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Stammkötter C, Thümmler L, Korth J, Marenbach B, Braß P, Horn PA, Lindemann M, Dittmer U, Witzke O, Rohn H, Krawczyk A. Frequency of SARS-CoV-2 Infections among Healthcare Workers in Germany: 3-Year Follow-Up Study. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:615-627. [PMID: 39051247 PMCID: PMC11270172 DOI: 10.3390/idr16040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 led to a global pandemic with a significant impact on healthcare systems. Healthcare workers were particularly vulnerable due to frequent contact with COVID-19 patients. Despite vaccination, they remained at higher risk as the vaccines provided limited protection against infection with viral variants, like Delta or Omicron BA.1 and BA.5. Three years after the onset of the pandemic, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 infection frequencies among healthcare workers with varying levels of patient contact: high-risk (frequent COVID-19 patient contact), intermediate-risk (non-COVID-19 patient contact), and low-risk (no patient contact). We assessed their cellular and humoral immune responses based on their vaccination status and number of prior infections. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were measured by immunoglobulin ELISA, and neutralizing antibody titers were determined against the viral variants D614G, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 and BA.5. Cellular immune responses were analyzed using an interferon-γ ELISpot. Notably, three years into the pandemic, healthcare workers in daily contact with COVID-19 patients did not have higher infection rates compared to healthcare workers with non-COVID-19 patient contact or no patient contact. Immune responses were similar across all groups, highlighting the effectiveness of vaccination and current hygiene standards in preventing virus transmission from patients to staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stammkötter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Laura Thümmler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.M.); (P.A.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- Practice for Kidney Diseases, Dialysis and Apheresis, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Marenbach
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.M.); (P.A.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Peer Braß
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.M.); (P.A.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.M.); (P.A.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Hana Rohn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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Sánchez-Soliño O, Kilpatrick RD, Johnson C, Fang Y, Ye Y, Alami NN, Zarish K, Krueger WS, Dreyer N, Gray GC. Longitudinal Molecular and Serological Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Vaccination Status: Community-Based Surveillance Study (CONTACT). Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:633-645. [PMID: 38461480 PMCID: PMC11058157 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This prospective, longitudinal, community-based study, EpidemiologiCal POpulatioN STudy of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Lake CounTy, Illinois (CONTACT), investigated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunity, occupational risks related to SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and long-term immunoglobulin G (IgG) seroconversion kinetics. METHODS At baseline and follow up (3, 6, and 9 months), non-hospitalized adult participants provided nasal and blood serum specimens for molecular [reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)] and serological (IgG) testing (4 November 2020-30 October 2021). RESULTS At baseline, 6.4% (65/1008) had evidence of current/prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. At 3, 6, and 9 months, positive PCR tests were obtained from 0.4% (3/781), 0.4% (3/733), and 0% (0/673) of participants, respectively. Positive IgG occurred at baseline and 3, 6, and 9 months in 4.5% (45/1008), 6.0% (48/799), 5.4% (39/733), and 2.8% (19/673) of participants, respectively. Of participants positive for IgG at baseline, 28 had a negative IgG test at a follow-up visit; of those 28, 21 had their first negative IgG test within 6 months. Participants were more likely to retain positive IgG if they were 18-29 years of age, were male, or had medium-high/high-risk occupations. A high vaccination rate (70% received ≥ 1 dose by 9 months) was observed. Influence of occupational status or characteristics on transmission and IgG, and COVID-19 vaccination trends, are shown. CONCLUSIONS This study expands on prior studies assessing COVID-19 immunity and IgG seroconversion by including both RT-PCR and serologic testing and longitudinal follow-up of study participants. We observed decreased infection rates over the 9 month follow-up period as well as a decline in IgG persistency after 6 months. The findings from this community-based study regarding vaccinate rates, infection rates by PCR, and IgG persistency over time can help improve our understanding of COVID-19 immunity, occupational risks related to SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and the kinetics of long-term IgG seroconversion, which is important to help guide local and national mitigation strategies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04611230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sánchez-Soliño
- AbbVie Inc., 26525 Riverwoods Blvd., Mettawa, North Chicago, IL, 60045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nancy Dreyer
