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Dong H, Wang W, Chen Q, Chang X, Wang L, Chen S, Chen L, Wang R, Ge S, Xiong W. Effects of Lactoferrin and Lactobacillus Supplementation on Immune Function, Oxidative Stress, and Gut Microbiota in Kittens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1949. [PMID: 38998061 PMCID: PMC11240779 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune deficiency is a prevalent issue among kittens, severely threatening their health and development by increasing susceptibility to infections and diseases. This study investigates the effects of dietary supplements containing lactoferrin and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) on the immune function, intestinal health, and microbiota composition of kittens. The results demonstrate that these supplements significantly enhance immune responses, with immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels increasing by 14.9% and IgG levels by 14.2%. Additionally, there was a notable 28.7% increase in catalase activity, indicating a reduction in oxidative stress. Gastrointestinal (GI) health improved markedly, evidenced by increased populations of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, which rose from 4.13% to 79.03% over the study period. The DNC group also showed significant reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including decreases of 13.94% in IL-2, 26.46% in TNF-α, and 19.45% in IFN-γ levels. Furthermore, improvements in physical conditions were observed, including enhanced coat condition and mental status. These findings underline the potential of lactoferrin and L. plantarum as effective dietary interventions to improve kitten health, thereby reducing dependency on antibiotics and mitigating associated risks. This research provides a scientific foundation for optimizing nutritional management practices to enhance the overall vitality of kittens during their critical growth phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China; (H.D.); (W.W.); (Q.C.); (X.C.); (S.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China; (H.D.); (W.W.); (Q.C.); (X.C.); (S.C.); (L.C.)
- Henan Zhiyuan Henuo Technology Co., Ltd., Luohe 462300, China;
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China; (H.D.); (W.W.); (Q.C.); (X.C.); (S.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Xiaohan Chang
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China; (H.D.); (W.W.); (Q.C.); (X.C.); (S.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Longjiao Wang
- Henan Zhiyuan Henuo Technology Co., Ltd., Luohe 462300, China;
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Shuxing Chen
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China; (H.D.); (W.W.); (Q.C.); (X.C.); (S.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Lishui Chen
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China; (H.D.); (W.W.); (Q.C.); (X.C.); (S.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Shaoyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Wei Xiong
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China; (H.D.); (W.W.); (Q.C.); (X.C.); (S.C.); (L.C.)
- Henan Zhiyuan Henuo Technology Co., Ltd., Luohe 462300, China;
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Squires RA, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Whitley N. 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats - compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:277-316. [PMID: 38568777 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Squires
- Formerly, Discipline of Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - C Crawford
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - M Marcondes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University, Rua Sergipe 575, ap. 32, São Paulo, 01243-001, SP, Brazil
| | - N Whitley
- Internal Medicine, Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, SG5 3HR, UK
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Dall’Ara P, Lauzi S, Turin L, Servida F, Barbieri L, Zambarbieri J, Mazzotti G, Granatiero F, Scarparo E, Mirabile A, Bo S, Filipe J. Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Cats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2249. [PMID: 38137850 PMCID: PMC10744740 DOI: 10.3390/life13122249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline core vaccines strongly recommended for all cats are against Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), Felid herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV-1), and Feline calicivirus (FCV), but cats can be classified as low- and high-risk based on their lifestyle. The aim of this study was to determine the actual seroprotection against FPV, FeHV-1, and FCV in a large cohort of Italian cats by using the VacciCheck test. A total of 740 cats (567 owned and 173 stray cats; 435 vaccinated and 305 unvaccinated) were analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs). Differences related to origin, sex, age, breed, FIV/FeLV status, health status, and time elapsed since last vaccination were evaluated. Less than half of the entire cohort (36.4%) had PATs for all three diseases simultaneously, increasing to 48.6% if weak positive values were also considered and 50.3% when considering only the 435 vaccinated cats. Particularly, antibodies were detected against FCV, FPV, and FeHV-1 at protective titers (PATs) in 78.6%, 68.1, and 49.1% of the cats, respectively. In general, owned, neutered, and adult FIV- and/or FeLV-negative cats were the most protected categories, even if not always for the three viruses. Most cats maintained high PATs for 3 years or longer after vaccination against FPV and FCV but not FeHV-1. Long-lasting protective immunity persisted for many years after the last vaccination (more than 18 years in the oldest cats). Nevertheless, since not all cats were protected after so many years and for all pathogens, checking protection via antibody titration could be the best choice to prevent immunity breakdowns. The discussion also focuses on the reliability of antibody titration for the two URTD (upper respiratory tract disease) viruses which, unlike for FPV, is not widely accepted as a valid index of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Francesco Servida
- Clinica Veterinaria Pegaso, Via Dante Alighieri 169, 22070 Rovello Porro, CO, Italy
| | - Laura Barbieri
- Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Via Gerolamo Rovetta 8, 20127 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Jari Zambarbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Giulia Mazzotti
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Mazzotti, Via Papa Giovanni XXIII 93, 24054 Calcio, BG, Italy
| | | | - Elena Scarparo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Aurora Mirabile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Stefano Bo
