NA8. Potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies against conserved regions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may play a key role against future variants of concern that evade immune control.
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15
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Srivastava K, West KA, De Giorgi V, Holbrook MR, Bovin NV, Henry SM, Flegel WA. COVID-19 Antibody Detection and Assay Performance Using Red Cell Agglutination. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0083021. [PMID: 34878316 PMCID: PMC8653820 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00830-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Red cells can be labeled with peptides from the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (C-19 kodecytes) and used as reagent cells for serologic screening of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We evaluated 140 convalescent COVID-19 donors and 275 healthy controls using C19-kodecytes. The analytical performance of the C19-kodecyte assay was compared with a virus neutralizing assay and two commercial chemiluminescent antibody tests (Total assay and IgG assay, Ortho). The C19-kodecyte assay detected SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with a sensitivity of 92.8% and specificity of 96.3%, well within the minimum performance range required by FDA for EUA authorization of serologic tests. The Cohen's kappa coefficient was 0.90 indicating an almost perfect agreement with the Total assay. The Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.20 with the neutralizing assay (0.49 with IgG, and 0.41 with Total assays). The limited correlation in assay reaction strengths suggested that the assays may be influenced by different antibody specificities. The C19-kodecyte assay is easily scalable and may vastly improve test capacity in any blood typing laboratory using its routine column agglutination platforms. IMPORTANCE We recently developed a red cell based assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human plasma. In the current study, we show the hands-on application of this assay in a group of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors and healthy individuals. We compared our assay against three published assays, including two that are widely used for patient care in the United States. Our assay compared well with all three assays. Our easily scalable assay can be used for population-wide screening of SARS-CoV-2 antibody status. It can be readily established in any hospital blood bank worldwide using its routine equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Srivastava
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kamille A. West
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M. Henry
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Willy A. Flegel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Díez JM, Romero C, Cruz M, Vandeberg P, Merritt WK, Pradenas E, Trinité B, Blanco J, Clotet B, Willis T, Gajardo R. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune globulin demonstrates potent neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through N and S proteins. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:938-946. [PMID: 34693968 PMCID: PMC8574314 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations have provided a significant reduction in infections, effective COVID-19 treatments remain an urgent need. Methods Functional characterization of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIG) from human convalescent plasma was performed by different virus neutralization methodologies (plaque reduction, virus-induced cytotoxicity, median tissue culture infectious dose [TCID50] reduction, and immunofluorimetry) at different laboratories using geographically different SARS-CoV-2 isolates (USA [1], Italy [1], and Spain [2]; 2 containing the D614G mutation). Neutralization capacity against the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain and variants (D614G mutant, B.1.1.7, P.1, and B.1.351) was evaluated using a pseudovirus expressing the corresponding spike (S) protein. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) was also evaluated. Results All SARS-CoV-2 isolates were potently neutralized by hIG as shown by all 4 methodologies. Wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and variants were effectively neutralized using the pseudovirus. The hIG (IgG type) induced ADCC and ADCP against SARS-CoV-2 N and S proteins but not E protein. Very low concentrations (25–100 µg IgG/mL) were required. A potent effect was triggered by antibodies in hIG solutions against the SARS-CoV-2 S and N proteins. Conclusions Beyond neutralization, IgG Fc-dependent pathways may play a role in combatting SARS-CoV-2 infections using COVID-19 hIG. This could be especially relevant for the treatment of more neutralization-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Díez
- Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Romero
- Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Cruz
- Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Vandeberg
- Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | - W Keither Merritt
- Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Todd Willis
- Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Gajardo
- Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Cho H, Gonzales-Wartz KK, Huang D, Yuan M, Peterson M, Liang J, Beutler N, Torres JL, Cong Y, Postnikova E, Bangaru S, Talana CA, Shi W, Yang ES, Zhang Y, Leung K, Wang L, Peng L, Skinner J, Li S, Wu NC, Liu H, Dacon C, Moyer T, Cohen M, Zhao M, Lee FEH, Weinberg RS, Douagi I, Gross R, Schmaljohn C, Pegu A, Mascola JR, Holbrook M, Nemazee D, Rogers TF, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Crompton PD, Tan J. Bispecific antibodies targeting distinct regions of the spike protein potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabj5413. [PMID: 34519517 PMCID: PMC8651051 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern threatens the efficacy of existing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies and underscores the need for additional antibody-based tools that potently neutralize variants by targeting multiple sites of the spike protein. We isolated 216 monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 from plasmablasts and memory B cells collected from patients with coronavirus disease 2019. The three most potent antibodies targeted distinct regions of the receptor binding domain (RBD), and all three neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Beta variants. The crystal structure of the most potent antibody, CV503, revealed that it binds to the ridge region of SARS-CoV-2 RBD, competes with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, and has limited contact with key variant residues K417, E484, and N501. We designed bispecific antibodies by combining nonoverlapping specificities and identified five bispecific antibodies that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection at concentrations of less than 1 ng/ml. Through a distinct mode of action, three bispecific antibodies cross-linked adjacent spike proteins using dual N-terminal domain–RBD specificities. One bispecific antibody was greater than 100-fold more potent than a cocktail of its parent monoclonals in vitro and prevented clinical disease in a hamster model at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Two bispecific antibodies in our panel comparably neutralized the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants and wild-type virus. Furthermore, a bispecific antibody that neutralized the Beta variant protected hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 expressing the E484K mutation. Thus, bispecific antibodies represent a promising next-generation countermeasure against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeseon Cho
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kristina Kay Gonzales-Wartz
- Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary Peterson
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Cong
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chloe Adrienna Talana
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Linghang Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Shanping Li
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cherrelle Dacon
- Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Thomas Moyer
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melanie Cohen