- IQVIA Real World Solutions, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dreyer Strategies, Newton, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Tan-Lim CSC, Gonzales MLAM, Dans LF, Cordero CP, Alejandria MM, Dela Paz ECC, Dator MA, Infantado-Alejandro MAJ, Sulit MVV, Lansang MAD. Reinfection rates, change in antibody titers and adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination among patients previously infected with COVID-19 in Metro Manila, Philippines: a secondary analysis of a completed cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:750. [PMID: 37915006 PMCID: PMC10621145 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in immune response to COVID-19 vaccines is observed among different ethnicities. We aimed to describe the reinfection rates, change in antibody titers, and adverse events among Filipinos. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a cohort study of 307 participants within one year of having COVID-19 infection. We measured COVID-19 antibody levels at pre-determined timepoints (Days 21, 90, 180, 270, and 360 from initial infection). We monitored for COVID-19 symptoms and obtained details on COVID-19 vaccination. An adjudication committee classified the participants as probable, possible, or unlikely COVID-19 reinfection. We determined the probable reinfection rate, adverse events, and the geometric mean titer (GMT) ratio of pre- and post-vaccination antibody levels according to type and brand of COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS At the end of the follow-up period, 287 (93.5%) out of 307 study participants were fully vaccinated, 1 was partially vaccinated (0.3%), and 19 were unvaccinated (6.2%). Among the fully vaccinated participants, those given mRNA vaccines had the lowest reinfection rate (19.2 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI 9.6, 38.4), followed by viral vector vaccines (29.8 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI 16.9, 52.4). We observed the highest reinfection rate among those given inactivated virus vaccines (32.7 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI 23.6, 45.3). The reinfection rate was 8.6 cases/100 person-years (95% CI 4.1, 17.9) for unvaccinated participants and 3.6 cases/100 person-years (95% CI 0.5, 25.3) for partially vaccinated participants. We observed the largest rise in antibody titers among those given mRNA vaccines (GMT ratio 288.5), and the smallest rise among those given inactivated virus vaccines (GMT ratio 16.7). We observed the highest percentage of adverse events following immunization with viral vector vaccines (63.8%), followed by mRNA vaccines (62.7%), and the lowest for inactivated virus vaccines (34.7%). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Vaccinees given the mRNA vaccines had the lowest reinfection rate and the highest rise in antibody titers. Vaccinees given inactivated virus vaccines had the highest reinfection rate, smallest rise in antibody titers, and lowest percentage of adverse events. The small sample size and imbalanced distribution of the type of vaccines received limits the external generalizability of our results. STUDY REGISTRATION The cohort study was registered at the Philippine Health Research Registry on December 14, 2020 (PHRR201214-003199).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Stephanie C Tan-Lim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Ma Liza Antoinette M Gonzales
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Leonila F Dans
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Cynthia P Cordero
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marissa M Alejandria
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Eva C Cutiongco Dela Paz
- Institute of Human Genetics, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Melissa A Dator
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Myzelle Anne J Infantado-Alejandro
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Vanessa V Sulit
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mary Ann D Lansang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
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Gilchrist CA, Campo JJ, Pablo JV, Ma JZ, Teng A, Oberai A, Shandling AD, Alam M, Kabir M, Faruque A, Haque R, Petri WA. Specific Cryptosporidium antigens associate with reinfection immunity and protection from cryptosporidiosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166814. [PMID: 37347553 PMCID: PMC10425216 DOI: 10.1172/jci166814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no vaccine to protect from cryptosporidiosis, a leading cause of diarrhea in infants in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we comprehensively identified parasite antigens associated with protection from reinfection. A Cryptosporidium protein microarray was constructed by in vitro transcription and translation of 1,761 C. parvum, C. hominis, or C. meleagridis antigens, including proteins with a signal peptide and/or a transmembrane domain. Plasma IgG and/or IgA from Bangladeshi children longitudinally followed for cryptosporidiosis from birth to 3 years of age allowed for identification of 233 seroreactive proteins. Seven of these were associated with protection from reinfection. These included Cp23, Cp17, Gp900, and 4 additional antigens - CpSMP1, CpMuc8, CpCorA and CpCCDC1. Infection in the first year of life, however, often resulted in no detectable antigen-specific antibody response, and antibody responses, when detected, were specific to the infecting parasite genotype and decayed in the months after infection. In conclusion, humoral immune responses against specific parasite antigens were associated with acquired immunity. While antibody decay over time and parasite genotype-specificity may limit natural immunity, this work serves as a foundation for antigen selection for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Gilchrist