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Bo-Ferro, Via Fratelli Calandra 3, 10123 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
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Yeo YG, Kim HR, Park J, Kim JM, Shin YK, Lee KK, Kwon OK, Jeoung HY, Kang HE, Ku BK, Park SC, Kwon OD, Park CK. Epidemiological and Molecular Approaches for a Fatal Feline Panleukopenia Virus Infection of Captive Siberian Tigers ( Panthera tigris altaica) in the Republic of Korea. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2991. [PMID: 37760391 PMCID: PMC10526094 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), a member of the species Protoparvovirus carnivoran1, is one of the most fatal pathogens of domestic and wild carnivores. The virus endemically infects domestic carnivores worldwide and its cross-species transmission threatens endangered wild carnivores, including Siberian tigers. In this study, a fatal FPV infection in endangered Siberian tigers was investigated to trace the origin of the virus and elucidate the reason behind FPV's infection of the vaccinated tigers. Our genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus detected in the infected tigers, designated as the KTPV-2305 strain, was closely related to FPV strains circulating in Korean cats, suggesting that it might have been transmitted from stray cats wandering around the zoo. Compared with the prototype FPV reference strains, the KTPV-2305 strain carried three distinct amino acid (aa) mutations in the VP2 protein sequence (I101T, I232V, and L562V) in this study. These three mutations are commonly found in most global FPV strains, including Korean strains, indicating that these mutations are common evolutionary characteristics of currently circulating global FPVs. The reason why the vaccinated tigers were infected with FPV was most likely the insufficient protective immunity of the affected tigress or vaccine failure triggered by the interference of maternal-derived antibodies in the affected tiger cubs. These findings suggest that improved vaccination guidelines are urgently needed to save the lives of wild carnivores from this fatal virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gu Yeo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
- Seoul Zoo, Gwacheon 13829, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
| | - Jonghyun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Oh-Kyu Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
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Soe BK, Su Hlaing K, Naing TW, Thaw ZH, Myint W. The first study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in owned and sheltered cats in Yangon, Myanmar. Vet World 2023; 16:414-420. [PMID: 37041997 PMCID: PMC10082719 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.414-420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: People who used to rear companion animals are healthier than others who do not. Gastrointestinal (GI) helminths are common in cats and serve as reservoirs for zoonotic diseases. However, the prevalence of GI parasites in cats in Myanmar has never been reported. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GI parasites in cats in Myanmar and identify the potential risk factors associated with GI parasites.
Materials and Methods: A total of 230 fecal samples were collected from seven veterinary clinics and two shelters within the Yangon region from January to May 2022. Sampled cats were classified according to age, gender, and deworming and rearing practices. Fecal samples were analyzed by fecal wet mount, ethyl acetate centrifugal sedimentation, and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation techniques. Descriptive data were described, and Pearson's χ2 test was used to identify associated risk factors, such as age, gender, and deworming and rearing practices.
Results: The overall prevalence of GI parasites was 79.56%, and 57.82% of cats were infected with a diagnostic stage of more than one parasite species. Seven GI parasites were detected, including Ancylostoma spp. (55.65%), Toxocara spp. (46.08%), Trichuris spp. (20.86%), Platynosomum spp. (11.73%), Dipylidium caninum (7.39%), Taenia spp. (4.34%), and Cystoisospora spp. (32.17%). Based on statistical analysis, deworming and rearing practices were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with GI parasitic infections.
Conclusion: This study is the first to reveal the prevalence of GI parasites that could assist the need for effective control measures for zoonotic hookworm and roundworm infections in cats. Even with simple microscopic examination, the remarkably high prevalence of GI parasitic infections warrants regular deworming practice. Further molecular studies should also be performed to understand their genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babi Kyi Soe
- Department of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
| | - Khin Su Hlaing
- Department of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
| | - Toe Win Naing
- Livestock Improvement Section, De Heus Myanmar, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
| | - Zin Hnin Thaw
- Department of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
| | - Win Myint
- Pathology Unit, Department of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
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Abstract
Vaccines protect cats from serious diseases by inducing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Primary vaccinations and boosters are given according to vaccination guidelines provided by industry and veterinary organizations, based on minimal duration of immunity (DOI). For certain diseases, particularly feline panleukopenia, antibody titres correlate with protection. For feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus, a similar correlation is absent, or less clear. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents current knowledge and expert opinion on the use of antibody testing in different situations. Antibody testing can be performed either in diagnostic laboratories, or in veterinary practice using point of care (POC) tests, and can be applied for several purposes, such as to provide evidence that a successful immune response was induced following vaccination. In adult cats, antibody test results can inform the appropriate re-vaccination interval. In shelters, antibody testing can support the control of FPV outbreaks by identifying potentially unprotected cats. Antibody testing has also been proposed to support decisions on optimal vaccination schedules for the individual kitten. However, such testing is still expensive and it is considered impractical to monitor the decline of maternally derived antibodies.
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