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- Protein Chemistry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Frances Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rona S. Weinberg
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Iyadh Douagi
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Connie Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas F. Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter D. Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Joshua Tan
- Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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18
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Miller MJ, Skrzekut A, Kracalik I, Jones JM, Lofy KH, Konkle BA, Haley NR, Duvenhage M, Bonnett T, Holbrook M, Higgs E, Basavaraju SV, Paranjape S. How do I… facilitate a rapid response to a public health emergency requiring plasma collection with a public-private partnership? Transfusion 2021; 61:2814-2824. [PMID: 34510475 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In March 2020, there were no treatment options for COVID-19. Passive immune therapy including anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune globulin (hIVIG) was a logical candidate for COVID-19 therapeutic trials, given past success treating emerging pathogens with endogenous neutralizing antibodies. We established a plasma collection protocol for persons recovered from COVID-19. To speed recruitment in the first U.S. hotspot, Seattle, Washington, federal and state public health agencies collaborated with Bloodworks Northwest to collect convalescent plasma (CP) for manufacturing hIVIG. During March-December 2020, we identified and recruited prospective CP donors via letters to persons recovered from COVID-19 with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prospective donors were pre-screened and administered a medical history survey. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers were classified as qualifying (≥1:80) or non-qualifying (<1:80) for enrollment based on a live virus neutralization assay. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify characteristics of donors associated with qualifying versus nonqualifying NAb titers. Overall, 21,359 letters resulted in 3207 inquiries, 2159 prescreenings with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 573 donors (27% of all pre-screenings with confirmed infection) who provided a screening plasma donation. Of 573 donors screened, 254 (44%) provided plasma with qualifying NAb titers, resulting in 1284 units for hIVIG manufacture. In a multivariable model, after adjusting for other factors, time (60 days) from COVID-19 symptom onset to screening was associated with lower odds of qualifying NAb (adjusted odds ratio = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48-0.94). The collaboration facilitated a rapid response to develop and provide hIVIG for clinical trials and CP for transfusion. Only 1 in 12 donor inquiries resulted in a qualifying plasma donation. Challenges included recruitment and the relatively low percentage of persons with high NAb titers and limited screening capacity. This resource-intensive collaboration may not be scalable but informs preparedness and response strategies for plasma collection in future epidemics. Operational readiness plans with templates for screening, consent, and data collection forms are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J Miller
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,COVID-19 Response Team, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Ian Kracalik
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jefferson M Jones
- COVID-19 Response Team, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathryn H Lofy
- Washington State Department of Health, Tumwater, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Duvenhage
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Bonnett
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Holbrook
- Division of Clinical Research, Integrated Research Facility, NIAID, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sridhar V Basavaraju
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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19
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Current diagnostic approaches to detect two important betacoronaviruses: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Pathol Res Pract 2021; 225:153565. [PMID: 34333398 PMCID: PMC8305226 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are two common betacoronaviruses, which are still causing transmission among the human population worldwide. The major difference between the two coronaviruses is that MERS-CoV is now causing sporadic transmission worldwide, whereas SARS-CoV-2 is causing a pandemic outbreak globally. Currently, different guidelines and reports have highlighted several diagnostic methods and approaches which could be used to screen and confirm MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. These methods include clinical evaluation, laboratory diagnosis (nucleic acid-based test, protein-based test, or viral culture), and radiological diagnosis. With the presence of these different diagnostic approaches, it could cause a dilemma to the clinicians and diagnostic laboratories in selecting the best diagnostic strategies to confirm MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Therefore, this review aims to provide an up-to-date comparison of the advantages and limitations of different diagnostic approaches in detecting MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. This review could provide insights for clinicians and scientists in detecting MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections to help combat the transmission of these coronaviruses.
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20
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De Giorgi V, West KA, Henning AN, Chen LN, Holbrook MR, Gross R, Liang J, Postnikova E, Trenbeath J, Pogue S, Scinto T, Alter HJ, Cantilena CC. Naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity persists for up to 11 months following infection. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1294-1304. [PMID: 34089610 PMCID: PMC8195007 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Characterizing the kinetics of the antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is of critical importance to developing strategies that may mitigate the public health burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a prospective, longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors at multiple time points over an 11-month period to determine how circulating antibody levels change over time following natural infection. Methods From April 2020 to February 2021, we enrolled 228 donors. At each study visit, subjects either donated plasma or had study samples drawn only. Anti–SARS-CoV-2 donor testing was performed using the VITROS Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Total and IgG assays and an in-house fluorescence reduction neutralization assay. Results Anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were identified in 97% of COVID-19 convalescent donors at initial presentation. In follow-up analyses, of 116 donors presenting at repeat time points, 91.4% had detectable IgG levels up to 11 months after symptom recovery, while 63% had detectable neutralizing titers; however, 25% of donors had neutralizing levels that dropped to an undetectable titer over time. Conclusions Our data suggest that immunological memory is acquired in most individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in a majority of patients for up to 11 months after recovery. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04360278.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Giorgi
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kamille A West
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amanda N Henning
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonard N Chen
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joni Trenbeath
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Pogue
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tania Scinto
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harvey J Alter
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cathy Conry Cantilena
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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