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Public Health Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Andy Teng
- Antigen Discovery Inc, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Amit Oberai
- Antigen Discovery Inc, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Masud Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mamun Kabir
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A.S.G. Faruque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - William A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, and
- Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Gonzales MLAM, Dans LF, Tan-Lim CSC, Uy E, Cutiongco-dela Paz E, Sulit MVV, Alejandria MM, Lansang MAD, Dans AL, Dator MA, Cordero CP, Pardilla GF. Durability and extent of protection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among patients with COVID-19 in Metro Manila, Philippines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190093. [PMID: 37457735 PMCID: PMC10338854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Information on the magnitude and durability of humoral immunity against COVID-19 among specific populations can guide policies on vaccination, return from isolation and physical distancing measures. The study determined the durability of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after an initial infection among Filipinos in Metro Manila, Philippines, and the extent of protection SARS-CoV-2 antibodies confer against reinfection. Methods We conducted a cohort study to monitor the antibody levels of patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibodies were measured at Days 21, 90, 180, 270 and 360. Antibody levels were reported as geometric mean titers (GMT) with geometric standard deviation (GSD). Differences in GMT were tested using Friedman test and Kruskal Wallis test, with Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedure. Adjusted hazard ratios on the development of probable reinfection were estimated using Cox proportional models. Results There were 307 study participants included in the study, with 13 dropouts. Study participants received SARS-CoV-2 vaccines at varying times, with 278 participants (90.5%) fully vaccinated by the end of study. The GMT of the study cohort increased over time, from 19.7 U/mL (GSD 11) at Day 21; to 284.5 U/mL (GSD 9.6) at Day 90; 1,061 U/mL (GSD 5.3) at Day 180; 2,003 U/mL (GSD 6.7) at Day 270; and 8,403 U/mL (GSD 3.1) at Day 360. The increase was statistically significant from Day 21 to Day 90 (p<0.0001), Day 90 to Day 180 (p=0.0005), and Day 270 to Day 360 (p<0.0001). Participants with more severe initial infection demonstrated significantly higher antibody levels compared to those with milder infection at Day 21. Sixty-four patients had probable COVID-19 reinfection (incidence of 20.8%, 95% CI 16.4, 25.8%). The GMT of these 64 patients was 411.8 U/mL (GSD 6.9) prior to the occurrence of the probable reinfection. Majority (87.5%) were fully vaccinated. Antibody titers significantly affected the risk of developing reinfection, with adjusted hazard ratio of 0.994, 95% CI 0.992-0.996, p<0.001. Conclusion Antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 increased over a one-year follow-up. Higher antibody levels were observed among those with more severe initial infection and those vaccinated. Higher antibody levels are associated with a lower risk of probable reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonila F. Dans
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Carol Stephanie C. Tan-Lim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Elenore Uy
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Manila, Philippines
| | - Eva Cutiongco-dela Paz
- Institute of Human Genetics, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Vanessa V. Sulit
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marissa M. Alejandria
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mary Ann D. Lansang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Antonio L. Dans
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Melissa A. Dator
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Cynthia P. Cordero
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Gina F. Pardilla
- Manila Health Department Delpan Evacuation Center Quarantine Facility, Manila, Philippines
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Contreras S, Iftekhar EN, Priesemann V. From emergency response to long-term management: the many faces of the endemic state of COVID-19. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023:100664. [PMID: 37363798 PMCID: PMC10217566 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seba Contreras
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Emil N Iftekhar
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Viola Priesemann
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science and Campus Institute Data Science, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Ryan KA, Bewley KR, Watson RJ, Burton C, Carnell O, Cavell BE, Challis A, Coombes NS, Davies ER, Edun-Huges J, Emery K, Fell R, Fotheringham SA, Gooch KE, Gowan K, Handley A, Harris DJ, Hesp R, Hunter L, Humphreys R, Johnson R, Kennard C, Knott D, Lister S, Morley D, Ngabo D, Osman KL, Paterson J, Penn EJ, Pullan ST, Richards KS, Summers S, Thomas SR, Weldon T, Wiblin NR, Rayner EL, Vipond RT, Hallis B, Salguero FJ, Funnell SGP, Hall Y. Syrian hamster convalescence from prototype SARS-CoV-2 confers measurable protection against the attenuated disease caused by the Omicron variant. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011293. [PMID: 37014911 PMCID: PMC10104347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutation profile of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (lineage BA.1) variant posed a concern for naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity. We investigated the ability of prior infection with an early SARS-CoV-2 ancestral isolate (Australia/VIC01/2020, VIC01) to protect against disease caused by BA.1. We established that BA.1 infection in naïve Syrian hamsters resulted in a less severe disease than a comparable dose of the ancestral virus, with fewer clinical signs including less weight loss. We present data to show that these clinical observations were almost absent in convalescent hamsters challenged with the same dose of BA.1 50 days after an initial infection with ancestral virus. These data provide evidence that convalescent immunity against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 is protective against BA.1 in the Syrian hamster model of infection. Comparison with published pre-clinical and clinical data supports consistency of the model and its predictive value for the outcome in humans. Further, the ability to detect protection against the less severe disease caused by BA.1 demonstrates continued value of the Syrian hamster model for evaluation of BA.1-specific countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Challis
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kirsty Emery
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Fell
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen E Gooch
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gowan
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Richard Hesp
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hunter
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Knott
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Lister
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Morley
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Didier Ngabo
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Osman
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Sian Summers
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Weldon
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma L Rayner
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bassam Hallis
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Yper Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Ivanova I, Filippenko A, Trufanova A, Omelchenko N, Chemisova O, Vodopyanov A, Bereznyak E, Sokolova E, Noskov A, Totolyan AAA. Assessment of the formation and intensity of adaptive immunity in patients with COVID-19. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2023. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-aof-2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of adaptive immunity in survivors of a new coronavirus infection is an important task, since there is no consensus on whether the severity of the disease affects the formation and intensity of the immune response to COVID-19. In this regard, a comparative assessment of the presence and duration of preservation of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with COVID-19 of varying severity was carried out. The study involved volunteers who had been ill with a new coronavirus infection asymptomatically (n=30), in moderate severity (n=21) and in severe form (n=12). The average age of the subjects was 47.312.5 years. The formation of cellular immunity was judged by an increase in the synthesis of IFN- in response to stimulation of lymphocytes for 16-20 hours by glycoprotein S(RBD) of the causative agent COVID-19. To determine IFN- products, the gamma InterferonIFA-BEST test system, manufactured by Vector-Best JSC, Russia, was used. The humoral immune response was recorded by detecting class G antibodies using the "SARS-CoV-2RBD-ELISA-Gamalei" test system (FSBI "N.F. Gamalei NITSEM" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation). The results obtained indicate that patients from all groups have both humoral and cellular immunity to the causative agent of a new coronavirus infection. However, the number of people with adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and the duration of its preservation depends on the severity of the infection. A significant decrease in the number of people with cellular immunity was revealed in the group of seriously ill. At the same time, the majority of volunteers in this group registered the presence of class G immunoglobulins before the end of observation. In this group, unlike the other two, no patients were identified in whom only the cellular link of the immune response was activated. Volunteers who did not retain adaptive immunity to the causative agent of a new coronavirus infection appeared only by the end of the observation period. Among those who had the disease in an average form 7-8 months after recovery, there was a decrease in the number of people with cellular and humoral immunity. This process started earlier than in the group of patients who were asymptomatic and continued until the end of the study. The proportion of individuals with cellular immunity increased, and at a later date with a humoral immune response. By the end of the study, a high percentage of volunteers remained asymptomatically infected, having cellular and humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Their number remained statistically higher than in the group of those who had a new coronavirus infection of moderate severity, but lower than in the group of those who were seriously ill. Also in this group, by the end of the experiment, an increase in the number of volunteers with only a cellular immune response was recorded. According to the data obtained, at the end of the observation period, the number of volunteers with humoral immunity to the causative agent of a new coronavirus infection is higher compared to those with a cellular immune response
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